CEDH · CASELAW;DECISIONS;DECCOMMISSION;ENG — 5 avril 1995

.sDD6737AE { font-size:11pt } .s211D6B00 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; line-height:normal; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:8.5pt } .sBB9EE52A { font-family:Arial }                        AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY OF   Application No. 21217/93                Application No. 21218/93 by Willi BRAND and 22 others            by Hans BÖTSCHI and 12 others against Switzerland                     against Switzerland         The European Commission of Human Rights (Second Chamber) sitting in private on 5 April 1995, the following members being present:              Mr.    H. DANELIUS, President            Mrs.   G.H. THUNE            MM.    G. JÖRUNDSSON                  S. TRECHSEL                  J.-C. SOYER                  H.G. SCHERMERS                  F. MARTINEZ                  L. LOUCAIDES                  J.-C. GEUS                  M.A. NOWICKI                  I. CABRAL BARRETO                  J. MUCHA                  D. SVÁBY              Mr.    K. ROGGE, Secretary to the Chamber         Having regard to Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;         Having regard to the application introduced on 31 December 1992 by Willi BRAND and 22 others against Switzerland and registered on 21 January 1993 under file No. 21217/93, and to the application introduced on 31 December 1992 by Hans BÖTSCHI and 12 others against Switzerland and registered on 21 January 1993 under file No. 21218/93;         Having regard to the report provided for in Rule 47 of the Rules of Procedure of the Commission;         Having deliberated;         Decides as follows:   THE FACTS         The particular circumstances of the case         The applicants are individuals and legal persons residing in Switzerland and involved in animal husbandry.   Their particulars are set out in Appendix 1 attached hereto.   The applicants in Application No.   21217/93 are represented by Mr. Jakob Huber, a lawyer practising in Kaltbrunn.   The applicants in Application No.   21218/93 are represented by Mr. Arnold Weber, a lawyer practising in St. Gallen.         The facts of the case, as submitted by the applicants, may be summarised as follows.         By regulation (Höchstbestandesverordnung) of 10 December 1979 the Federal Council (Bundesrat) fixed limits on the number of animals which could be kept for farming purposes.   The regulation was revised in 1981 and 1986.   Farmers had a transitional period expiring on 31 December 1991 to comply with the regulation.   After that date farmers were liable to pay a surcharge (Abgabe) if the limits were exceeded.         The applicants considered that they had been expropriated since, by virtue of the regulation, they had to reduce their livestock to the fixed limits.   Together with other farmers they introduced actions for compensation with the Federal Court (Bundesgericht).         The Court invited each of the applicants to pay 10,000 SFr advance court fees.   The applicants in Application No.   21218/93 were informed that the advance court fees were imposed in accordance with Section 150 para. 1 of the Federal Judiciary Act (Bundesgesetz über die Organisation der Bundesrechtspflege).   The amount of the fees was fixed pursuant to Section 153 of the Federal Judiciary Act and the scale of fees introduced on 15 September 1969.         On 16 March 1990 the Rapporteur (Instruktionsrichter) joined all 75 actions introduced in this matter and determined that the only point of law on which the Federal Court had to decide was the question whether there had been a material expropriation.         The applicants had the opportunity to present a reply both to the submissions by the Department of Finance (Eidgenössische Finanzverwaltung) and to its subsequent rejoinder.   In September 1991 preliminary oral hearings took place and subsequently the applicants submitted their written observations on the case.         At the principal hearing held on 16 October 1991 the applicants' lawyers addressed the court.   On 18 October 1991 the first deliberation took place.   At its end several of the initial 75 claimants withdrew their actions.    No final decisions were taken on the applicants' cases.         On 6 and 7 December 1991 37 claimants requested the exclusion of the participating judges.   On 7 April 1992 the Federal Court rejected this request and the claimants concerned were charged 300 SFr in addition to fees in the main proceedings.         The second deliberation, originally scheduled for 13 December 1991, was held on 8 May 1992.   In its detailed judgment comprising 31 pages rendered on the same day, the Federal Court dismissed the applicants' claims concerning compensation.   