CEDH · CASELAW;REPORTS;ENG — 6 septembre 1999

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text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s653E6C45 { font-family:Arial; font-size:6.67pt; vertical-align:super; color:#0069d6 }                     EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS                   Application No. 27229/95     Susan Keenan     against     the United Kingdom                   REPORT OF THE COMMISSION   (adopted on 6 September 1999) TABLE OF CONTENTS   Page I.   INTRODUCTION   (paras. 1-21) ......................................................... 1     A.   The application     (paras. 2-4) ..................................................... 1     B.   The proceedings     (paras. 5-16) .................................................... 1     C.   The present Report     (paras. 17-21) .................................................. 2     II.   ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FACTS   (paras. 22-72) ....................................................... 4     A.   The particular circumstances of the case     (paras. 22-65) .................................................. 4     B.   Relevant domestic law     (paras. 66-72) ................................................. 11     III.   OPINION OF THE COMMISSION   (paras. 73-114) ..................................................... 13     A.   Complaints declared admissible     (para. 73) ..................................................... 13     B.   Points at issue     (para. 74) ..................................................... 13     C.   As regards Article 2 of the Convention     (paras. 75-85) ................................................. 13       CONCLUSION     (para. 86) ..................................................... 16     D.   As regards Article 3 of the Convention     (paras. 87-91) ................................................. 16       CONCLUSION     (para. 92) ..................................................... 17     E.   As regards Article 13 of the Convention     (paras. 93-100) ................................................ 18     Page       CONCLUSION     (para. 101) .................................................... 20     F.   Recapitulation     (paras. 102-104) ................................................ 20   DISSENTING OPINION OF MRS G.H. THUNE .............................. 21   DISSENTING OPINION OF MR C.L. ROZAKIS (ARTICLES 2 and 3) JOINED BY MRS J. LIDDY AND MR J-C GEUS ............................ 23   DISSENTING OPINION OF MM I. BÉKÉS AND A. ARABADJIEV ............. 25   DISSENTING OPINION OF MR I. CABRAL BARRETO ...................... 26   APPENDIX: DECISION OF THE COMMISSION AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY OF THE APPLICATION .............................. 27             I.   INTRODUCTION   1.   The following is an outline of the case as submitted to the European Commission of Human Rights, and of the procedure before the Commission.   A.   The application   2.   The applicant is a British citizen born in 1935 and resident in Ilfracombe. She is represented before the Commission by Messrs Toller Beattie, solicitors practising at Braunton.   3.   The application is directed against the United Kingdom.   The respondent Government were represented by their Agent, Ms Sally Langrish of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London.   4.   The case concerns the applicant’s complaints concerning the circumstances of her son’s detention in prison prior to his suicide and the alleged failure of the authorities to take the appropriate steps to safeguard his life. She complains that she has no effective remedy in national law in respect of her son’s death in prison. The applicant invokes Articles 2, 3 and 13 of the Convention.   B.   The proceedings   5.   The application was introduced on 28 February 1995 and registered on 4 May 1995.   6.   On 9 April 1996, the Commission decided, pursuant to Rule 48 § 2 (b) of its Rules of Procedure, to give notice of the application to the respondent Government and to invite the parties to submit written observations on its admissibility and merits.   7.   The Government's observations were submitted on 9 August 1996. By letter dated 31   October 1996, the applicant indicated that she did not propose to submit any observations in reply.   8.   On 8 September 1997, the Commission decided to invite the parties to attend an oral hearing on the admissibility and merits of the application.   9.   On 6 May 1998, the applicant submitted written observations.   10.   The hearing was held on 22 May 1998 in Strasbourg.   The Government were represented by their Agent, Ms Sally Langrish, Mr Ian Burnett QC, Counsel and Mr Hugh Giles, Mr Laurence O’Dea, Mr Martin McHugh and Ms Mary Piper as Advisers.   The applicant, who attended, was represented by Mr Tim Owen, Counsel, Mr Alain Feinson and Ms Jayne Perring, Solicitors.   11.   On 22 May 1998, the Commission declared the application admissible.   12.   The text of the Commission's decision on admissibility was sent to the parties on 28   May 1998. The parties were informed that the Commission had decided to adjourn further examination of the case pending the Court’s judgment in the Osman case (Mulkiye and Ahmed Osman v. the United Kingdom, No. 23452/94, Comm. Rep. 1.7.97). 