CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;GRANDCHAMBER;ENG — 26 septembre 1995

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text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .s35D11EB2 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; page-break-before:always; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .sF6A12959 { width:33%; height:1px; text-align:left } .s85226119 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .sBA8DCCFC { width:35.45pt; display:inline-block } .sB343B0AA { font-family:Arial; font-size:6.67pt; vertical-align:super; color:#000000 } .s27483D04 { width:24.33pt; display:inline-block }       COURT (GRAND CHAMBER)             CASE OF VOGT v. GERMANY   (Application no. 17851/91)             JUDGMENT       STRASBOURG   26 September 1995       In the case of Vogt v. Germany [1] , The European Court of Human Rights, sitting, in accordance with Rule   51 of Rules of Court A [2] , as a Grand Chamber composed of the following judges:   Mr   R. Ryssdal , President ,          Mr   R. Bernhardt ,         Mr   F. Gölcüklü ,          Mr   F. Matscher ,          Mr   L.-E. Pettiti ,          Mr   R. Macdonald ,          Mr   A. Spielmann ,          Mr   J. De Meyer ,          Mr   S.K. Martens ,         Mrs   E. Palm ,          Mr   I. Foighel ,          Mr   A.N. Loizou ,          Mr   J.M. Morenilla ,          Mr   M.A. Lopes Rocha ,          Mr   G. Mifsud Bonnici ,          Mr   D. Gotchev ,          Mr   P. Jambrek ,          Mr   K. Jungwiert ,          Mr   P. Kuris ,   and also of Mr H. Petzold , Registrar , Having deliberated in private on 25 February and 2 September 1995, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the last-mentioned date: PROCEDURE   1.    The case was referred to the Court by the European Commission of Human Rights ("the Commission") on 11 March 1994 and by the German Government ("the Government") on 29 March 1994, within the three-month period laid down by Article 32 para. 1 and Article 47 (art. 32-1, art. 47) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("the Convention").   It originated in an application (no. 17851/91) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Commission under Article 25 (art. 25) by a German national, Mrs Dorothea Vogt, on 13   February 1991. The Commission's request referred to Articles 44 and 48 (art. 44, art. 48) and to the declaration whereby Germany recognised the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court (Article 46) (art. 46); the Government's application referred to Article 48 (art. 48).   The object of the request and of the application was to obtain a decision as to whether the facts of the case disclosed a breach by the respondent State of its obligations under Articles 10 and 11 (art. 10, art. 11) of the Convention and also, in the case of the Commission's request, of Article 14 (art. 14).   2.    In response to the enquiry made in accordance with Rule 33 para. 3 (d) of Rules of Court A, the applicant stated that she wished to take part in the proceedings and designated the lawyers who would represent her (Rule   30); the President gave her lawyers leave to use the German language (Rule 27 para. 3).   3.    The Chamber to be constituted included ex officio Mr R. Bernhardt, the elected judge of German nationality (Article 43 of the Convention) (art.   43), and Mr R. Ryssdal, the President of the Court (Rule 21 para. 3 (b)).   On 24 March 1994, in the presence of the Registrar, the President drew by lot the names of the other seven members, namely Mr F. Matscher, Mr L.-E. Pettiti, Mr S.K. Martens, Mr J.M. Morenilla, Mr G. Mifsud Bonnici, Mr P. Jambrek and Mr K. Jungwiert (Article 43 in fine of the Convention and Rule 21 para. 4) (art. 43).   4.    As President of the Chamber (Rule 21 para. 5), Mr Ryssdal, acting through the Registrar, consulted the Agent of the Government, the applicant's lawyers and the Delegate of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings (Rules 37 para. 1 and 38).   Pursuant to the order made in consequence, the Registrar received the applicant's observations on 9 and 11   August 1994 and the Government's memorial on 17 August 1994. On 19 August 1994 the Commission produced various documents, as requested by the Registrar on the President's instructions.   5.    By a letter of 4 November 1994 the Agent of the Government sought leave to submit an additional memorial and requested that the hearing initially set down for 23 November be postponed.   After once again consulting - through the Registrar - the Agent of the Government, the applicant's lawyers and the Delegate of the Commission on the organisation of the proceedings (Rule 38), Mr Ryssdal granted these requests.   Pursuant to the order made on 16 November 1994, the Registrar received the Government's additional memorial on 5 January 1995 and the applicant's observations in reply on 3 February 1995.   On 15 February 1995 the Secretary to the Commission informed the Registrar that the Delegate would make his submissions at the hearing.   6.    