It held, inter alia, that the introduction of livestock limits had a legal basis in Section 19a (a) of the 1951 Agriculture Act (Landwirtschaftsgesetz) and Article 31bis para. 3 (b) of the Federal Constitution authorising the Confederation to pass regulations diverging from the constitutional principle of liberty of trade.   In fact, this measure aimed at maintaining sound husbandry and productive agriculture based on small and medium-size farms rather than large industrial units.         The Federal Court found that the Swiss Constitution did not provide for compensation when State intervention (i.e. interference with the liberty of trade and business in the applicants' cases) had only secondary and indirect effects on property.   The Federal Court considered that granting the farmers compensation would result in a State subsidy system replacing the regulations as enacted.   Such a decision would, in the Federal Court's view, amount to declaring the system of livestock limits introduced by the legislator unconstitutional, and the Federal Court lacked jurisdiction in this respect.         The Federal Court also held that the interference with the applicants' rights was mitigated by the advantages of the new system in respect of all farmers, namely preventing over-production and a subsequent price collapse.   As an example, the production of pork was quoted, where home production allegedly exceeded the 95% limit provided for in the relevant regulation.         The Court found no analogy with expropriation, since the intervention was basically aimed at limiting the production capacities with a view to maintaining as many farms as possible.   It considered that the regulation was in the farmers' interests rather than the public interest.         The Federal Court further considered that the applicants had to take into account the risk they underwent when enlarging their production facilities and that this risk was inherent in any entrepreneur's activity.   Moreover, the Court took into account the fact that the legislator provided for a transitional period in order to mitigate, as far as possible, the impact of the new regulation on farmers' investments.         The Federal Court considered that the size of losses suffered by individual applicants was irrelevant.   It therefore found it unnecessary to take supplementary evidence or to order inspections and expert reports in individual cases as requested by the applicants.         The court fees were fixed pursuant to Section 153a of the Federal Judiciary Act as amended and in force since 15 February 1992 (see Appendices 2 and 3).   The Federal Court fixed the fees in accordance with the new scale enacted on 1 April 1992, i.e. taking into account the value of the subject-matter and also the fact that there were several similar actions concerning the same matter.   The Court also took into consideration, in fixing the fees in each individual case, that if there had been no request for exclusion of the judges, the decisions would have been taken on 13 December 1991, i.e. before the entry into force, on 15 February 1992, of the amendments providing for higher fees.         Relevant domestic law         Fees in proceedings before the Federal Court are governed by the Federal Judiciary Act.         Section 150 para. 1 of the Act provides, inter alia, that a plaintiff before the Federal Court must, upon the order of the President, provide   security for the likely court fees.         Pursuant to para. 1 of Section 153a the fees are to be determined according to the value, the volume and the complexity of the subject- matter, the way of conducting the proceedings and the financial situation of the participants.   Para. 2 (a) provides for fees of between 1,000 and 100,000 Sfr when the Federal Court is the only level of jurisdiction.         The provisions of Section 153a are supplemented by a scale of fees which entered into force on 1 April 1992.   The scale is not binding and its relevant part recommends the following fees:   Value of the subject-matter (SFr)         Court fees (SFr)           500,000- 1,000,000                12,000- 30,000       1,000,000- 2,000,000                15,000- 50,000       2,000,000-10,000,000                20,000- 80,000       more than 10,000,000                40,000-100,000         According to the transitional provisions Section 153a was applicable to all cases pending before the Federal Court at the date of entry into force of the amendments.   COMPLAINTS         The applicants allege a violation of their right to a fair hearing under Article 6 para. 1 of the Convention.   They complain that the Federal Court did not establish the facts in each individual case, refused to carry out on the spot inspections and to request expert reports.   They allege that the main issue at stake, i.e. whether there was an expropriation, could not be decided in a fair manner without establishing the loss in each individual case.         