13.   On 28 May 1998, the Government submitted two documents.   14.   On 6 November 1998, the Commission invited the parties to make their final submissions in light of the Court’s judgment in the Osman case (Eur. Court HR, Osman v.   the United Kingdom judgment of 28 October 1998, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998-VIII, p. 3124).   15.   The Government submitted their final observations on 18 December 1998. Following an extension in the time-limit fixed for the purpose, the applicant submitted her final observations on 28 January 1999.   16.   After declaring the case admissible, the Commission, acting in accordance with former [1] Article 28 § 1 (b) of the Convention, also placed itself at the disposal of the parties with a view to securing a friendly settlement.   In the light of the parties’ reaction, the Commission now finds that there is no basis on which such a settlement can be effected.   C.   The present Report   17.   The present Report has been drawn up by the Commission in pursuance of former Article   31 of the Convention and after deliberations and votes, the following members being present:       MM   S. TRECHSEL, President       E. BUSUTTIL       G. JÖRUNDSSON       A. WEITZEL       H. DANELIUS     Mrs   G.H. THUNE     Mr   C.L. ROZAKIS     Mrs   J. LIDDY     MM   J.-C. GEUS       I. CABRAL BARRETO     Sir   Nicolas BRATZA     MM   I. BÉKÉS       A. PERENI       C. BÎRSAN       K. HERNDL       E. BIELINAS       E.A. ALKEMA       M. VILA AMIGÓ     Mrs   M. HION     Mr   A. ARABADJIEV   18.   The text of this Report was adopted on 6 September 1999 by the Commission and is now transmitted to the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, in accordance with former Article 31 § 2 of the Convention.   19.   The purpose of the Report, pursuant to former Article 31 of the Convention, is:   (i)   to establish the facts, and   (ii)   to state an opinion as to whether the facts found disclose a breach by the State concerned of its obligations under the Convention.   20.   The Commission's decision on the admissibility of the application is annexed hereto.   21.   The full text of the parties' submissions, together with the documents lodged as exhibits, are held in the archives of the Commission.   II.   ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FACTS   A.   The particular circumstances of the case   22.       The applicant is the mother of Mark Keenan who on 15 May 1993, at the age of 28, died from asphyxia caused by self-suspension whilst serving a sentence of 4 months' imprisonment at HM Prison, Exeter.     23.       From the age of 21 Mark Keenan received intermittent treatment in the form of anti-psychotic medication for a condition which it appears was first diagnosed whilst he was serving a four year prison sentence for assault.   It appears to have been reported by Mark Keenan that he was diagnosed as suffering from paranoid schizophrenia.   Following his release from prison in 1988, Mark Keenan's general practitioner continued the prescription of anti-psychotic medication.     24.       His medical history had included symptoms of paranoia, aggression, violence and deliberate self-harm, and his behaviour was sometimes unpredictable. In November/December 1992, shortly before he was admitted to prison, he had received treatment at North Devon District Hospital following two incidents in which he had injected himself with overdoses of insulin.   Following the first incident, on 9 November 1992, it was noted that he was complaining of paranoia.   Diagnoses of borderline personality disorder and paranoid schizophrenia were made and it was noted that he had a history of frequent episodes of deliberate self-harm.   He was discharged after 10 days on a prescription of anti-psychotic medication.   The second incident, on 16 December 1992, was associated with the breakdown in the relationship with his girlfriend.   The admission notes recorded as diagnoses "Personality disorder. Paranoid psychosis. Suicide threats".   He discharged himself on 18   December 1992.   25.       On the same day he was admitted to HM Prison Exeter having been remanded in custody following an assault on his girlfriend.   On admission he was received by the prison's health care centre for observation and assessment having given a history of suffering from paranoid schizophrenia.      26.       On 21 December 1992, an attempt was made to transfer him from the health care centre to ordinary location.   Later the same day he was re-admitted to the health care centre because he had been kicking at his cell door and appeared paranoid to prison staff.   The explanation provided by Mark Keenan was that he had taken some cannabis which had tripped him out and made him paranoid, shaky and tense.   Subsequently, on 23 December 1992, he was discharged to ordinary location having been assessed as fine, with no psychiatric symptoms, cheerful and coping.   By the evening he was complaining that he was "cracking up".   