On 26 January 1995 the Chamber decided to relinquish jurisdiction forthwith in favour of a Grand Chamber (Rule 51).   The Grand Chamber comprised as ex officio members the President and the Vice-President, Mr   Bernhardt, who in this case was already sitting as national judge, together with the other members of the Chamber.   The names of the remaining ten judges were drawn by lot by the President in the presence of the Registrar on 27 January 1995, namely Mr F. Gölcüklü, Mr   R.   Macdonald, Mr A. Spielmann, Mr J. De Meyer, Mr I. Foighel, Mr   A.N. Loizou, Mr F. Bigi, Mr M.A. Lopes Rocha, Mr D. Gotchev and Mr   P. Kuris (Rule 51 para. 2 (a) to (c)).   Subsequently, Mrs E. Palm replaced Mr Bigi, who was unable to take part in the further consideration of the case.   7.    In accordance with the decision of the President, who had given the Agent of the Government too leave to use the German language (Rule 27 para. 2), the hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 22 February 1995.   The Court had held a preparatory meeting beforehand. There appeared before the Court:   (a) for the Government       Mr J. Meyer-Ladewig , Ministerialdirigent,       Federal Ministry of Justice,   Agent ,     Mr H. Wurm , Ministerialrat,       Federal Ministry of the Interior,     Mr B. Feuerherm , Ministerialrat, Ministry for       Cultural Affairs of the Land of Lower Saxony,   Advisers ; (b) for the Commission       Mr S. Trechsel ,   Delegate ; (c) for the applicant       Mr K. Damman ,     Mr P. Becker ,     Mr O. Jäckel , Rechtsanwälte,   Counsel . The Court heard addresses by Mr Trechsel, Mr Becker, Mr Jäckel, Mr   Damman and Mr Meyer-Ladewig, and replies to a question put by it.   AS TO THE FACTS   I.    PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE   8.    Mrs Dorothea Vogt, a German national born in 1949, lives in Jever in the Land of Lower Saxony.   9.    After studying literature and languages at the University of Marburg/Lahn for six years, during which time she became a member of the German Communist Party (Deutsche Kommunistische Partei - "DKP"), in November 1975 she sat the examination to become a secondary-school teacher (wissenschaftliche Prüfung für das Lehramt an Gymnasien).   She did her teaching practice (Vorbereitungsdienst für das Lehramt) from February 1976 to June 1977 at Fulda in the Land of Hesse.   In June 1977 she sat the second State examination to become a secondary-school teacher (zweite Staatsprüfung für das Lehramt an Gymnasien) and obtained a post from 1 August 1977 as a teacher (Studienrätin), with the status of probationary civil servant (Beamtenverhältnis auf Probe), in a State secondary school in Jever.   On 1 February 1979, before the end of her probationary period, she was appointed a permanent civil servant (Beamtin auf Lebenszeit).   10.    Mrs Vogt taught German and French.   In an assessment report drawn up in March 1981 her capabilities and work were described as entirely satisfactory and it was stated that she was held in high regard by her pupils and their parents and by her colleagues.   A. Disciplinary proceedings 1. Before the Weser-Ems regional council   11.    After a preliminary investigation, the Weser-Ems regional council (Bezirksregierung Weser-Ems) issued an order (Verfügung) on 13 July 1982 instituting disciplinary proceedings against the applicant on the ground that she had failed to comply with the duty of loyalty to the Constitution ("duty of political loyalty" - politische Treuepflicht) that she owed as a civil servant under section 61 (2) of the Lower Saxony Civil Service Act (Niedersächsisches Beamtengesetz - see paragraph 28 below).   She had, it was said, engaged in various political activities on behalf of the DKP since the autumn of 1980 and in particular had stood as the DKP candidate in the 1982 elections to the Parliament (Landtag) of the Land of Lower Saxony. 12.    The "indictment" (Anschuldigungsschrift) of 22 November 1983, drawn up in connection with the disciplinary proceedings, specified eleven public, political activities that the applicant had engaged in for the DKP, such as distributing pamphlets, representing the DKP at political meetings, being a party official in a constituency and standing in the federal elections of 6 March 1983.   13.    On 15 July 1985 the proceedings were stayed in order to widen the investigations to include further instances of the applicant's political activity that had come to light in the meantime.   14.    In a supplementary "indictment" of 5 February 1986 Mrs Vogt was accused of also failing to comply with her duties as a civil servant in that: (a) she had been a member of the "Executive Committee" (Vorstand) of the Bremen/North Lower Saxony regional branch (Bezirksorganisation) of the DKP since the end of 1983; and (b) she had taken part in and addressed the DKP's 7th party congress, held from 6 to 8 January 1984 in Nuremberg, as Chairperson (Kreisvorsitzende) of the Wilhelmshaven/Friesland local branch of the party.   15.    