CEDH · CASELAW;DECISIONS;DECCOMMISSION;ENG — 6 septembre 1988

.sDD6737AE { font-size:11pt } .s211D6B00 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; line-height:normal; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:8.5pt } .sBB9EE52A { font-family:Arial }                            AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY OF       Application No. 11787/85            Application No. 11978/86     by Michael K. THYNNE                by Benjamin WILSON         Application No. 12000/86            Application No. 12009/86     by Robert Malcolm WEEKS             by Edward James GUNNELL                          against the United Kingdom               The European Commission of Human Rights sitting in private on 6 September 1988, the following members being present:                MM.   C. A. NØRGAARD, President                   S. TRECHSEL                   G. SPERDUTI                   E. BUSUTTIL                   G. JÖRUNDSSON                   A. WEITZEL                   J. C. SOYER                   G. BATLINER                   J. CAMPINOS              Mrs.   G. H. THUNE              Sir   Basil HALL              MM.   F. MARTINEZ                   C.L. ROZAKIS              Mrs.   J. LIDDY                Mr.   J. RAYMOND, Deputy Secretary to the Commission,           Having regard to Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;           Having regard to:           (1) the application introduced on 3 June 1985 by Michael K. Thynne against the United Kingdom and registered on 10 September 1985 under file No. 11787/85;           (2) the application introduced on 1 September 1985 by Benjamin Wilson against the United Kingdom and registered on 1 February 1986 under file No. 11978/86;           (3) the application introduced on 3 October 1985 by Robert Malcolm Weeks against the United Kingdom and registered on 15 February 1986 under file No. 12000/86;           (4) the application introduced on 24 April 1985 by Edward James Gunnell against the United Kingdom and registered on 12 February 1986 under file No. 12009/86;           Having regard to the report provided for in Rule 40 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission;           Having regard to the Commission's decision of 6 September 1988 to join the applications pursuant to Rule 29 of the Rules of Procedure;           Having regard to the parties' written and oral submissions,           Having deliberated;           Decides as follows:   THE FACTS           The first applicant, Mr.   Michael Keith Thynne, is a citizen of the United Kingdom born in 1951.   He is, at present, serving a life sentence of imprisonment in HM Prison, Lewes, Sussex.           The second applicant, Mr.   Benjamin Wilson, is a British citizen born in 1916 and currently serving a life sentence in HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs, London.           The third applicant, Mr.   Robert Malcolm Weeks, is a citizen of the United Kingdom, born in 1949.   He is, at present, unemployed and living in a mobile home in southern France.   He brought a previous application to the Commission (No. 9787/82) which eventually led to a judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (Eur.   Court H.R., Weeks judgment of 2 March 1987, Series A no. 114).           The fourth applicant, Mr.   Edward James Gunnell, is also a citizen of the United Kingdom, born in 1930.   At the time of the introduction of his application he was detained in prison.   He was released on parole on 6 September 1988.           The first and third applicants (Thynne and Weeks) are represented before the Commission by Mr.   Peter Ashman, Legal Officer of JUSTICE (British Section of the International Commission of Jurists), London.   The second and fourth applicants (Wilson and Gunnell) are represented before the Commission by Mr.   Paul Hunt, Legal Officer, National Council for Civil Liberties and Mr.   Edward Fitzgerald, of counsel.           The facts, which are not disputed by the parties, can be summarised as follows:   THYNNE           On 27 October 1975 the first applicant, then aged 24, pleaded guilty, at the Central Criminal Court to rape and buggery.   He was sentenced by the Recorder to life imprisonment on each count on 24 November 1975.           On 7 August 1975 the applicant, who had just been released from prison, had gained entrance to a flat under the pretence that he was a member of the police force investigating a burglary.   The flat was occupied at the time by a 45 year old married woman.   The applicant told the woman that he had a knife and would kill her if she made a noise.   He then told her to take her clothes off.   He took a pair of scissors which were in the flat and raped and buggered her.   In the course of this assault he inflicted some minor puncture wounds with the scissors.   The applicant had been released from prison the previous day and had been staying with friends in the same block of flats where the offences took place.   It was established in the course of the trial that the offence was committed within 36 hours of the applicant's coming out of prison at a time when he had had little sleep, had consumed a certain amount of alcohol and taken drugs.   