CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 25 juin 2002

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text-align:right } .s76CF415B { page-break-before:always; clear:both } .s523616E0 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; font-size:14pt } .sA6BC7FA7 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:right }     FOURTH SECTION     CASE OF MIGOŃ v. POLAND     (Application no. 24244/94)     JUDGMENT     STRASBOURG     25 June 2002       FINAL   25/09/2002           This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article   44 §   2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Migoń v. Poland, The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Sir   Nicolas Bratza , President ,   Mr   M. Pellonpää ,   Mrs   E. Palm ,   Mr   J. Makarczyk ,   Mrs   V. Strážnická ,   Mr   J. Casadevall ,   Mr   R. Maruste , judges and   Mr   M. O’Boyle , Section Registrar , Having deliberated in private on 4 June 2002, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the last ‑ mentioned date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no.   24244/94) against the Republic of Poland lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Polish national,   Witold Migoń (“the applicant”), on 5   May 1994. 2.     The applicant was represented before the Court by Mr Zginiew Cichoń, a lawyer practising in Kraków. The Polish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr Krzysztof Drzewicki. 3.     The applicant alleged, in particular, that the proceedings to review his detention on remand had not been adversarial and that the equality of the parties in these proceedings had not been observed since neither he nor his counsel had been allowed to attend hearings before the Kraków Court of Appeal concerning the prolongation of his detention on remand, whereas the prosecutor had been able to do so. The applicant also complained that in the proceedings concerning the review of the lawfulness of his detention, neither he nor his counsel had been granted adequate access to the case-file of the investigation. 4.     The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). 5.     The application was allocated to the Fourth Section of the Court (Rule   52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1 of the Rules of Court. 6.     On 23 October 2001 the Chamber declared the application admissible. 7.     On 7 January 2002 the Government filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 8.     In 1992 the Tarnów Regional Prosecutor instituted criminal proceedings against the applicant on suspicion of aggravated fraud, falsification of documents and issuing bad cheques. By a letter of 6 October 1993 the Tarnów Regional Prosecutor informed the applicant that the fact that summonses for questioning had been sent both to his new and to his old address did not in any way infringe   his defence rights. 9.     On 13 October 1993 the applicant informed the Tarnów Regional Prosecutor of a change of his address. On 15 October 1993 the Tarnów Regional Prosecutor issued a warrant for the applicant’s arrest, considering that there were strong grounds for believing that he had committed an offence constituting a serious danger to society, and that there was a risk of collusion and absconding as the applicant had failed to comply with certain summonses and had changed his address several times.   On the same day the applicant was remanded in custody. 10.     The applicant appealed against that decision. He submitted that the nature of the offence was such that all the evidence was contained in documents belonging to his company, which had already been seized by the prosecutor or kept by the banks. The witnesses in the case had already been heard by the prosecuting authorities. Thus, there was no risk of collusion as the applicant was not in a position to alter or suppress evidence. The applicant had usually complied with summonses except on the rare occasions when he had been unwell and had submitted relevant medical certificates, including a certificate drawn up by the Kraków Forensic Medicine Institute.   There was no risk of his absconding as he had informed the prosecutor of his change of address and could not leave the country as his passport had been confiscated by virtue of a decision given in November 1991. The applicant further submitted that the amount he was accused of embezzling was so high solely as a result of the high rate of interest at a time of hyperinflation and that the amount could not be used as an argument in support of the seriousness of the offence concerned.   11.     On 25 October 1993 the Tarnów Regional Court dismissed the applicant’s appeal against the detention order.   The court first observed that the applicant had on several occasions failed to comply with the summonses without justification. In particular, the case file did not contain any documents showing that there had been justified medical grounds for his absence. Even though he had informed the prosecutor of his change of address, the address he had given appeared to be false as there was a convent at that address.   