After a further stay of proceedings on 23 June 1986, a second supplementary "indictment" was drawn up on 2 December 1986, which specified four other political activities considered incompatible with the applicant's civil-servant status, namely: (a) her candidature for the DKP in the elections to the Parliament of the Land of Lower Saxony on 15 June 1986; (b) the fact that she was still a member of the "Executive Committee" of the Bremen/North Lower Saxony regional branch of the DKP; (c) the fact that she was still Chairperson of the Wilhemshaven/Friesland local branch of the DKP; and (d) her participation in the DKP's 8th party congress from 2 to 4 May 1986 in Hamburg as a party delegate.   16.    By an order of 12 August 1986 the Weser-Ems regional council notified the applicant that she had been temporarily suspended from her post, stating in particular as follows: "Although you knew the views of your superiors and the case-law of the disciplinary courts you have nevertheless, over a considerable period of time, deliberately violated your duty of oyalty.   For a permanent civil servant that is anextraordinarily serious breach of duty. Civil servants, whosestatus is founded on a special relationship of trust with theState and who, by taking the oath, have vowed to uphold the lawand freedom, destroy this basis of trust, which is essential forthe continuation of their relationship with their employer[Dienstverhältnis], if they deliberately support a party whoseaims are incompatible with the free democratic constitutionalsystem.   This is the position in the present case."   17.    From October 1986 Mrs Vogt was paid only 60 per cent of her salary (Dienstbezüge). 2. Before the Disciplinary Division of the Oldenburg      Administrative Court   18.    Before the Disciplinary Division of the Oldenburg Administrative Court (Disziplinarkammer des Verwaltungsgerichts) the applicant, who by her own account has been a member of the DKP since 1972, argued that her conduct could not amount to a failure to fulfil her duties as a civil servant.   By being a member of the party and carrying out activities on its behalf she had availed herself of the right of all citizens to engage in political activity.   She had always carried out such activity within the law and within the limits laid down in the Constitution.   Her action to promote peace within the Federal Republic of Germany and in its external relations and her combat against neo-fascism were in no way indicative of an anti-constitutional stance. The DKP, whose aims had always been wrongly alleged (but never proven) to be anti-constitutional, took part lawfully in the process of forming political opinion in the Federal Republic of Germany.   Lastly, according to a report issued by a Commission of Inquiry of the International Labour Office on 20 February 1987, the institution of disciplinary proceedings against civil servants on account of their political activities on behalf of a party that had not been banned breached International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention No. 111 concerning discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.   It also violated Article 10 (art. 10) of the European Convention on Human Rights.   19.    In its judgment of 15 October 1987 the Disciplinary Division dismissed applications by Mrs Vogt to have the proceedings stayed and witnesses examined.   The division ordered that all the "charges" against Mrs Vogt be dropped except those concerning her membership, as such, of the DKP and of the "Executive Committee" of the Bremen/North Lower Saxony regional branch, her chairing of the Wilhelmshaven branch of the DKP and her candidature in the elections to the Lower Saxony Land Parliament on 15 June 1986.   20.    On the merits, the Disciplinary Division held that the applicant had failed to comply with her duty of political loyalty and ordered her dismissal as a disciplinary measure.   It granted her a sum equivalent to 75 per cent of her pension entitlement at that date, to be paid for a six-month period.        The division found in the first place that neither ILO Convention No. 111 nor the recommendations made in the Commission of Inquiry's report of 20   February 1987 constituted a bar to the opening of disciplinary proceedings. It considered that active membership of a political party that pursued anti-constitutional aims was incompatible with a civil servant's duty of political loyalty.   The DKP's aims, as described in the Mannheim programme of 21 October 1978 (see paragraph 22 below), were clearly opposed to the free democratic constitutional system of the Federal Republic of Germany.   A party could be held to be anti-constitutional even if it had not been banned by the Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) under Article 21 para. 2 of the Basic Law (Grundgesetz - see paragraph 25 below). Through the active role which she played within the DKP the applicant had therefore clearly supported aims that were contrary to the Constitution. The Disciplinary Division added that the rule, laid down in the first sentence of Article 48 para. 2 of the Basic Law (see paragraph 25 below), according to which no one may be prevented from taking office as a member of parliament, could not justify the applicant's standing as the DKP candidate in regional elections.   