He also had a long criminal record, having served various sentences of imprisonment for theft and burglary.           Medical evidence which was presented to the Recorder made it clear that a hospital order was not appropriate in the circumstances of his case.   The Recorder considered, however, that an indeterminate life sentence would be the most humane sentence as it would enable the Home Secretary to release him as soon as it was observed that his personality disorder - described by a psychiatrist as a severe psychopathic character disorder - had so improved that it would be reasonably safe to release him.   The Recorder stated as follows:   "But for the psychiatric reports that I have seen I would impose on you a very long prison sentence.   As it is, I am going to sentence you to life on each count in order that those in a position to observe any improvement in your personality disorder, those capable of carrying out any operative treatment which may [be] seen to be necessary, with your consent, on your frontal lobe, may judge the time when it is reasonably safe that you should be free."           The applicant appealed against the life sentences on the ground that they were manifestly excessive and resulted in custody for a longer time than the appropriate determinate sentence.   This appeal was dismissed by the Court of Appeal on 22 March 1976.   The Court pointed out that the attack was serious and violent and subjected the victim to "indecency" and "indignities".   It did not consider that the life sentence was manifestly excessive and stated as follows:   "We do not see the life sentence in this case as necessarily involving detention in custodial conditions for a very long period of time.   It depends upon the regime to which he is subjected and the treatment he can get.   If a determinate sentence were to be substituted, then the court would have to pass such a sentence as would ensure that he was kept in custody for a longer time than he probably will remain under a life sentence."           The Court considered that the sentence was correct in principle in the circumstances of the case, adding that:     "Life sentences are imposed in circumstances where the offence is so grave that even if there is little risk of repetition it merits such a severe, condign sentence and life sentences are also imposed where the public require protection and must have protection even though the gravity of the offence may not be so serious because there is a very real risk of repetition.   This case falls within neither of these categories which express extreme situations but undoubtedly the offences here were very grave indeed and undoubtedly in the light of the medical reports on this man, the Court cannot be sure by any means that he would, in society, not give way to outbursts of this nature which would very seriously affect other persons."           In May 1977 the applicant was accepted for treatment at Grendon Underwood - a psychiatric prison.   He decided not to accept the place offered on being told that he would not automatically be given early release.   In the opinion of most of the psychiatrists and other doctors dealing with the applicant his personality disorder was not amenable to either surgery or psychiatric treatment.   The Senior Medical Officer at Maidstone Prison diagnosed the applicant as an untreatable aggressive psychopath.           The applicant claims that he received only limited therapy between 21 March 1978 and September 1979 which consisted of a short interview by a psychiatrist every two to six weeks.           Following representations on the applicant's behalf the Home Secretary decided that the case should be referred to the Joint Parole Board - Home Office Committee the following month.   In August 1980 the Committee recommended that it should be referred to the Local Review Committee in September 1981 when the applicant would have been detained for six years.   The Local Review Committee (which advises the Secretary of State) did not recommend release.           After absconding from an open prison on 1 May 1982 the applicant stole a gold bracelet from a jewelery shop and when pursued by the manager of the shop he had brandished, but not used, a knife. He was arrested on 26 July 1982 and found to be in possession of cannabis.   He was placed in a detention room and in an effort to escape he broke a door frame.   He was subsequently sentenced to six months' imprisonment on charges of theft, unlawful possession of drugs and criminal damage.   The sentence was to run concurrently with the existing life sentence.           On 22 October 1982 the Parole Board recommended that the applicant's case be referred to the Local Review Committee nine months after his arrival at Maidstone Prison.   However on 16 March 1983, when visiting his mother who was gravely ill, he escaped on an impulse and was recaptured two days later.   The date of the referral of his case to the Local Review Committee was put back to June 1984.   The applicant was transferred to Blundestone Prison in June 1983 where he was examined by the prison department psychiatrist who found no evidence of mental illness and saw no grounds for recommending psychiatric treatment.   