Moreover, it seemed that the applicant did not live there. The court considered that in the light of the financial documents in the case file, the offence of which the applicant was suspected was serious enough to warrant detention on remand, the more so as the value of the embezzled property had been assessed without regard to the sums of statutory interest, contrary to the applicant’s submissions in his appeal. 12.     On 6 November 1993 the prosecutor appointed an expert in accountancy to analyse certain financial documents belonging to the applicant’s companies that related to his credit applications in order to assess the damage caused by the offences with which the applicant had been charged. 13.     On 8 November 1993 the applicant submitted medical certificates stating that he had been ill from 1 August 1993 to 10 September 1993. On the same date he also requested to be granted access to the case-file. 14.     On 15 November 1993 the Tarnów Regional Prosecutor refused to authorise the applicant to meet his counsel in the absence of a   police officer, considering that the applicant had had an opportunity to see his lawyer in the presence of a police officer each time he had requested to do so. There were no grounds on which to accept that this amounted to an undue restriction on the exercise of his defence rights. The fact that the applicant had not been communicative when talking to his lawyer seemed to stem from the defence tactics which he had adopted in the proceedings. 15.     On the same date the prosecutor refused to allow the applicant’s lawyer access to the case-file.   16.     The applicant filed an appeal, arguing, inter alia, that his defence rights had been unduly limited, in particular by the fact that neither he nor the lawyer had had any, albeit limited, access to the case-file, or to any of the evidence gathered so far in the proceedings. The only part of the file to which the applicant had been given access was the statement of charges and the arrest warrant. As a result, the role of his defence counsel had been rendered meaningless. 17.     On 3 December 1993 the Tarnów Regional Prosecutor rejected the appeal, finding that no appeal lay against the contested decision, and considering that in any event this decision did not infringe the applicant’s defence rights, given that he would be granted access to the case-file later in the proceedings, at the stage specified in Article 277 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. 18.     The applicant appealed, arguing that the decisions infringed his defence rights. The case-file, which so far numbered thirteen volumes, had not been made accessible to him or to his lawyer. Any knowledge that they had about the investigations stemmed from the decision to bring the charges against the applicant and from the decision to appoint the expert.   This was clearly insufficient to enable them to conduct any effective defence. 19.     On 8 December 1993 the Tarnów Regional Court quashed the refusal to allow the applicant to meet the counsel in the absence of a police officer. The court considered that the applicant had not given any ground on which to accept that he was seeking, by any unlawful methods, to jeopardise the investigations against him. Consequently, the contested decision had unduly limited his defence rights.   20.     On 16 December 1993 the Tarnów Regional Prosecutor declined to consider the applicant’s request to be released, holding that the grounds on which the detention warrant had been issued were still valid, and that no new grounds such as to justify his release had been invoked by the applicant. 21.     On 21 December 1993 the Kraków Appellate Prosecutor, having regard to the proper conduct of the investigations, which concerned charges of a large-scale fraud and in which new charges had been brought against new suspects and further developments were to be expected, upheld the refusal to allow access to the case-file. 22.     On 31 December 1993 the Regional Prosecutor prolonged the investigations as, in view of new circumstances which were coming to light, further evidence had to be taken.   23.     On 10 January 1994 the Tarnów Regional Court prolonged the applicant’s detention until 30 March 1994, considering, firstly, that the grounds on which the applicant had been detained were still valid, and, secondly, that a psychiatric examination had to be carried out, and an expert opinion had to be drafted by a certified accountant.   The applicant appealed.   24.     On   1   February 1994 the Kraków Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant’s appeal.   The court considered that, in the light of the material gathered so far during the investigations, there were serious grounds for believing that the applicant had committed the offences in question. It was emphasised that the applicant had not questioned this in his appeal. The court also had regard to the fact that the offences in which the applicant seemed to have been involved had been committed on a large scale. Moreover, the offences were serious enough to warrant detention on remand.   There was also a risk of collusion.   