He was advised to "calm down and think positively about going to court tomorrow".    In the event, on 24 December 1992, he was released on bail.      27.       Mark Keenan was re-admitted to HM Prison, Exeter on 1 April 1993 having been convicted of the assault on his girlfriend.   He was again received by the prison's health care centre for observation and assessment.   On 5 April 1993, Dr Keith, the prison's senior medical officer, consulted Dr Roberts, the consultant psychiatrist who had been treating Mark Keenan before his admission to prison.   Dr Roberts advised that Mark Keenan had a personality disorder with anti-social traits and that under stress he disclosed some fleeting paranoid symptoms.   He concurred with the medication which Dr Keith had prescribed, but advised that Mark Keenan should be treated symptomatically.   28.       On 14 April 1993, Mark Keenan barricaded himself into the ward room of the health care centre in protest against his proposed transfer to ordinary location.   On 16 April 1993, he was discharged to ordinary location but re-admitted to the health care centre the following evening after his cell-mate reported that Mark Keenan was uptight and had fashioned a noose from a bed sheet which he was keeping under his bed.   On his return to the health care centre, Mark Keenan was placed in an unfurnished cell and put on a 15 minute watch.   The entry in his medical notes for 17 April 1993 records:     "Brought to Health Care Unit at 21.30 hours ... states he will hang himself.   A noose has been made out of strips of sheets.   In conversation with Keenan, <says> he is under pressure from kitchen workers who have stated they will contaminate his food etc.   The look of relief on his face was great when I told him he will have to stay here."   29.       A subsequent entry, on 18 April 1993, records "owes on wing hence can't cope <with ordinary location".   30.       On 23 April 1993, it was decided that Mark Keenan should be assessed by the prison's visiting psychiatrist, Dr Rowe.   On 26 April 1993, before he had been assessed, a further attempt was made to transfer him to ordinary location.   He was re-admitted to the health care centre the following day. The entry in his medical notes for 27 April 1993 records:     "Brought to treatment room shaking and hyperventilating.   Declined any further medication.   Unable to cope.   Admitted to health care centre for observation and assessment.   Seen at 17.45 hours.   He says he felt panicky and paranoid in main prison.   He felt he was going to be attacked.   He felt he might have to defend himself.   Located in single cell on lower landing."   31.     On 29 April 1993, Mark Keenan was assessed by Dr Rowe.   Dr Rowe, who did not express an opinion that it was currently necessary to transfer Mark Keenan to a hospital for psychiatric treatment, prescribed a change in his medication, and recorded in his medical notes:     "He is an old patient of mine who suffers from a mild, chronic psychosis.   He is not usually violent, although he is easily stressed and then can be unpredictable."     32.       On 30 April 1993, the question of moving Mark Keenan to ordinary location was again raised with him.   The entry in his medical notes for 30 April 1993 records:     "He does not feel fit for <ordinary location> as he is afraid he might be injured, further mention of paranoia by him.   To remain in a single cell."   33.       In the course of the day his mental state was noted to deteriorate, with evidence of aggression and paranoia.   Dr Searle considered that the change in medication might be responsible and therefore prescribed a return to his previous medication.   At 6 p.m. Mark Keenan assaulted two hospital officers, one seriously.   Following the assault he was placed in an unfurnished cell within the health care centre and put on a 15 minute watch.     34.       On 1 May 1993, Dr Bickerton certified Mark Keenan fit for adjudication in respect of the assault and fit for placement in the segregation unit within the prison's punishment block.   He recorded in Mark Keenan's medical notes for 1 May 1993:     "Calm and rational.   No sign of mental illness.   Slept well, feels relaxed.   Claims he was frustrated yesterday and this is why he attacked the officer.   Fit for normal cellular confinement in punishment block."   35.       The same day, Mr McCombe, the prison's deputy governor, ordered Mark Keenan to be placed in segregation in the punishment block under Prison Rule 43.   Mr McCombe considered segregation appropriate as Mark Keenan's behaviour was unpredictable and he posed a threat to staff.   No date appears to have been given for his release from segregation.   36.       Whilst in segregation, Mark Keenan would have been locked up about 23 hours each day.   Although the segregation unit was visited each day by a doctor, the prison chaplain and the prison governor, Mark Keenan would, in contrast to location within the health care centre or the main prison, have had minimal contact with staff, and none with fellow prisoners.   37.       On 1 May 1993, following his transfer to the segregation unit, Mark Keenan requested a listener (a prisoner trained by the Samaritans in the counselling of inmates who may be suicidal).   