This rule did not apply to measures, such as disciplinary proceedings, which initially had a different purpose and restricted the freedom to stand for election to, and to sit as a member of, parliament only as an indirect and unavoidable consequence of their implementation. The duty of political loyalty, which admittedly restricted civil servants' fundamental rights, was one of the traditional principles of the civil service and had constitutional status by virtue of Article 33 para. 5 of the Basic Law (see paragraph 25 below).   It followed that this duty took precedence over the provisions of international instruments such as the European Convention. The applicant had moreover carried out her political activities despite being familiar with the case-law establishing that active membership of the DKP was incompatible with the duty of political loyalty.   She must have been aware, at the latest once the Lower Saxony Disciplinary Court (Niedersächsischer Disziplinarhof) had delivered its judgment of 24 June 1985, which was published in an official education-authority circular and was brought to the attention of the applicant in person, that her conduct was in breach of her duties (pflichtwidriges Verhalten).   Mrs Vogt had accordingly to be dismissed for having betrayed the relationship of trust between herself and her employer.   Throughout the disciplinary proceedings she had moreover repeatedly indicated that she intended to continue her political activities for the DKP despite the warnings she had received.   The fact that she had done her work satisfactorily for many years and that she had been held in high regard by her pupils and their parents alike was immaterial. The Disciplinary Division finally ordered that Mrs Vogt should be paid 75 per cent of her pension allowance for a period of six months.   It did so in recognition of the fact that apart from her breach of the duty of loyalty Mrs   Vogt had always performed her duties unexceptionably and enthusiastically and needed some income to be protected from immediate hardship. 3. In the Lower Saxony Disciplinary Court   21.    On 18 March 1988 the applicant lodged an appeal against the above judgment with the Lower Saxony Disciplinary Court, reiterating her previous arguments (see paragraph 18 above).   22.    In a judgment of 31 October 1989 the Disciplinary Court dismissed Mrs Vogt's appeal and upheld the Administrative Court's judgment in all respects. It pointed out that, by carrying out activities on behalf of the DKP, the applicant had breached the duty of political loyalty that she owed in accordance with Article 33 para. 5 of the Basic Law, taken together with section 61 (2) of the Lower Saxony Civil Service Act. Under those provisions, civil servants must at all times bear witness to the free democratic constitutional system within the meaning of the Basic Law and uphold that system.   They must unequivocally dissociate themselves from groups who criticise, campaign against and cast aspersions on the State, its institutions and the existing constitutional system.   As a result of her activities as a member of the DKP the applicant had failed to satisfy these requirements.   The DKP's political aims were incompatible with that system. The fact that the Constitutional Court had not banned the DKP did not prevent other courts from finding that the party was anti-constitutional, as the Federal Administrative Court and the Disciplinary Court itself had done convincingly in judgments of 1 February 1989 and 20 July 1989.   An analysis of the still current Mannheim programme made by Mies and Gerns in their book on the DKP's methods and objectives (Weg und Ziel der DKP, 2nd edition, 1981) showed that the party, which aimed to establish a regime similar to that existing in the communist countries around 1980, continued to be guided by the principles of Marx, Engels and Lenin. Article 48 para. 2 of the Basic Law and the corresponding legislation of the Land of Lower Saxony securing the right to take office as a member of parliament did not set limits on the duty of political loyalty, since those provisions were not applicable to impediments resulting from disciplinary proceedings. The court held that the applicant's reference to Article 5 para. 1 of the Basic Law, which secured the right to freedom of expression, was not relevant as the provisions governing the civil service mentioned in Article 33 para. 5 of the Basic Law had to be regarded as general laws within the meaning of Article 5 para. 2 of the Basic Law (see paragraph 25 below).   Similarly, the European Court of Human Rights had ruled that a decision by a competent authority relating to admission to the civil service did not amount to an interference with freedom of expression.   The same approach applied in cases where a person had already been appointed to a permanent civil service post. Mrs Vogt's conduct had been unlawful.   