25.     On 25 March 1994 the Tarnów Regional Court further prolonged the applicant’s detention until 31 May 1994.   The court stated in its decision that neither the expert opinion nor the psychiatric report had yet been completed.   The expert opinion had to be supplemented by further financial details, which would make it possible to assess the scale of the applicant’s fraudulent banking operations. The court considered that the risk of collusion persisted as the applicant had on several occasions failed to comply with the summonses.   The court referred in this connection to its own decision of 25   October 1993. The court further commented unfavourably on the considerable delays that had occurred in interviewing the witnesses, as between 8 December 1993 and 25 March 1994 only four witnesses had been interviewed, whereas the prosecutor estimated in his submissions to the court that between one hundred and three hundred witnesses would have to be heard. 26.     The applicant appealed, submitting, inter alia , that in the course of the preliminary investigations he had twice changed his address and had on the second occasion informed the prosecutor of the change, and that he in fact had complied with the summonses. 27.     On 11 April 1994 the Tarnów Regional Prosecutor supplemented the charges against the applicant with further multiple charges of obtaining credit under false pretences, forgery of financial documents and issuing of bad cheques.   28.     On 20 April 1994 the Kraków Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant’s appeal against the decision of 25 March 1994 as it found that the Regional Court had been justified in reaching the conclusion that there had been a risk of absconding and collusion. The court pointed out that the applicant had changed his address and that he had been trying to obtain a passport from various passport offices. Thus, his past conduct suggested that, if released, he would jeopardise the proper course of the investigations. The court also noted that the serious number of charges brought so far against the applicant and the scale of the offences with which he had been charged, argued in favour of his continued detention. Those factors indicated that in his actions the applicant had overstepped the border between taking a justified business risk and carrying out fraudulent financial operations, punishable under criminal law. 29.     On 28 April 1994 the applicant requested access to the case-file and to   the expert opinion prepared by a certified accountant. 30.     On 29 April 1994 the Tarnów Regional Prosecutor refused the applicant access to the expert opinion, stating that the conclusions of the opinion indicated that certain witnesses should be interviewed in connection with further possible offences which, according to the expert report, were likely to have been committed. It would also be essential to question the expert. Therefore, granting the applicant access to the report would be premature as it would be prejudicial to the interests of the investigations. The prosecutor also refused the applicant access to the case-file. 31.     On   11 May 1994 the applicant filed an appeal against this decision, contending, inter alia, that the prosecuting authorities had not been   expeditious enough in questioning the witnesses, and that his defence rights had been breached in that the opinion, which seemed at that stage of the proceedings to constitute an essential piece of evidence, had not been communicated to him. On 16 May 1994 the Tarnów Regional Prosecutor rejected this appeal on the ground that no appeal lay against the contested decision. 32.     On 20 May 1994 the Regional Prosecutor refused to release the applicant, pointing out that he had been arrested as he had failed to comply with the summonses and had tried to obtain a new passport after the old one had been invalidated in connection with the criminal proceedings. The taking of evidence had not been completed and certain evidence essential for the case had still to be taken.   33.     On 21 May 1994 the applicant’s lawyer was served with the completed opinion of the accountancy expert. 34.     On 26 May 1994 the Tarnów Regional Court prolonged the applicant’s detention until 15 August 1994, holding in particular that the grounds on which the detention had been ordered and maintained, still applied.   The court noted that 80 witnesses had to be interviewed and that documents relating to over 100 various bank loans, taken out by the applicant’s companies had to be examined. The applicant appealed. 35.     On 30 May 1994 one of the applicant’s lawyers was granted access to the expert opinion. 36.     On 13 June 1994 the Tarnów Regional Prosecutor refused access to the case-file, which numbered over 50 volumes, considering inter alia that the investigations were coming to end. 37.     