The prison's medical officer agreed with these findings.   The Local Review Committee did not recommend release.           In July 1985 the applicant's case was referred to the Parole Board which recommended that he remain in a category B Prison with a further review in two years time.   A further review was carried out by the Local Review Committee in July 1987.   It was recommended that he remain in custody.   A further review is scheduled for May 1989.     WILSON           The second applicant, born in 1916 has a long record of sexual offences beginning in 1935 and has served a number of prison sentences.   On 29 March 1973 he pleaded guilty to charges of buggery and indecent assault on boys under the age of 16 and was sentenced to life imprisonment for buggery and seven years, to be served concurrently, for, inter alia, indecent assault.           In passing sentence the Judge said:           "I entirely accept that, to a large extent, you cannot help         yourself.   To that extent, your moral guilt is the less, but         I have two duties to perform.   One is a duty to find the         correct sentence as far as you are concerned, having regard         to your make-up; your physical and mental make-up.   The other         duty I have, and in the circumstances of this particular case,         I think it is the more important: I have a duty to the public,         and in particular, to the young public, to protect them from         people like you who, for one reason or another, can't control         themselves.           I hope that, in the course of time a method of treatment for         your particular freakish affliction can be found.   I think it         will be in the best interest of society generally, and yourself         in particular, if some form of treatment for you could be found.         What I am going to do in your case may sound harsh from your         point of view, but it will be explained to you, no doubt, by         <your counsel> hereafter, that it may in fact hold out more hope         to you than if I merely went up to perhaps 4, 5 or 6 years, or         even 7 years in a particular case.           The sentence of the court is that so far as the count of         buggery is concerned, that is the eighth count on the indictment,         you will go to prison for life.   So far as the counts of         attempted buggery and indecent assault are concerned, you will         go to prison for a period of 7 years.   All these sentences to be         concurrent.   Now I am sure that <your counsel> will have a word         with you hereafter and will indicate what the situation is with         regard to a life sentence, but as I say, I think my main duty in         this particular case is to protect the public and the young         public, in the light of what I have heard occurred in your case.         I only hope that, in due course, some form of treatment, perhaps         that to which the doctor refers in the medical report which I         have seen, may help you".           The applicant applied for leave to appeal but abandoned his application.   He later tried to re-open the appeal in November 1976 and, though the Court of Appeal turned down his application, they also expressed the view that the applicant had better prospects of release under a life sentence than a long fixed term sentence if he used the opportunity to improve his character.           "There are circumstances in which the Court is empowered to         allow the withdrawal of the notice of abandonment.   The Court         has thought it right, as it would have had to say in the end,         simply that the applicant has not established a situation in         which this Court could properly allow him to withdraw the         notice of abandonment.   The Court has thought it right to go         to some extent into the history of the matter in order to         establish that even if such a withdrawal were permitted, it         could not possibly be of advantage to the applicant, if we         were to substitute for the life sentence a very long sentence         that it really would not be distinguishable from a life         sentence.   But if he wishes to take advantage of it, build         himself up and strengthen his own character, he has far better         prospects under an indeterminate sentence than under a long         determinate sentence."           The applicant's case was first referred to the Joint Committee of the Parole Board and the Home Office after three years of his sentence and they recommended that he should be considered for parole after seven years of his sentence.   Thus, on 11 December 1981, the Parole Board recommended, after an interview with the applicant, that he be released into a controlled environment with psychiatric supervision.   The Secretary of State decided to release him on licence on 3 September 1982 on condition that he:     i)     live at a probation hostel;     ii)     co-operate with his probation officer;   iii)     attend on appointed medical practitioner and took any         prescribed treatment; and     iv)     refrained from any activity involving young boys without the         permission of his probation officer.           