At 6.05 p.m. Mr Gill, one of the prison's hospital officers, was contacted after Mark Keenan had indicated to prison officers on the segregation unit that he was feeling suicidal.   The medical notes record:     "Went to see <Keenan>.   1997 raised (a form completed for the referral of an inmate, perceived to be a suicide risk, to the medical officer).   Listener in cell with inmate.   Reassurances given that he is not suicidal but tense, agitated <and> needs to talk it over.   Will get <medical officer> to see when he attends later."   38.       At 6.45 p.m., however, Mark Keenan was threatening to harm himself and was therefore transferred to an unfurnished cell in the hospital wing and put on a 15 minute watch.   39.       At 7.45 p.m. Dr Bickerton attempted to speak to Mark Keenan through his cell door.   Whilst noting that he appeared very agitated and distressed, and claimed to be hearing voices and thinking he was Jesus Christ, Dr Bickerton doubted that Mark Keenan was suffering from any psychotic illness.   Mark Keenan's medical notes record that he spent the greater part of the night banging and kicking his cell door, shouting obscenities and making threats to prison staff.   On 2 May 1993 Dr Simkin recorded in Mark Keenan's medical notes:     "This morning denying he is suicidal.   Verbally abusive to staff.   Some bruises from hitting door.   This man is a considerable hazard to staff and has become obnoxious to other hospital inmates due to his behaviour.   He is unpredictable and has made threats to his life.   He has been placed on Rule 43.   I have explained to him that his remaining in the <unfurnished> cell is in order to assess his attitude in the next 24 hours.   I will increase chlorpromazine to 400mg qds and resume Kemadrin and chloral nocte.   He says he will not take medication." 40.       The medical notes for 3 May 1993 record:     "a.m. - very much better in attitude.   Slept well.   Requests to return to <the segregation unit in the punishment> block.   Agreed."   41.       Mark Keenan was duly returned to the segregation unit.   A note in the segregation unit's occurrence book for 3 May 1993 records:     "Keenan <was> brought in from the hospital.   Seems slightly more lucid than before, however still needs watching.   At tea time Keenan asked to <talk to a listener> as he stated he felt he was "going into one", which I took to mean kicking off ... staff beware."   42.       The medical notes record that at 9 p.m.:     "Troublesome in block.   Given extra chlorpromazine.   Seemed to calm down after a chat.   If he is talking suicidally overnight then unfurnish his block cell and review ‘mane’ <query, in the morning>."   43.       Save for a short note on 4 May 1993 that at "11.00 hours clopixol 500mg given", no further entry was made in Mark Keenan's medical notes from the 3 May 1993 until his suicide on 15 May 1993.   Dr Bradley, who saw Mark Keenan in the course of routine morning visits to the segregation unit on 4 to 7 and 10 to 14 May 1993, recalls:     " ...   We had the cell door open on the majority of occasions.   I recall there may have been one time when I spoke through his glass window ... but that was because they were short of staff.   He had the opportunity to talk to me.     We discussed his medication.   He never mentioned any feelings of depression to me or not coping.   On the whole Keenan appeared calm and with it with me.   He appeared clear and not disturbed.   I also checked with the staff as to his behaviour through the day, and they replied that there was nothing that concerned them."   44.       The occurrence book for the segregation unit records, however, that on 4 May 1993:     "Keenan abusive, aggressive and offering violence to staff.   Relocated to <cell> A1-4 for a quietening down period.   Keenan phone call to solicitor at 10.00 hours re assault on H/O Dent.   On return <from phone call> to A1 <landing> states he will behave himself.   Relocated to <cell> A1-5."   45.       The entry for 6 May 1993 records:     "Keenan refused cup of tea.   Said there was something out in it.   When told that there was nothing out in it he decided to drink it.   He is starting to act very strange.   Staff to be aware." 46.       The entry for 7 May 1993 records:     "Keenan seen by doctor. Refused medication. Staff to still offer medication. To be logged if taken or refused."   47.       Following the entry on 7 May 1993 there is reference to the fact that on 8, 9 and 10 May 1993 he accepted his medication.   Thereafter there is no reference to Mark Keenan in the occurrence book until his suicide on 15 May 1993.      48.       In a letter to his mother, dated 13 May 1993, he complained that the state of his mind was not very good.   49.       On 14 May 1993, Dr Bradley assessed Mark Keenan to be fit for adjudication in respect of his assault on the two prison officers on 30 April 1993.   The record of the adjudication contains the certification by the doctor that he was fit for adjudication and for cellular confinement. The doctor added the observations:     "At the time of the alleged offence Mr Keenan was receiving medication for a chronic psychiatric problem and he had had a recent change in medication."   