On 22 June 1994 the Kraków Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal against the decision of 26 May 1994, considering that the charges against the applicant had been sufficiently substantiated by the evidence that had been gathered both at the time of the applicant’s arrest and later in the course of the proceedings. It was true that the investigations had not been conducted speedily enough, given that the applicant was in detention, which necessitated special diligence on the part of investigating authorities. That had also been the result of the particularly serious nature of the offence in question. However, the investigations had been unable to proceed for almost four months, while the proceedings concerning the review of the lawfulness of the applicant’s detention had been conducted.   The court further stressed that new evidence was coming to light gradually, revealing new aspects of the case and thereby prolonging the investigations. Had the applicant cooperated with the prosecuting authorities, the proceedings would have progressed more quickly. He was not under such an obligation, but he had to be aware that his failure to do so had further prolonged the proceedings. 38.     On 5 July 1994 the Tarnów Appellate Prosecutor gave his permission to the applicant to access the case-file of the investigations, considering that this would undoubtedly contribute to the acceleration of the proceedings and would make it possible for the suspect to formulate possible requests for further evidence to be taken.    39.     On 5 August 1994 the Tarnów Regional Court again prolonged the applicant’s detention. The court noted that on 14 July 1994 certain evidence, concerning fraudulent transactions by the applicant’s company had been obtained from one of the banks. New witnesses would have to be heard in connection with these transactions. As new evidence had come to light,   prolongation of his detention was necessary. Moreover, new charges had been brought against the applicant, which made it necessary to prolong his detention. The court further disagreed with the arguments advanced by the applicant that the charges against him had not been credible and considered that, quite to the contrary, the charges against him had been sufficiently substantiated to justify his further detention, which was also necessary to ensure the proper course of the proceedings. The court further noted that, contrary to the applicant’s assertions, further documentary evidence had been taken in July 1994, even though it was true that no further witnesses had been interviewed. 40.     On 18 August 1994 the Regional Prosecutor refused to release the applicant. 41.     On 15 August 1994 the Kraków Court of Appeal upheld the decision of 5   August 1994. 42.     On 2 September 1994 the Regional Prosecutor again refused to release the applicant. On an unspecified date in September 1994 the applicant’s lawyer was informed that he could not have access to the case-file as it had been sent to the Supreme Court for the purposes of a decision to be given as to the prolongation of the applicant’s detention. 43.     On 30 September 1994 the prosecutor appointed an expert to examine further accounting documents in the case-file. 44.     On 6 October 1994 the applicant’s detention was prolonged by the Supreme Court. 45.     On 14 October 1994 the Tarnów Regional Prosecutor informed the applicant’s lawyer that from 21 October 1994 the applicant would be brought from prison to the prosecutor’s office every day in order to have access to the case-file. The lawyer’s attention was drawn to the fact that the lawyer had so far failed to make use of his right to consult the file. 46.     On 24 October 1994 the Regional Prosecutor permitted the applicant to make copies of and take notes from numerous documents in the case-file. On 29 December 1994 the Regional Prosecutor refused to give the applicant the copies of the prosecutor’s requests to have the applicant’s detention prolonged which had so far been examined in the proceedings, considering that those documents had not been included into the principal case-file, and that the applicant’s argument that he had to have access to them in order to exercise his defence rights was ill-founded. 47.     On 11 January 1995 the bill of indictment was lodged with the Tarnów Regional Court.   The applicant was charged with embezzling a sum of 80,000,000,000 (old) Polish zlotys to the detriment of six banks, issuing bad cheques and   with other economic offences. 48.     On 15 June 1995 the applicant was released.     II.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW A.     Preventive measures 49.     The 1969 (“old”) Polish Code of Criminal Procedure applicable at the relevant time, listed as “preventive measures”, inter alia , detention on remand, bail and police supervision. 50.     Articles 210 and 212 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provided that before the bill of indictment was transmitted to the court, detention on remand was imposed by the prosecutor. The decision to detain a suspect could be appealed against, within a seven-day time-limit, to the court competent to deal with the merits of the case. Pursuant to Article 222 of the Code, the prosecutor could order detention on remand for a period not exceeding three months. When, in view of the particular circumstances of the case, the investigations could not be terminated within this period, detention on remand could, if necessary, be prolonged by the court competent to deal with the merits of the case, on an application by the prosecutor, for a period not exceeding one year. This decision could be appealed against to a higher court. B.     