The applicant was released on 14 September 1982 and took up residence at a probation hostel.   He asked for alternative accommodation on the ground that his room was uncomfortable and rain leaked in through the roof.   He also requested permission to join Haringay Athletics Club but this was refused due to possible contact with young boys.           On 11 February 1983, the Parole Board recommended his recall and on 14 February 1983 the Secretary of State revoked his licence. The applicant on his return to prison was informed that the reason for his recall was that his conduct gave cause for concern and that he had failed to co-operate with his supervisory officer.   The applicant exercised his right to make written representations against his recall but on 16 September 1983 the Parole Board declined to change the decision.           On 6 April 1984, the applicant commenced judicial review proceedings to quash this decision on the ground that he had not been provided with adequate details of the reason for his recall as required by S. 62(3) of the Criminal Justice Act 1967 and that he had accordingly been unable to make effective representations.           The Home Office conceded the inadequacy of the reasons given and provided a one page statement of allegations on 5 October 1984, which included the allegations that:     i)     the applicant had sought to leave the probation hostel;     ii)     a school boys' cap had been found in the living room of the         hostel;   iii)     the applicant had protested against the probation officer's         refusal to allow him to take part in sporting activities;     iv)     the applicant had shown an interest in watching boys play         football and his psychiatrist suspected that he was exploring         ways of contacting boys again.           The Home Office then agreed to allow the applicant the opportunity to make further representations to the Parole Board, which he did.   On 7 November 1984, the applicant's solicitors also requested disclosure of a number of reports which were before the Parole Board when it made its decision.           On 20 March 1985 the Divisional Court considered the applicant's case.   The court quashed the decision to confirm the applicant's recall made by the Parole Board on 16 September 1983 after referral by the Secretary of State on the ground that it was flawed by a procedural impropriety, in that the applicant had not been given sufficient reasons to enable him to make proper representations.   In the course of these proceedings the applicant's counsel expressly abandoned the argument that the applicant's detention following recall had been unlawful.           The applicant's lawyer then requested to see the probation report which alleged non co-operation and that the applicant be given an oral hearing with legal representatives.   However, the Parole Board did not answer this request and after a meeting on 22 March 1985 maintained the decision not to release the applicant.           The applicants' case was reconsidered by the Parole Board in November 1986 without a recommendation to release.   He is still in detention.     WEEKS           The factual background of the application brought by the third applicant has been set out by the European Court of Human Rights in its judgment in the Weeks case (loc. cit., pp. 10-14, paras. 10 - 23). That application arose out of the applicant's sentence to life imprisonment on 6 December 1966 for armed robbery, assaulting a police officer and being in the unlawful possession of a firearm.           The present application concerns events which have occurred following the decision of the Commission to declare the former application admissible (No. 9787/82, Dec. 17.1.84, D.R. 35 p. 104).           In May 1984 the applicant, who had been released from prison on licence, resigned from his employment as a park keeper following a disageement with another member of staff.   In June 1984 the applicant applied for, and was issued with a passport and left the United Kingdom to seek work in France.   The probation service reported that the applicant was out of touch with his supervising officer, had vacated his flat and was believed to have gone abroad.   The case was referred to the Parole Board which, on 5 October 1984, recommended that the applicant's life licence should be revoked on the grounds that he was in breach of the conditions of his licence.   Condition 6 of his licence required that he seek the prior permission of his probation officer before travelling outside Great Britain.           In November 1984 the Home Secretary revoked the applicant's licence on the grounds inter alia that he was in breach of this condition.   When the applicant returned to the United Kingdom in April 1985 he was arrested and returned to prison to resume his life sentence.           He was again released on licence on 25 September 1985.   