By holding such a senior political post within the DKP, she necessarily espoused anti-constitutional aims and had therefore to be considered to be opposed to the Constitution herself, although she proclaimed her attachment to the Basic Law.   It was not possible to support both systems at the same time. Even though Mrs Vogt sought above all to achieve some of the DKP's short-term objectives such as reducing unemployment, promoting peace and eliminating so-called Berufsverbote (prohibitions on pursuing various occupations), this did not mean that her conduct was not culpable.   The DKP's aims were admittedly not all anti-constitutional; some of them were compatible with the Basic Law.   However, civil servants could not, as a means of furthering their own political objectives, make use of a party with anti-constitutional aims and help it to come to power.   In this connection the Disciplinary Court referred to the following observations made by the Federal Administrative Court (Bundesverwaltungsgericht) in a judgment of 20 January 1987, adding that it adopted them as it was convinced that exactly the same reasoning applied to the case before it: "It is admittedly possible to accept the view of the Federal Disciplinary Court [Bundesdisziplinargericht] that the official in question does not seek to change the system of government of the Federal Republic of Germany by the use of force and that this declaration cannot be dismissed as mere 'lip-service'.   It is also possible to accept his claim that he is mainly concerned with correcting what he perceives to be a discrepancy between the principles laid down in the Constitution and their application in practice in the Federal Republic of Germany and that he is profoundly sincere in his wish to establish a society that is more just, particularly in the economic sphere.   However, contrary to the view taken by the Federal Disciplinary Court, this does not mean that he is entitled to see in the DKP the political grouping through which he believes he can achieve his ideal political order.   It appears doubtful whether the view of the Constitution espoused by the official and described above reflects accurately the principles enshrined in the Basic Law. It is not necessary to resolve that question here.   In its judgment banning the former Communist Party (KPD) (BVerfGE 5, p. 85), the Federal Constitutional Court held that not only the 'tactics of conflict' employed by the former KPD but also the different phases of the process leading to attainment of its final objective of 'socialist rule' [sozialistische Herrschaft], namely proletarian revolution by peaceful or violent means and the triumph of the working class ..., were incompatible with the free democratic constitutional system.   [It] also stated that intensive propaganda and persistent unrest aimed at establishing - even if this was not to be achieved in the near future - a political regime that was clearly contrary to the free democratic constitutional system inevitably caused direct and immediate harm to that system ...   The Federal Constitutional Court thus also unquestionably held that the transitional stages of this process, which were of indefinite duration [and which the party sought to impose] through intensive propaganda and persistent unrest were incompatible with the free democratic constitutional system (BVerwGE 47, pp. 365 and 374).   Hence, contrary to the view taken by the Federal Disciplinary Court, the civil servant's assertion that he did not intend to change the Federal Republic of Germany's political system by violent means, which is moreover consistent with many statements made by his party, is of no legal significance (BVerwGE 76, p. 157)."   The court also considered that the applicant's commitment to changing the DKP's policies could not exculpate her.   The political loyalty owed by civil servants entailed a duty for them to dissociate themselves unequivocally from groups which criticised or cast aspersions on the State and the existing constitutional system.   The attitude of civil servants who, even if they campaigned within the DKP for the renunciation of aims that were contrary to the Constitution, showed outside the party, through the political offices they held, that they unreservedly supported its programme and policy, was incompatible with such a duty.   For as long as the DKP had not abandoned its anti-constitutional aims, civil servants' duty of political loyalty prevented them from actively working for it.   This remained valid even where it was their intention to bring the party closer to democratic values.   Moreover, during the disciplinary proceedings the applicant had declared her unconditional support for the DKP's aims, as set out in the Mannheim programme. Like the Administrative Court, the Disciplinary Court found that Mrs   Vogt had knowingly breached her professional obligations.   Although she was aware of the case-law and her superiors' views on the subject, she had continued and even stepped up her activities on behalf of the DKP.   