Grounds for detention on remand 51.     Article 217 §§ 1 (2) and (4) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, as applicable   at the material time, provided that detention on remand could be imposed if, inter alia , there was a reasonable risk that an accused would attempt to abscond or to induce witnesses to give false testimony or to obstruct the due course of proceedings by any other unlawful means, or if an accused had been charged with an offence creating a serious danger to society. C.     Proceedings to examine the lawfulness of detention on remand 52.     At the material time there were three types of proceedings enabling a detainee to challenge the lawfulness of his or her detention and thus, possibly, to obtain release. Under Article 221   §   2 of the 1969 Code of Criminal Procedure he could appeal to a court against a detention order made by a prosecutor.   Under Article 222 §§ 2(1) and 3 he could appeal against a further decision by that court prolonging his detention at the prosecutor’s request. Lastly, under Article   214 an accused could at any time request the competent authority to quash or alter the preventive measure applied in his case. Such an application had to be decided by the prosecutor or, after the bill of indictment had been lodged with the court competent to deal with the case, by that court, within three days. 53.     Under all the relevant provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1969 read together, a detainee was entitled to appeal against any decision prolonging his or her detention on remand, regardless of whether it had been made at the investigative or judicial stage of proceedings. 54.     The imposition and prolongation of preventive measures, including detention on remand, were examined by the courts in the course of proceedings held in camera. T he presence of the parties at court sessions other than hearings, including sessions held in the proceedings concerning review of detention on remand, was governed by Articles 87 and 88 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which, in so far as relevant, provided: Article 87 “The court pronounces its decisions at a hearing if the law provides for it; and otherwise, at a court session held in camera. ...” Article 88 “A court session in camera may be attended by a prosecutor (...); other parties may attend if the law so provides.” 55.     Access to the case file in the course of preliminary investigations was governed by Article 143 § 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which provided, in so far as relevant, that permission to have access to and make copies of   the documents in the case file in the course of preliminary investigations was granted only with the consent of the authority conducting the investigations. 56.     Under Article 277 of the Code, after the preliminary investigations were completed and it was decided that there were grounds on which to prepare the bill of indictment, the prosecutor was to grant the suspect access to the case-file, inform him that he was entitled to avail himself of this right personally, and allow his counsel to have access to the file. 57.     Until 4 August 1996, the date on which the 1973 Code of Criminal Procedure was extensively amended by the Law of 29 June 1995 on amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure and other criminal statutes, the law did not fix any time-limits concerning detention on remand in judicial proceedings. During investigations, the prosecutor could order detention for up to three months. Prolongation of this period was possible by a court order, for a period not exceeding one year, and for any further periods, by a decision of the Supreme Court given at the request of the Prosecutor General.   THE LAW III.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 § 4 OF THE CONVENTION 58.     The applicant complained that the proceedings concerning review of the lawfulness of his detention on remand had not been truly adversarial since neither he nor his counsel had been allowed to attend court hearings concerning the prolongation of his detention on remand, whereas the prosecutor had been able to do so. He further complained that during the proceedings concerning review of the lawfulness of his detention on remand, held until 24 October 1994, neither he nor his counsel had had access to the case-file of the investigation. He submitted that this was in breach of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention, which reads: “Everyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings by which the lawfulness of his detention shall be decided speedily by a court and his release ordered if the detention is not lawful.” A.     Applicability of Article 5 § 4 to the proceedings concerned 59.     The applicant did not address this issue. 