In December 1985, being unable to find work in the United Kingdom, the applicant sought the views of his probation officer about returning to the south of France to resume his work there as a casual labourer. He was informed that he would not be given permission to leave the country so he left without obtaining that permission.   In consequence, the applicant's licence was again revoked and he was liable to re-arrest and re-imprisonment on his return to the United Kingdom.           The Parole Board recommended on 7 February 1986 that his licence be revoked on the same ground as in 1984.   The Home Secretary acted on this recommendation on 13 March 1986.           Following the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in his case, the Parole Board, on 3 April 1987, revoked its recommendation that the applicant be recalled.   On 29 April 1987, on the recommendation of the Home Secretary, Her Majesty the Queen remitted the applicant's life sentence by means of the Royal Prerogative.   Accordingly, the applicant is no longer subject to the limitations of a life licence and is no longer liable to be recalled to prison.           In the light of the favourable judgment of the Court, the applicant applied for judicial review of the Home Secretary's refusal to pay compensation.   The application was dismissed in February 1988.   The Divisional Court held that the existing ex gratia scheme compensating persons wrongfully imprisoned did not extend to cases such as that of the applicant and that a violation of the Convention was not justiciable in English courts.   The applicant was advised that there was no appeal against this decision.     GUNNELL           The fourth applicant was found guilty in December 1965 of four offences of rape and two offences of attempted rape, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment.   A pattern was discernible in a number of those offences, in that he approached women at their home and in the gardens of their homes and then committed the offence.   Although there was uncontradicted medical evidence that the applicant was suffering from a "mental disorder" within the meaning of that term in the 1959 Mental Health Act (namely psychopathy) and that he needed constant care and treatment in a maximum security medical setting, the sentencing judge nevertheless declined to act on the recommendation of the medical experts and concluded that, because of the gravity of the offences, "punishment must be an element in this case" and "punishment can only be achieved by imprisonment".   On passing sentence, the trial judge, Mr.   Justice Roskill, stated as follows:   "Edward James Gunnell, you stand convicted of no less than four charges of rape and two of attempted rape, as well as three charges of stealing, two of which were connected with two of the rapes, and all those offences were committed within the period of a month.   It is only thanks to the courage of the two women involved, those concerned in counts 1 and 2, that you are not standing convicted on no less than six charges of rape.   These must be amongst the worst cases of rape or attempted rape ever to come before a court in this country.   But though I accept you have spent much of your early life in mental institutions, and I accept certain evidence I have heard this morning that you are suffering from psychopathic disorder, the evidence leaves no doubt and can leave no doubt in anybody's mind, that you did know what you were doing and you were well aware of the wickedness of what you had done.   I have listened with great attention to the medical evidence which I have had the opportunity of hearing this morning, and I have endeavoured to give all the weight to it that I properly can.   It has been urged upon me that I should deal with you by making a hospital order and sending you to Rampton, where you will be kept in secure conditions and receive any treatment which you may require.   In many cases it is clearly right for a court in discharging its responsibilities to have regard solely or mainly to the needs of the offender, but the present case in my view is one of such magnitude that I cannot only have regard to such needs.   It is true, to send you to Rampton would involve you being kept under secure conditions and to that extent would keep the public from you.   But there are other matters which I must take into account in the public interest, not the least of which is to make it clear that crimes of this kind committed against ordinary housewives in their ordinary homes doing their every day business while their men-folk are away at work are such as must, when brought home to a particular offender, be dealt with in such a way as to make plain that the law is concerned and ever will be concerned to protect people who suffer as you caused these women to suffer by these quite appalling sexual attacks that you made upon them.   Punishment must be an element in this case, and that punishment can only be achieved by imprisonment. Imprisonment will afford security to the public from you, and the Home Secretary has ample power if and when the need for treatment arises, to transfer you to any institution where such treatment can be received.   In my judgment there is only one sentence which is appropriate in this case, and I will deal with count 3 first.   