50.       At the adjudication on 14 May 1993 Mark Keenan was found guilty of assault and awarded 28 additional days in prison together with 7 days’ loss of association and exclusion from work. At that point, Mark Keenan had only nine days before his expected release date.   The sentence had the effect of delaying his release date from 23 May 1992 until 20 June 1993.   51.       Shortly after the adjudication Mark Keenan was seen by the chaplain who recalled in his evidence to the Inquest that he was unhappy about the decision and stated "I was thinking of kicking off, but I don't think I will." The chaplain stated that at no stage did Mark Keenan indicate that he might take his own life.       52.       At 9.45 the following morning, on 15 May 1993, Mark Keenan was seen by Dr   Bickerton who recalls that he seemed calm, polite and relaxed.   He was then seen by deputy governor McCombe, who later described him as having been in a highly agitated state, but relaxing when he was informed that his right to buy tobacco had not been suspended.     53.       In the afternoon Mark Keenan was visited by a friend, M. T., whom he had known for about 5 years.   M.T., who saw Mark Keenan for some 20 minutes, found him to be disappointed that he had an additional 28 days to serve in prison, but otherwise in good spirits and, when M.T. left, as looking forward to his next visit the following Saturday.   Prison officer Haley, who returned Mark Keenan to his cell following the visit, recalls that Mark Keenan was very talkative and appeared in high spirits.     54.       Prison officer Milne, who saw Mark Keenan at or about 5.15 p.m., recalls that he seemed alright and asked if he could use the telephone at 6 p.m..   Milne agreed, but in the event it does not appear that Mark Keenan was allowed out of his cell to make the call. According to the evidence given later at the inquest, Prison officer Milne who was on duty on landing A1 - the segregation block- was absent in the toilet for ten minutes from about 6.25-30 p.m. On his way from the toilet to assist on landing A3, he noticed that the cell call indicator for landing A1 was depressed. The call buttons in each cell lit up indicators on each landing to ensure that if an officer was not present on one landing, the light could be seen by officers on other landings. There was no noise issuing from the indicator as it seemed that some-one, a prisoner or prison officer, had cancelled the buzzer, access being possible to the system from each landing. Milne called to another officer to accompany him and immediately went to Mark Keenan’s cell and proceeded to open it. He estimated that it took a minute for him to open the cell from the time at which he saw the light on.   55.       At 6.35 p.m., on 15 May 1993, Mark Keenan was discovered by the two prison officers hanging from the bars of his cell by a ligature fashioned out of a bed sheet. At 7.05 p.m. he was pronounced dead.   56.       At some point before he committed suicide Mark Keenan depressed the call button in his cell.   It would not have been possible for him to depress the call button whilst suspended.   It was prison officer Milne's evidence at the Inquest that Mark Keenan must have pressed the call button during the 10 minutes when he was using the staff toilets since the light on the landing, which would have indicated that the call button had been depressed, was not on when he left.   57.       In an undated letter, received by Dr Roberts after 15 May 1993, Mark Keenan wrote:     "As you will well know I am in prison for assault on G. S., which I received 4 months.   I cannot take much more.   I have seen Dr Rowe in here he wrote me up for some new tablets fenzodine white tablets like white smarties.   I just went mad on them, and ended up on assault on two staff.   I am asking you if you can give me treatment when I get out and get me better.   I was using drugs in Bmth as well, I feel very unstable but the doctor will not help me at all.   I need help please could you send the Governor a report on me, I can't take much more."        58.       On 25 August 1993, at the Inquest before a Coroner, the jury recorded a verdict of death by misadventure and that the cause of death was asphyxiation by hanging. Evidence had been given in public proceedings by fourteen witnesses, including the applicant, the prison officers on duty and who had discovered Mark Keenan’s body, the police inspector who had investigated the death, the Deputy Governor of the prison, a number of prison hospital officers and the senior prison doctor, the prison chaplain and M.T. who had visited Mark Keenan on the day that he had died. There were statements submitted from these persons, as well as Dr Bickerton and Dr Bradley.   59.       On 17 November 1993, the applicant obtained legal aid limited to obtaining further evidence and counsel's opinion on the merits and quantum of damages in a potential action against the Home Office in respect of the treatment of her son and the conditions of his detention.   