60.     The Government submitted, firstly,   that the law, as applicable at the material time, provided that proceedings concerning appeals against   judicial decisions to prolong detention were to be held in camera . The purpose of such proceedings was to examine the lawfulness of detention, and therefore not all the guarantees of a fair hearing that were applicable to the proceedings on the merits of a criminal charge had to be observed. However, the competent court had had to examine both compliance with the procedural requirements set out in domestic law and the reasonableness of the suspicion grounding the arrest and the legitimacy of the purpose of the arrest and the ensuing detention. 61.     The Court first notes that the applicability of Article 5 § 4 to the proceedings in issue was not contested by the Government. The Court does not find any grounds on which to hold otherwise. The Court observes in this connection that under domestic law the Court of Appeal, when examining the applicant’s appeal against the first-instance decision to prolong his detention, was not confined to setting out a framework within which the lower court was allowed to give the relevant decision. Its jurisdiction was much broader as it was empowered to assess itself whether the applicant’s further detention was justified in the light of the particular circumstances of the case (the Toth v.   Austria judgment of 25   November 1991, Series A no.   224, p. 24, § 87, a   contrario ). Moreover, the Court recently held that Article 5 § 4 was applicable in proceedings held under Polish law before the Supreme Court and concerning a request by a lower court to prolong detention on remand ( Jabłoński v. Poland , application no. 33492/96,   § 87). Lastly, in the light of the reasoning adopted by the Court in the Włoch v.   Poland judgment, this provision should also be deemed applicable in proceedings relating to the prolongation of detention ( Włoch v. Poland, application no. 27785/95,   §§ 129-13) . 62.     In the light of the foregoing, the Court is of the view that Article 5 §   4 of the Convention was applicable to the proceedings concerned. B.     Compliance with Article 5 § 4 1.     Equality of arms in the proceedings concerning the prolongation of the applicant’s detention on remand (a)     Arguments before the Court 63.     The applicant submitted that the law, as applicable at that time, did not allow a detainee to be brought before a judge at any time during the proceedings concerning his detention on remand.   The principle of equality of arms had manifestly not been respected in these proceedings, as the prosecutor had at his disposal the case-file, had formulated his requests to have the applicant’s detention prolonged on this basis, and had been authorised to attend the court sessions in the absence of the applicant and his lawyer. 64.     In the Government’s submission, it was true that under the applicable provisions the suspect, or later on the accused, and his or her lawyer were not allowed to attend court sessions held in the course of proceedings concerning the review of the lawfulness of his or her detention, including the proceedings to examine whether the detention should be prolonged. On the other hand, the prosecutor’s attendance at such sessions was not mandatory, but only possible. Moreover, the court had had an opportunity to examine the written submissions made by the detainee in his appeal. Therefore, his arguments had been known and could be taken into consideration by the court deciding on detention. 65.     In the present case a prosecutor of the Appellate Prosecutor’s Office had been present at three sessions held before the Court of Appeal at which the applicant’s appeals were examined. On all these occasions, the prosecutor’s primary task had been to represent the public interest and, in this capacity, to support the decisions by the first-instance court to prolong the applicant’s detention. The prosecutor had merely requested the court to uphold the first-instance decisions and had not put forward any new arguments in favour of the applicant’s continued detention. Therefore, in the proceedings in issue it had only been their secondary function to represent the prosecution. 66.     The courts had before them the first-instance decisions and the applicant’s appeals and had to take into consideration the prosecutor’s submissions in support of the contested first-instance decisions. It must be concluded, according to the Government, that the proceedings had been adversarial. (b)     The Court’s assessment 67.     The Court recalls that Article 5 § 4 does not compel the Contracting States to set up a second level of jurisdiction for the examination of applications for release from detention. Nevertheless, a State which institutes such a system must in principle afford detainees the same guarantees on appeal as at first instance (see the Toth v. Austria judgment of 12 December 1991, Series A no. 224, p. 23, § 84). 68.     