Her dismissal had therefore been justified, since a civil servant who thus persisted in breaching her duties and refusing to see reason (unbelehrbar) was no longer capable of serving the State, which must be able to rely on its servants' loyalty to the Constitution.   The court added that such a breach of duty was especially serious in the case of a teacher, who was supposed to teach the children entrusted to her care the fundamental values of the Constitution.   Parents, who because of compulsory education had to send their children to State schools, were entitled to expect the State to employ only those teachers who unreservedly supported the free democratic constitutional system.   The State was under a duty to dismiss teachers who played an active role in an anti-constitutional organisation. The court added that a radical change in a civil servant's attitude could affect its assessment of the seriousness of professional misconduct.   However, throughout the disciplinary proceedings, far from cutting down on her activities on behalf of the DKP, the applicant had in fact increased them.   It followed that a more lenient disciplinary measure, aimed at persuading her to abandon her political activities within the DKP, was bound to fail.   Accordingly, it was impossible to continue to employ her as a civil servant and her dismissal was inevitable.   Her otherwise blameless conduct in carrying out her teaching tasks did not change the situation in any way, since the basis of trust that was essential for her to continue as a civil servant was lacking.   B. Proceedings in the Federal Constitutional Court   23.    On 22 December 1989 the applicant lodged a constitutional complaint (Verfassungsbeschwerde) with the Federal Constitutional Court. Sitting as a panel of three judges, the court decided on 7 August 1990 not to entertain the constitutional complaint, on the ground that it had insufficient prospects of success. In the Constitutional Court's view, the competent courts' analysis was based on the conviction that, by her membership of the DKP and her active role within that party, the applicant had breached her duties as a civil servant.   This conclusion was well-founded and in no way arbitrary.   After the commencement of the disciplinary proceedings, Mrs Vogt had herself stated that there was no point, section or part of the DKP's programme of which she disapproved, thus endorsing unconditionally the party's aims set out in the Mannheim programme. The disciplinary tribunals had been entitled to find that the DKP's aims were anti-constitutional, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 21 para. 2 of the Basic Law.   Regard being had to the applicant's intractability in respect of her political loyalty, the disciplinary courts had rightly considered that the basis of trust necessary for Mrs Vogt to continue to work as a civil servant was lacking, despite the fact that she had declared herself to be in favour of a change in the party's policy and had otherwise carried out her teaching tasks in a way that was irreproachable.   The applicant's dismissal had therefore not amounted to a breach of the principle of proportionality as regards her constitutional rights.   Accordingly, there had been no violation of Article 33 paras. 2, 3 and 5 of the Basic Law.   C. Subsequent developments   24.    From 1987 to 1991 the applicant worked as a playwright and drama teacher at the North Lower Saxony regional theatre (Landesbühne) in Wilhelmshaven. From 1 February 1991 she was reinstated in her post as a teacher for the Lower Saxony education authority.   The Land government had beforehand repealed the decree on the employment of extremists in the Lower Saxony civil service (Ministerpräsidentenbeschluß - also known as the Radikalenerlaß - see paragraph 32 below) and had published regulations for dealing with "earlier cases" (see paragraph 33 below).   II.    RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW   A. The Basic Law   25.    The following provisions of the Basic Law (Grundgesetz) are relevant to the instant case: Article 5 "(1) Everyone shall have the right freely to express and disseminate his or her opinions in speech, writing and pictures and freely to obtain information from generally accessible sources.   Freedom of the press and freedom of reporting on the radio and in films shall be guaranteed.   There shall be no censorship.   (2) These rights shall be subject to the limitations laid down by the provisions of the general laws and by statutory provisions aimed at protecting young people and to the obligation to respect personal honour.   (3) There shall be freedom of art, science, research and teaching.   Freedom of teaching shall not release citizens from their duty of loyalty to the Constitution." Article 21 "(1) Political parties shall take part in forming the political opinion of the people.   They may be freely set up.   Their internal organisation must comply with democratic principles. They must render public account of the origin of their income and their assets and of their expenditure.   (2) Parties which, through their aims or the conduct of their members, seek to damage or overthrow the free democratic constitutional system or to endanger the existence of the Federal Republic of Germany shall be held to be anti-constitutional.   The Federal Constitutional Court shall determine the question of anti-constitutionality.   (3) Detailed rules shall be laid down by federal laws." Article 33 "... (2) All Germans shall have an equal right of admission to the civil service according to their suitability, capabilities and professional qualifications.   (3) Enjoyment of civil and political rights, admission to the civil service and the rights acquired within the civil service shall not be contingent on religious belief.   No one shall be placed at a disadvantage on account of his or her 'adherence or non-adherence' to a religious persuasion [Bekenntnis] or to an 'ideology' [Weltanschauung].   ... (5) The provisions governing the civil service must take into account its traditional principles." Article 48 para. 2 "No one shall be prevented from taking office as a member of parliament or from performing the duties attaching thereto.   No employment contract may be terminated and no one may be dismissed from employment on this ground."   B. Legislation governing the civil service   26.    By virtue of section 7 (1) (2) of the Federal Civil Service Act (Bundesbeamtengesetz) and section 4 (1) (2) of the Civil Service (General Principles) Act (Beamtenrechtsrahmengesetz) for the Länder, appointments to the civil service are subject to the requirement that the persons concerned "satisfy the authorities that they will at all times uphold the free democratic constitutional system within the meaning of the Basic Law".   27.    According to section 52 (2) of the Federal Civil Service Act and section 35 (1), third sentence, of the Civil Service (General Principles) Act for the Länder, "civil servants must by their entire conduct bear witness to the free democratic constitutional system within the meaning of the Basic Law and act to uphold it".   28.    These provisions have been reproduced in the civil service legislation of the Länder, and in particular in section 61 (2) of the Lower Saxony Civil Service Act (Niedersächsisches Beamtengesetz), which likewise provides that "civil servants must by their entire conduct bear witness to the free democratic constitutional system within the meaning of the Basic Law and act to uphold it".   29.    The Lower Saxony Disciplinary Code (Niedersächsische Disziplinarordnung) contains the following relevant provisions: Article 2 para. 1 "Under this law, measures may be taken against:   (1) officials who have breached their professional duty while having the status of a civil servant ..." Article 5 para. 1 "The disciplinary measures shall be: ... dismissal ..." Article 11 para. 1 "Dismissal shall also entail loss of the right to a salary and of pension rights ..."   C. Decree on employment of extremists in the civil service   30.    On 28 January 1972 the Federal Chancellor and the Prime Ministers of the Länder adopted the decree on employment of extremists in the civil service (Ministerpräsidentenbeschluß) (Bulletin of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany no. 15 of 3 February 1972, p. 142), which reiterated civil servants' duty of loyalty to the free democratic constitutional system and provided as follows: "... civil servants' membership of parties or organisations that oppose the constitutional system - and any support given to such parties or organisations - shall ... as a general rule lead to a conflict of loyalty.   If this results in a breach of duty [Pflichtverstoß], it shall be for the employer to decide in each case what measures are to be taken."   31.    In order to implement the decree, the Government of the Land of Lower Saxony adopted, in particular on 10 July 1972, provisions on "political activity by applicants for civil-service posts and by civil servants directed against the free democratic constitutional system".   32.    Similar legislation was initially adopted in all the Länder. However, from 1979 it was no longer or only partially applied; in some Länder the relevant legislation was even repealed. In 1990, as part of their coalition agreement on the formation of a new Government for the Land of Lower Saxony, the Social Democrat and "Green" parties decided to repeal the decree on employment of extremists in the civil service; the decree was repealed by a ministerial decision of 26 June 1990.   33.    On 28 August 1990 the Land government took a number of measures relating to the treatment of "earlier cases", that is to say cases of persons who had been excluded from the civil service or refused admission to it on account of their political activities.   The decision made it possible - and this happened in the present case (see paragraph 24 above) - for civil servants who had been dismissed following disciplinary proceedings to be reinstated in their posts, provided that they satisfied the recruitment and qualification requirements, without, however, entitling them to compensation or to arrears of salary.   