Upon count 3 the sentence of the court is that you be imprisoned for the term of your natural life.   There will be corresponding life sentences on counts 4, 5 and 7, upon which you stand convicted of rape.   On the first two counts in the indictment, those of attempted rape the sentence will be one of 7 years imprisonment, such sentences to run concurently with one another and with the life sentence.   On count 6 and count 8 there will be sentences concurrent with each other of 3 years' imprisonment and concurrent with the life sentences.   On count 9 there will be a concurrent sentence of two years' imprisonment.   Those are the sentences of the court on every count."           The applicant was refused leave to appeal to the Court of Appeal on 22 June 1966.   In the course of his judgment the Lord Chief Justice stated:   "It is a shocking case and there is no conceiviable ground upon which he could succeed in his application for leave to appeal against conviction.   Indeed, all he says is that he would like to call three of the women complainants to challenge their evidence all over again.   This court refuses the extension of time in which to apply for leave to appeal against conviction.   In regard to the application for leave to appeal against sentence in regard to the rapes and attempted rapes, the applicant is 35 and, though he has committed offences before, none of them have been offences of violence or of a sexual nature, but he has a long mental history.   As long ago as 1946 he was committed to Manor Hospital, Epsom, from which he escaped 18 times.   In 1950 he was admitted to Farmfield Hospital, Horley.   He absconded three times.   In 1951 he was transferred to Rampton hospital where he made no attempts to escape, possibly knowing that it is difficult to do so.   In 1959, however, he was released on licence from Rampton and in 1960 he was discharged from the operation of the Mental Deficiency Act 1959.   There was evidence, indeed it was uncontradicted, from the doctors that the applicant could be made the subject of a hospital order under the Mental Health Act 1959, in that he was a psychopath who needed constant care and treatment in a medical setting of maximum security such as Rampton and such a vacancy was then available.   The learned judge refused to take that course and the ground of appeal here is that he was wrong in principle, when two doctors certified that the applicant was a fit subject for a hospital order and that treatment was warranted, not sending him to hospital but sending him to prison ...   This court would like it to be known that they agree with every word that the learned judge there said, indeed in an earlier case of Morris [1961] 2 QB 237, it was pointed out that there may be cases where although a court has powers to make a hospital order, yet where a punishment is required it would be right to send the offender to prison, it being recognised that the Home Secretary has ample powers under section 72 of the Mental Health Act 1959 to cause him to be treated in hospital when the need arises.   This court would like to add one further reason justifying the judge's order in the present case.   The applicant is obviously a dangerous psychopath.   It is clear unless he is kept in circumstances of strict security he is liable to be a menace to the public.   True, Rampton is said to be a secure hospital, but it does not mean that he would not get away from there.   More important, it has to be observed that this dangerous psychopath has already been released on licence from Rampton.   Bearing the interests of the public in mind, this court thinks it far safer that he should be kept in prison for as long as is necessary rather than he should be left to be dealt with as a hospital might deal with him, on a doctor and patient relationship under which it might be considered safe for him to be free, whereas from the public angle he remains a menace.   This court is quite satisfied that the sentence was right and the application is refused."           In December 1980 the Parole Board recommended that, subject to continued good conduct, to the satisfactory completion of periods both in open conditions and the pre-release employment scheme, the applicant should be released on licence under the provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 1967.   On 7 September 1981 he joined the pre-release employment scheme at Wormwood Scrubs prison.   Arrangements were made for him to take anti-libidinal drugs and he was released on licence on 4 March 1982.           On 19 February 1983 information was received from Finchley Police that the applicant had been seen watching a woman cleaning her car and had then been found in her back garden.   The police said that there had been a similar incident in January 1983, when a woman complained to the police that the applicant was in her back garden looking through her rear window.   The police had arrested the applicant on that occasion but did not hold him.   Following the second incident, the Minister of State authorised the immediate revocation of the applicant's life licence under Section 62 (2) of the 1967 Act on 19 February 1983 because of the similarities between the applicant's current behaviour and the circumstances in which the original offences were committed.   