The applicants further consider that the Federal Court established the facts contrary to the reality and to the evidence submitted by them:   a)     by finding that the profitability of the domestic animal husbandry was mainly based on import limitations.   The applicants claim that they proved that the limitation on meat import was aimed exclusively at protecting the domestic arable farming;   b)     by establishing that the absence of any regulatory measures would lead to an over-production of meat.   The applicants claim that the market was self-regulated by the so-called "pig cycle";   c)     by affirming that the implementation of the livestock limits aimed also at protecting the applicants' interests;   d)     by holding that compensation for losses the applicants had suffered would amount to subsidising animal production.         Finally, the applicants complain about excessive court fees.   In their view, in the absence of an individual examination of any of the complaints, the fees charged constitute a punishment and violate their right to a fair trial under Article 6 para. 1 of the Convention. Moreover, the proceedings were allegedly unfair in that (i) after the first hearing the applicants were encouraged to withdraw their actions in order to avoid higher expenditure and (ii) the court fees in respect of claimants who withdrew their actions were relatively low.   Those applicants who challenged the judges complain about the supplementary fee of 300 SFr.   Moreover, they complain of having been charged disproportionately higher fees than the claimants who had not challenged the judges.   THE LAW   1.     The Commission, having regard to the similarity of the applications, considers it appropriate to join them under Rule 35 of its Rules of Procedure.   2.     The applicants allege a violation of Article 6 para. 1 (Art. 6-1) of the Convention, which provides, so far as relevant, as follows:         "In the determination of his civil rights and obligations ...,       everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing ... by an       independent and impartial tribunal established by law."         The applicants allege that the Federal Court failed to establish several relevant facts and established other facts contrary to the reality and to the evidence submitted by them.         The Commission recalls that it has no general jurisdiction to consider whether domestic courts have committed errors of law or fact, its function being to consider the fairness of the proceedings (cf. No. 6172/73, Dec. 7.7.75, D.R. 3 p. 77; No. 10000/82, Dec. 4.7.83, D.R. 33 p. 247).   It is primarily for the national courts to assess the evidence before them (cf., mutatis mutandis, Eur. Court H.R., Schenk judgment of 12 July 1988, Series A no. 140, p. 29, para. 46), unless there has been gross unfairness or arbitrariness (cf. No. 7987/77, Dec. 13.12.79, D.R. 18 p. 31).         In the present case the applicants had ample opportunity to reply to the arguments brought by the Department of Finance and to submit evidence which they considered necessary.         To the extent that the applicants allege a violation of their right to a fair hearing in that the Federal Court took the decision without establishing the facts in each individual case, the Commission notes that the Federal Court, for the reasons stated in its judgment, did not, in its examination of the legislation complained of and its application, consider it necessary to establish these facts.   The Commission cannot find that the Federal Court acted arbitrarily in this respect, or otherwise, as regards the establishment of the facts and the assessment of the evidence submitted.         The Commission notes that the Federal Court decided on the question of law, namely whether the implementation of the livestock limits regulation resulted in expropriation of the applicants' property.   This decision was taken by means of application and interpretation of domestic law which the Commission cannot review (cf. No. 10153/82, Dec. 13.10.86, D.R. 49 p. 74).         The Federal Court assumed that the applicants had suffered losses.   However, for the reasons set out in the judgment, it reached the conclusion that there had been no expropriation of the applicants' property. The Federal Court found it therefore irrelevant to determine the amount of the loss in each individual case, as claimed by the applicants, and the Commission does not find this conclusion unreasonable.         It follows that there is no appearance of unfairness or arbitrariness in the proceedings complained of, considered as a whole. This part of the application is therefore manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 27 para. 2 (Art. 27-2) of the Convention.   3.     