60.       In a report dated 17 August 1994, the consultant forensic psychiatrist instructed by the applicant's solicitors expressed his opinion that Mark Keenan, as a prisoner suffering from paranoid schizophrenia, was unfit to be placed in segregation in the punishment block and that the failure of the prison authorities to accommodate him in the hospital wing was an important contributory factor to his death.   61.       In an advice dated 14 October 1994, counsel advised in light of the psychiatrist's report that notwithstanding the grave breach of duty by the Prison Service in keeping Mark Keenan, a mentally ill prisoner, in a punishment cell without any proper medical monitoring, an action in negligence under the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1934 would not succeed since there was no evidence that Mark Keenan had suffered any injury of a kind in respect of which a cause of action could be maintained.   He was already mentally ill and there was no indication that he suffered any worsening in his condition, or developed any new condition as a result of his confinement.   Mere distress was insufficient and the fact of his death was not such as in English law to constitute an injury in respect of which a cause of action lay.   In respect of proceedings under the Fatal Accidents Act 1976, counsel advised that, since Mark Keenan was over 18 when he died, the applicant did not qualify for bereavement damages, there were no dependents who might be able to pursue a claim. To the extent the applicant might have incurred any funeral expenses, these were not sufficient to justify the support of legal aid.   The effect of this advice was to prevent the applicant from pursuing any contemplated litigation since, in light of the advice, legal aid would be withdrawn.   62.       By letter of 12 December 1994, the applicant was informed by the Legal Aid Board that they were considering whether to discharge her legal aid certificate in light of counsel's opinion that she had no reasonable prospect of success. By decision of 8 March 1995, the Legal Aid Board discharged her legal aid certificate since it was unreasonable in the circumstances that she continue to receive assistance.   63.       In another report, dated 15 February 1995, a second consultant psychiatrist instructed by the applicant's solicitors expressed the opinion that Mark Keenan suffered from paranoid schizophrenia, that he was recognisably in one of the very highest suicide risk groups, that his confinement within the segregation unit was likely to have aroused in him feelings of terror, hopelessness, anguish and inferiority, that his ability and will to cope with his illness would, in the circumstances of his confinement, have been cumulatively undermined and resulted in the taking of his own life.   The consultant psychiatrist concluded that Mark Keenan's treatment during the last eleven days of his life had fallen substantially below what could be regarded as an acceptable standard of care.   64.       The applicant's legal aid was withdrawn by the Legal Aid Board on 8 March 1995 in light of counsel's advice.   65.       In a report dated 2 August 1996, Dr Keith, the prison's senior medical officer, in response to the psychiatric reports obtained on behalf of the applicant, disputed that Mark Keenan suffered from paranoid schizophrenia, or that any specific symptoms of schizophrenia were observed whilst he was in detention.   Dr Keith stated that Mark Keenan was treated consistently with Dr Roberts' diagnosis as a patient suffering from a personality disorder with anti-social traits who displayed some fleeting paranoid symptoms when under stress.   When he was perceived to present a risk he was admitted to the health care centre for observation.   In a further report dated 17 March 1996, a consultant psychiatrist, Dr Faulk, instructed on behalf of the Government, expressed the opinion that those treating Mark Keenan at the prison, who were not consultant psychiatrists, were entitled to rely upon the diagnosis given by Dr Roberts, that in light of that diagnosis their treatment of Mark Keenan was appropriate, and that there was no evidence that Mark Keenan found being on the punishment block particularly disturbing, or that whilst there he had become psychotic.   B.   Relevant domestic law     1.   Prison regulations   66.       Section 7 of the Prison Act 1952 requires each prison to have a medical officer who, pursuant to Rule 17 of the Prison Rules 1964 promulgated by the Secretary of State, is responsible for "the care of the health, mental and physical, of the prisoners in that prison".   Rule 18 provides:     "(1)   The medical officer shall report to the governor on the case of any prisoner whose health is likely to be injuriously affected by continued imprisonment or any conditions of imprisonment. ...   (2)   The medical officer shall pay special attention to any prisoner whose mental condition appears to require it, and make any special arrangements which appear necessary for his supervision and care.   (3)   The medical officer shall inform the governor if he suspects any prisoner of having suicidal intentions, and the prisoner shall be placed under special observation."   