The applicant was taken to Pentonville Prison the same day and was subsequently transferred to Wormwood Scrubs.   At no stage of the proceedings was he charged with any criminal offence in relation to the incidents in January and February 1983.           The applicant was interviewed by the Assistant Governor on 25 February 1983 and states that he was told that his licence had been revoked "because his   behaviour was giving cause for concern".   He was also informed of his right under Section 62 (3) of the 1967 Act to make written representations to the Parole Board.           The applicant was subsequently seen by a member of the Local Review Committee on 1 March 1983.   On 4 March 1983 the Parole Board confirmed the revocation of the applicant's licence when the case was referred to them under Section 62 (4) of the 1967 Act.   On 25 March the Parole Board rejected the applicant's representations but recommended that, subject to satisfactory re-settlement arrangements being made and to continuing psychiatric supervision he should be released in a month's time.   The Secretary of State decided not to accept the Board's recommendation after consultations with the Lord Chief Justice and the trial judge in accordance with Section 67 (1) of the 1967 Act.   The applicant subsequently petitioned the Secretary of State, complaining that he had not been allowed to defend himself. The petition was rejected in a reply dated 3 August 1983.   The applicant states that the reply contained the first written explanations of the reasons for his recall and the first official account in any detail of the allegations made against him.           On 9 August 1983 the applicant applied for leave to move for judicial review of the decisions of the Parole Board and the Home Secretary, confirming the initial revocation of the licence.   The applicant was granted leave to move for judicial review on 18 August 1983.   His application was eventually dismissed on 2 November 1983. An appeal against this decision to the Court of Appeal was also dismissed on 30 October 1984.   The applicant's case was reviewed again by the Parole Board and the Home Secretary in 1984 but he was not released.   He was released on licence once more in September 1988.           Relevant domestic law and practice           By virtue of section 37 of, and Schedule 2 to, the Sexual Offences Act 1956 the maximum punishment for rape is life imprisonment.   The maximum penalty for buggery with a boy under the age of 18 is life imprisonment by virtue of Section 37 of, and Schedule 2 to, the 1956 Act.           Under the Criminal Justice Act 1967 the Secretary of State may only release on licence a person sentenced to life imprisonment if recommended to do so by the Parole Board, and after consultation with the Lord Chief Justice of England and the trial judge if available.           In practice the Home Secretary consults the Lord Chief Justice and the trial judge as to the period on detention necessary to satisfy the needs for retribution and deteterrence, i.e. the tariff period.           By virtue of section 62 (1) the Secretary of State may revoke the licence of a person, whose recall to prison is recommended by the Parole Board.   A prisoner recalled in such circumstances is entitled to be informed of the reasons for his recall and of his right to make representations.   If he makes representations the Secretary of State must refer his case to the Board.   If the Board recommends the immediate release of a re-called prisoner, the Secretary of State is bound to give effect to the recommendation.           Under section 62 (2) the Secretary of State may himself revoke the licence of a life licensee without consulting the Parole Board if it appears expedient in the public interest to do so before such consultation is practicable;   but the case of a prisoner so recalled must be referred to the Board.   If the Board recommends the immediate release of a re-called prisoner, the Secretary of State is bound to give effect to the recommendation.           Under Section 59 of the 1967 Act the Secretary of State has established for every prison a Local Review Committee with the function of advising him on the suitability for release on licence of prisoners.   It is the practice to obtain a Local Review Committee's assessment before referring the case to the Parole Board.   The date when a life sentence prisoner's case was to be referred to the Parole Board was normally determined by a joint Parole Board-Home Office Committee.           Section 60 (4) of the 1967 Act provides that a person subject to a licence shall comply with such conditions, if any, as may for the time being be specified in the licence.   Section 60 (5) provides:   "The Secretary of State shall consult the Board before including on release, or subsequently inserting, a condition in a licence under this section or varying or cancelling any such condition;   and for the purposes of this subsection the Secretary of State shall be treated as having consulted the Board about a proposal to include, insert, vary or cancel a condition in any case if he has consulted the Board about the implementation of proposals of that description generally or in that class of case."           