D. Case-law on the civil service   34.    In a leading case of 22 May 1975 the Federal Constitutional Court clarified the special duty of loyalty owed by German civil servants to the State and its Constitution: "...   The tasks of a modern State administration are as varied as they are complex and they must be accomplished in an adequate, effective and prompt manner if the political and social system is to function and groups, minorities and individuals are to be able to lead a decent life.   That administration must be able to count on a body of civil servants which is united and loyal, which faithfully performs its duties and is thoroughly dedicated to the State and the Constitution.   If civil servants cannot be relied upon, society and State have no chance in situations of crisis.   ...   It is sufficient to observe that the duty of political loyalty owed by civil servants is the core of civil servants' duty of loyalty.   It does not mean a duty to identify with the aims or a particular policy of the Government in power.   It means being prepared to identify with the idea of the State which the official has to serve and with the free democratic constitutional order of that State based on the rule of law and social justice.   ...   It cannot be in the interests of the State and society to have civil servants who are entirely uncritical.   It is, however, essential that a civil servant approves the State - notwithstanding its defects - and the existing constitutional order as it is in force and that he or she recognises that they merit protection, bears witness to them accordingly and is active on their behalf.   ...   The duty of political loyalty - loyalty to the State and to the Constitution - requires more than an attitude which while formally correct is in fact uninterested, indifferent and, at heart, distant in relation to the State and the Constitution. It entails, inter alia, the duty for civil servants to dissociate themselves unequivocally from groups and movements that criticise, campaign against and cast aspersions on that State, its institutions and the existing constitutional system.   ...   [The duty of loyalty owed by a civil servant] applies to every type of appointment in the civil service, an appointment of fixed duration, an appointment on probation and an appointment subject to revocation as well as an appointment to a permanent post.   Nor can there be any difference of treatment in this respect according to the nature of the civil servant's duties.   ...   The fact that the Federal Constitutional Court has not exercised its power to declare a party anti-constitutional does not mean that it is impossible to have the conviction - and to express that conviction - that the party in question pursues anti-constitutional aims and must therefore be challenged in the political arena.   A party which for instance advocates in its manifesto the dictatorship of the proletariat or approves recourse to force in order to overthrow the constitutional system if the conditions are right, pursues anti-constitutional aims ...   ..."   35.    In judgments of 29 October 1981 and 10 May 1984 the Federal Administrative Court held that civil servants who played an active role in the DKP, for example by holding a post in the party or by standing as its candidate in elections, would be in breach of their duty of political loyalty, because they would necessarily be identifying with the anti-constitutional aims of that party.   It followed the same line of reasoning in a judgment of 20 January 1987 (see paragraph 22 above).   E. Report of the Commission of Inquiry of the International Labour Office 36.    In its report of 20 February 1987 the majority of the Commission of Inquiry of the International Labour Office concluded that "the measures taken in application of the duty of faithfulness to the free democratic basic order have in various respects not remained within the limits of the restrictions authorised by Article 1, paragraph 2, of [the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation)] Convention No. 111". It also formulated a number of recommendations. In reply to this report, the German Government maintained that the measures taken to ensure that civil servants remained loyal to the Constitution were not contrary to the relevant provisions of Convention No.   111 and that in any case the recommendations made by the Commission of Inquiry were not binding on the German State for the purposes of domestic law.   PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION   37.    Mrs Vogt's application was lodged with the Commission on 13   February 1991.   Relying on Articles 10 and 11 (art. 10, art. 11) of the Convention, and on Article 14 taken together with Article 10 (art. 14+10), she complained that her right to freedom of expression and to freedom of association had been infringed.   38.    The Commission declared the application (no. 17851/91) admissible on 19 October 1992.   In