67.       Health Care within prisons is also governed by Standing Order 13 which defines the responsibilities and duties of the members of a prison health care team.   Paragraph 31 provides:     "The initial medical assessment of all prisoners to the health care centre on or shortly after reception into prison, or as a result of concern about their mental state, should include consideration of special arrangements needed for their supervision to prevent attempts to harm themselves or commit suicide.   Where it is considered that special supervision is medically indicated the medical officer will order supervision in one of the following forms:   (a)   continuous supervision, in which the prisoner is observed by a designated officer who remains constantly in his or her presence; or   (b)   intermittent supervision in which the prisoner is observed by a designated officer at intervals of not more than 15 minutes."   68.       The Prison Service has also issued its own guidelines in the form of Circular Instruction 20/89 providing guidance, inter alia , relating to staff responsibilities, action on reception, referral and assessment during custody and preventative measures in respect of prison suicides.   Circular Instruction 20/89 defined the task of the prison service as being:       "to take all reasonable steps to identify prisoners who are developing suicidal feelings; to treat and manage them in ways that are humane and most likely to prevent suicide; and to promote recovery from suicidal crisis."   69.       Pursuant to sections 47 and 48 of the Mental Health Act 1983, any prisoner suffering from a serious mental illness may be transferred to a hospital for detention and treatment.   70.       Rule 43 of the Prison Rules 1964, pursuant to which Mark Keenan was placed in segregation, requires the prison governor to remove a prisoner from segregation in the event that a medical officer so advises on medical grounds.   Rule 53(2) provides that no punishment in cellular confinement is to be imposed unless a medical officer has certified that the prisoner is in a sufficiently fit state of health.     2.   Proceedings for injury and death caused by negligence   71.       A person who suffers injury, physical or psychiatric, in consequence of the negligence of another may bring an action for damages for that injury.   An exacerbation of an existing condition constitutes such injury. Upset and injury to feelings resulting from negligence in the absence of physical or psychiatric damage or exacerbation, do not entitle a plaintiff to damages. Any personal injury action maintainable by a living person survives for the benefit of his estate and may be pursued after his death.   72.       Claims arising from the death of an individual caused by negligence are brought under the Fatal Accidents Act 1976 or the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1934. The former enables those who were financially dependent upon the deceased to recover damages for the loss of dependency. The scheme of the 1976 Act is compensatory and save for the sum of £7,500 for bereavement to the spouse of a deceased or parent of a deceased child under 18 at the time of death, damages are awarded to reflect the loss of support. The latter enables damages to be recovered on behalf of the deceased’s estate and may include any right of action vested in the deceased at the time of his death together with funeral expenses.   III.   OPINION OF THE COMMISSION   A.   Complaints declared admissible   73.   The Commission declared admissible the applicant’s complaints:     - that the prison authorities failed to protect the applicant’s son, Mark Keenan, from committing suicide while in segregation;     - that her son suffered inhuman and degrading treatment in respect of the conditions of his detention prior to his death;     - that she had no effective remedy in respect of her complaints.   B.   Points at issue   74.   The points at issue in the present case are as follows:     - whether there has been a violation of Article 2 of the Convention;     - whether there has been a violation of Article 3 of the Convention;     - whether there has been a violation of Article 13 of the Convention.   C.   As regards Article 2 of the Convention   75.       Article 2 para. 1 of the Convention provides in its first sentence:     “1.     Everyone's right to life shall be protected by law. ...”   76.     