It is the practice that all prisoners released on life licence are required to remain under the supervision of a probation officer. The licensee maintains regular contact with his probation officer and obtains his probation officer's approval for the place where he lives and works.     COMPLAINTS           The   first applicant (Thynne) complains under Article 5 para. 4 of the Convention of the absence of any procedure under the law of the United Kingdom by which he can have reviewed the continuing lawfulness of his detention by a court.           The second applicant (Wilson) makes the following complaints, also under Article 5 para. 4 of the Convention:           i)       between March 1973 and September 1982, i.e. the date         of his release on licence, he was deprived of the right to         have the lawfulness of his continued detention determined at         reasonable intervals by a "court" which could determine the         substantive merits of the justification advanced by the         authorities for his continued detention;           ii)      between 14 February 1983 and 22 March 1985 he was         deprived of his right to have the lawfulness of his recall         and renewed detention determined by a "court" competent to         decide whether the recall and detention were justified; and           iii)     since March 1985, he has been deprived of his right         to a periodic review of the lawfulness of his detention at         reasonable intervals by a "court".           He further complains under Article 5 para. 5 of the Convention that there is no enforceable right to compensation in respect of the above breaches of Article 5 para. 4 under the law of the United Kingdom.           The third applicant (Weeks) complains that his re-detention was in breach of Article 5 para. 1 of the Convention in that there exists no sufficient connection between his original conviction in 1966 and the decision to re-detain him because of a breach of an administrative requirement, i.e. one of the conditions of his licence.           He further alleges a breach of Article 5 para. 4 of the Convention in that he was unable to take proceedings to challenge the lawfulness of the decision to re-detain him.           Finally, he alleges a breach of Article 5 para. 5 of the Convention in that there is no enforceable right   to compensation under the law of the United Kingdom.           The fourth applicant (Gunnell) complains under Article 5 para. 4 of the Convention that he was unable to challenge before a court the lawfulness of the decision to re-detain him.           Complaints originally made by the second applicant (Wilson) under Articles 5 para. 1 (e) and 5 para. 2 and by the fourth applicant (Gunnell) under Article 5 para. 2 of the Convention were expressly withdrawn in the course of the hearing before the Commission.     PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION           The first application (Thynne) was introduced on 3 June 1985 and registered on 10 September 1985.           The second application (Wilson) was introduced on 1 September 1985 and registered on 1 February 1986.           The third application (Weeks) was introduced on 3 October 1985 and registered on 14 February 1986.           The fourth application (Gunnell) was introduced on 24 April 1985 and registered on 12 February 1986.           The applications were first examined by the Commission on 1 December 1986 (Thynne), 1 February 1986 (Wilson), 1 December 1986 (Weeks) and 18 July 1986 (Gunnell).           The Commission decided to give notice of the applications to the respondent Government but not to ask for their observations on the admissibility and merits of the cases until judgment had been handed down by the European Court of Human Rights in the Weeks case (Eur. Court H.R., judgment of 2 March 1987, Series A no. 114).           On 1 April 1987, following the judgment of the Court in the Weeks case, the President of the Commission requested submissions on the admissiblity and merits of the applications insofar as they raised issues under Article 5 of the Convention.   The Government's observations were submitted on 12 June 1987 (Thynne, Wilson and Gunnell) and 20 July 1987 (Weeks).   The applicants' observations in reply were subitted on 21 July 1987 (Thynne), 23 September 1987 (Wilson), 25 September 1987 (Weeks) and 29 October 1987 (Gunnell).           The Commission next considered the applications on 9 March 1988 when it was decided to hold a joint oral hearing to take place in Strasbourg on 6 September 1988.           The applicant Wilson was granted legal aid by decision of the Commission on 13 May 1988.           The applicants Thynne and Wilson were granted legal aid by decision of the President on 19 August 1988.           At the hearing, at which the applications were joined pursuant to Rule 29 of the Commission's Rules of Procedure, the parties were represented as follows:   Respondent Government &#xa0