The applicants further complain about imposition of disproportionately high fees for the proceedings, about a supplementary fee of 300 Sfr having been imposed on those who challenged the judges and about having been advised to withdraw their actions in order to avoid higher expenses.         Article 6 para. 1 (Art. 6-1) of the Convention secures, inter alia, a right of access to the courts (see Eur. Court H.R., Fayed judgment of 21.9.94, Series A No. 294-B, para. 65 and the case-law there referred to).         However, it does not appear from the applicants' submissions that their right to introduce the proceedings before the Federal Court was in any way impaired by the imposition of costs in the proceedings.   The applicants do not submit that they applied for free legal aid or that they requested and were refused a waiver of court fees.   Nor does it appear from the documents submitted that the fees and the alleged advice to withdraw the actions prevented the applicants from conducting those proceedings effectively through their lawyers.   The Commission considers, therefore, that the imposition of the costs of the proceedings on the applicants was not contrary to Article 6 para. 1 (Art. 6-1) of the Convention.         It follows that this part of the application is manifestly ill- founded within the meaning of Article 27 para. 2 (Art. 27-2) of the Convention.   4.     Finally, the applicants complain that the fees imposed on the claimants who withdrew their actions after the first hearing were much lower than those imposed on them.   Moreover, the applicants affected complain that the claimants who had not challenged the Federal Court judges were charged disproportionately lower costs.         The Commission notes that the Federal Court, in fixing the fees, applied Section 153a of the Federal Judiciary Act as in force since 15 February 1992.   The fees were in each individual case lower than the minimum amount set by the scale, which was not binding (see Appendices 2 and 3).   The Federal Court took into account the fact that, had there been no challenge of the judges, the decision would have been taken in December 1991, i.e. before the entry into force of the amendments introducing higher fees.   It is for this reason that the Federal Court charged the claimants who had not challenged the judges lower fees.         As to the claimants who withdrew their actions after the first hearing, i.e. prior to the entry into force of the amendments providing for higher fees, the fees imposed on them were fixed in application of the law then in force, account being taken of the fact that the proceedings were not completed.         The Commission has found above that the imposition of the court fees on the applicants was not contrary to Article 6 para. 1 (Art. 6-1) of the Convention.   For similar reasons, it considers that the differentiation the applicants complain of did not affect their rights under this provision.         The Commission further observes that the Federal Court gave reasons for its decision concerning the fees for the proceedings and their examination does not disclose any arbitrariness.         It follows that this part of the application is also manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 27 para. 2 (Art. 27-2) of the Convention.         For these reasons, the Commission by a majority         1.    DECIDES TO JOIN APPLICATIONS Nos. 21217/93 AND 21218/93;         2.    DECLARES THE APPLICATIONS INADMISSIBLE.   Secretary to the Second Chamber        President of the Second Chamber           (K. ROGGE)                            (H. DANELIUS)                                 APPENDIX 1       Application No.   21217/93 Willi BRAND and 22 others v.   Switzerland                          Particulars of the applicants       1.    Willi BRAND, residing at Cournillens   2.    Albert BRAND, residing at Cournillens   3.    FRIOEUF SA, residing at Cournillens   4.    Peter ENGELI, residing at Engishofen   5.    Hans FREI-SANDMEIER, residing at Schafisheim   6.    Walter FRISCHKNECHT, residing at Appenzell   7.    GROSSRUGENSTALL AG, residing at Kerns   8.    HAMMER AG, residing at Cham   9.    Erbengemeinschaft Emil HUBER, residing at Kaltbrunn 10.    Alois IMLIG, residing at Oberriet 11.    JOST AG, residing at Gunzwill 12.    Josef KURMANN, residing at Herlisberg 13.    Alois RÖTHLIN, residing at Lachen 14.    Pirmin SCHÖPFER, residing at Mühlau 15.    STAFFELEGGHOF AG, residing at Küttingen 16.    Walter BIRCHER, residing at Küttingen 17.    STRÄHL AG, residing at Leimbach 18.    BASISZUCHT FORTUNA AG, residing at Leimbach 19.    AGROPORC AG, residing at Leimbach 20.    Roman OCHSNER, residing at Frutwilen 21.    Rolf REINHART, Gutsbetrieb, residing at Lipperswil 22.    GENEA AG, residing at Lipperswil 23.    KAPROS AG, residing at Lipperswil       Application No.   21218/93 Hans BÖTSCHI and 12 others v.   Switzerland                          Particulars of the applicants       1.    