The applicant submits under Article 2 of the Convention that the respondent Government were under a positive obligation to take adequate and appropriate measures to secure effective protection of her son's life while he was detained as a prisoner known to be suffering from a mental illness. This included reasonable steps being taken to protect him from his own self-destructive or self-harming acts. She submits that the prison authorities failed to comply with this obligation to safeguard her son's life. She argues that the prison authorities were fully aware that her son had a history of mental illness, was receiving psychotropic medication and that his behaviour was showing violent, self-destructive tendencies, such that there was at all times a real and immediate risk that he might kill or severely injure himself intentionally or unintentionally. It was drawn to the Governor’s attention by the prison doctor and Mark Keenan that he was suffering from a chronic psychiatric problem, with a recent change in medication yet the Governor proceeded to impose a punishment of 28 days’ additional imprisonment including seven days in punitive segregation in the punishment block. The prison authorities should have sought appropriate advice from a psychiatrist as to her son's mental condition before proceeding to impose disciplinary or segregation measures and there should have been specific monitoring of his psychiatric condition by qualified persons while he was subject to segregation. Further, there were no effective procedural safeguards available in respect of the measures taken against her son.   77.       The Government submit that there is no positive obligation cast on Contracting States by Article 2 in respect of individuals who are competent to make rational decisions and thus exercise their own right of self-determination.   The Government submit that Mark Keenan, whilst mentally ill, was capable of making rational decisions in the exercise of his right of self-determination in the last days of his life and thus no positive obligation was owed under Article 2.     In the alternative, the Government submit that if any positive obligation was owed then this was discharged. The extent of that obligation should also be assessed in light of the fact that the risk posed to Mark Keenan was not from a third party but from himself. The Government submit that there was in place at the prison a comprehensive system of safeguards and procedures concerning suicide prevention.   The Government assert that these safeguards and procedures were followed in Mark Keenan's case, and that the assessment and response of those in charge of his treatment and care to the risk which he presented was, in all the circumstances, when viewed objectively and without hindsight, reasonable and appropriate. On the basis of the objective evidence available to the prison authorities in the period leading up to Mark Keenan’s death, there was no real and immediate risk to his life and the prison authorities did not fail to take any measures which might have been expected to avoid any risk. The Government points out that the fact that Mark Keenan pressed the call button in his cell before suspending himself indicates that he did not intend to take his life. However, the duty officer had briefly left his desk for the lavatory and but for that unfortunate coincidence of events Mark Keenan would probably still be alive.   78.       The recent case-law of the Convention organs establishes that Article 2 is not exclusively concerned with intentional killing resulting from the use of force by agents of the State but also imposes a positive obligation to take appropriate steps to safeguard the lives of those within its jurisdiction (see eg. Eur. Court HR, Osman v. the United Kingdom judgment of 28 October 1998, Reports 1998-VIII, para. 115).   The scope of the obligation will depend on the circumstances of the case, bearing in mind, amongst other relevant considerations, the operational choices that have to be made in terms of priorities and resources and the necessity of interpreting such an obligation in a way which does not impose an impossible or disproportionate burden on the authorities. For example, in the Osman case (Eur. Court HR, op. cit, para. 116), the Court held that Article 2 imposed a positive obligation on the authorities to take preventive measures to protect an individual whose life was at risk from the criminal acts of another individual. This obligation would not be met where it was established that the authorities knew or ought to have known at the time of the existence of a real and immediate risk to the life of an identified individual or individuals from the criminal acts of a third party and they failed to take measures within the scope of their powers which, judged reasonably, might have been expected to avoid that risk.   79.       The Commission considers, first of all, that the prison authorities have an obligation under Article 2 to take appropriate steps to safeguard the lives of the prisoners under their control. The authorities are indeed under an obligation to account for injuries and deaths which may occur to detainees held under their responsibility (see, mutatis mutandis , No.   21986/93, Salman v. Turkey, Comm. Rep. 1.3.99, para. 315, pending before the Court, concerning the death of a detainee in police custody). The existence of this obligation is not affected by fact that the death or injury occurs as a result of the prisoner’s attempts, successful or otherwise, to commit suicide. It would agree with the Government’s submission that the scope of the obligation may be affected by this factor. When depriving an individual of his liberty, the authorities thereby assume a responsibility for his welfare, the individual’s autonomy to undertake that responsibility for himself having been largely remov