Hans BÖTSCHI, residing at Niederhelfenschwil   2.    Eugen EBERLE, residing at Güttingen   3.    Gebrüder EBERLE, residing at Güttingen   4.    FEAG Sonnhalde AG, residing at Eschenbach   5.    Adolf FORSTER AG, residing at Märstetten   6.    Heinz JORDI, residing at Schönholzerswilen   7.    Fritz MARTI AG, residing at St. Gallen   8.    ES-Zuchtstation Sevelen AG, residing at Sevelen   9.    Hans PFANDER, residing at Veltheim 10.    ULRO AG, residing at Gipf-Oberfrick 11.    Versuchsbetrieb Rüti AG, residing at Züberwangen 12.    VLS-Zuchtstation Salez AG, residing at Salez 13.    Paul ZEHNDER, residing at Kriessern                                 APPENDIX 2   Application No.   21217/93   Applicants        Request for   Value of   Scale of fees    Actual                  exclusion   the subject under            fees                   of judges     matter     Section 153a -------------------------------------------------------------   1. W. Brand   2. A. Brand            Y     5,400,000    20,000-80,000   18,300   3. Frioeuf SA --------------------------------------------------------------   4. P.   Engeli          Y     2,340,000    20,000-80,000   14,300 --------------------------------------------------------------   5. H.   Frei-Sandmeier Y     2,237,000    20,000-80,000   14,300 --------------------------------------------------------------   6. W.   Frischknecht    Y       828,000    12,000-30,000   10,300 --------------------------------------------------------------   7. Grossrugenstall AG Y     2,290,000    20,000-80,000   14,300 --------------------------------------------------------------   8. Hammer AG           Y     5,834,000    20,000-80,000   18,300 --------------------------------------------------------------   9. Erbengemeinschaft     E. Huber            Y     1,061,000    15,000-50,000   12,300 -------------------------------------------------------------- 10. A. Imlig            Y     4,713,000    20,000-80,000   16,300 -------------------------------------------------------------- 11. Jost AG             Y       453,400     8,000-20,000    6,300 -------------------------------------------------------------- 12. J. Kurmann          Y     1,878,000    15,000-50,000   12,300 -------------------------------------------------------------- 13. A. Röthlin          Y     7,824,000    20,000-80,000   18,300 -------------------------------------------------------------- 14. P. Schöpfer         Y       898,000    12,000-30,000   10,300 -------------------------------------------------------------- 15. Staffelegghof AG 16. W. Birche           Y     1,883,000    15,000-50,000   12,300 -------------------------------------------------------------- 17. Strähl AG 18. Basiszucht Fortuna AG 19. Agroporc AG         Y    14,638,496    40,000-100,000 20,300 -------------------------------------------------------------- 20. R. Ochsner 21. R. Reinhart         N     2,828,055    20,000- 80,000   8,000 22. Genea AG 23. Kapros AG --------------------------------------------------------------                                 APPENDIX 3     Application No.   21218/93     Applicants        Request for   Value of     Scale of fees Actual                  exclusion   of the subject   under        fees                   of judges     matter       Section 153a --------------------------------------------------------------   1. H. Bötschi          Y     1,994,300    15,000-50,000   12,300 --------------------------------------------------------------   2. E. Eberle   3. Gebr. Eberle        Y     1,770,000    15,000-50,000   12,300 --------------------------------------------------------------   4. Feag Sonnhalde AG   Y     2,400,000    20,000-80,000   14,300 --------------------------------------------------------------   5. A. Forster AG       Y     7,423,000    20,000-80,000   18,300 --------------------------------------------------------------   6. H. Jordi            Y     1,842,000    15,000-50,000   12,300 --------------------------------------------------------------   7. F. Marti AG         Y     1,800,000    15,000-50,000   12,300   8. ES-Zuchtstation Sevelen AG --------------------------------------------------------------   9. H. Pfander          Y cca. 935,710    12,000-30,000    8,300 -------------------------------------------------------------- 10. Ulro AG             Y     3,150,000    20,000-80,000   16,300 -------------------------------------------------------------- 11. Rüti AG             Y     2,300,000    20,000-80,000   14,300 -------------------------------------------------------------- 12. VLS Zuchtstation     Salez AG            Y     1,180,000    15,000-50,000   12,300 -------------------------------------------------------------- 13. P. Zehnder          Y       771,000    12,000-30,000   10,300 -------------------------------------------------------------