A court examining an appeal against detention must provide guarantees of a judicial procedure. Thus, the proceedings must be adversarial and must adequately ensure “equality of arms” between the parties, the prosecutor and the detained (see the following judgments: Winterwerp v. the Netherlands, 24 October 1979, Series A no. 33, p. 24, §   60; Sanchez-Reisse v. Switzerland, 21 October 1986, Series A no. 107; Kampanis v. Greece, 13 July 1995, Series A no. 318-B; Nikolova v.   Bulgaria [G.C.], application no. 31195/96, ECHR 1999-II, § 63; Trzaska v. Poland , no. 25792/94, § 78, 11 July 2000, Ilijkov v. Bulgaria , no.   33977/96, 26 July 2001, § 103; Lanz v. Austria , no. 24430/94, 31   January 2002, § 40). 69.     In the present case the applicant was remanded in custody under an arrest warrant issued   by the prosecutor on 15 October 1993. He appealed to the Tarnów Regional Court, which examined his appeal at a session held in camera, and dismissed it. Later on, the Tarnów Regional Court, by a decision of 10 January 1994, at the prosecutor’s request, prolonged the applicant’s detention for a further period. The applicant’s appeal was dismissed by the Kraków Court of Appeal on 1   February 1994. Later on, the Tarnów Regional Court prolonged the applicant’s detention on 25 March 1994, on 26 May 1994 and on 5 August 1994. The applicant’s appeals against these decisions were dismissed by the Kraków Court of Appeal on 20 April 1994, 22 June 1994 and 15 August 1994 respectively. 70.     The Court first observes that, under the law on criminal procedure as it stood at the relevant time, detention on remand was imposed by a warrant of a public prosecutor. An appeal to the court lay against a detention order. The law did not entitle either the applicant himself or his lawyer to attend the court sessions held in proceedings instituted following such an appeal. Moreover, the law did not entitle either the applicant himself or his lawyer to attend court sessions held in any other kind of subsequent proceedings concerning review of the lawfulness of detention, including proceedings in which the prolongation of his detention was being considered. What is more, the applicable provisions did not require the prosecutor’s submissions in support of the applicant’s detention to be communicated either to the applicant or to his lawyer. Thus, it was open to the prosecution to attend relevant court sessions and to make, in the absence of the suspect, any further submissions in support of the prolongation of the detention order, while neither the applicant nor his lawyers had any opportunity to be acquainted with them or to formulate any objections, or to comment thereon. 71.     In these circumstances, and also having regard to the overall characteristics of proceedings to review the applicant’s detention, the Court is of the view that the proceedings in which the prolongation of the applicant’s detention was examined cannot be said to be compatible with the requirements of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention. 72.     In conclusion, in the light of the above considerations, the Court finds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention. C.     Access to the case-file 1.     Arguments before the Court 73.     The applicant submitted that the relevant regulation of the Polish law of criminal procedure at the material time had allowed the prosecuting authorities to prevent the suspect from taking cognisance of all the evidence until the investigations were completed. In the present case, on 15   November 1993, the prosecutor refused access to the case-file to the applicant’s lawyer. Later on, on 29 April 1994, he also refused him access to the expert opinion, which had been drawn up in the meantime. As late as September 1994 the lawyer was refused access to the case file and was informed that the reason for the refusal was that the file was at the Supreme Court. It was only in November 1994 that the lawyer was able to have effective access to the file. It was true that when the applicant had been arrested he was served with the statement of charges against him. However, this statement was brief and did not refer to any concrete pieces of evidence against him. Therefore, in the ensuing proceedings concerning his detention on remand, he had to prepare his arguments only on the basis of this document, as he did not have any knowledge of the case-file. Given the voluminous financial evidence obtained from his companies, relating to complex and extensive charges against him, which by that time had been gathered in the case-file, this document afforded an inadequate basis on which the applicant could formulate his submissions and advance sound arguments in his defence.   The courts, in their decisions concerning the applicant’s detention, referred to various pieces of evidence which were unknown to him and to his lawyer. 74.     The applicant acknowledged that domestic law at that time allowed the prosecutor to refuse access to the case-file until the end of the investigations. However, that very regulation ran counter to the requirements of the Convention, in particular those formulated by the Court in its Lamy v. Belgium judgment of 30   March 1989 (Series A no.   151). 75.     The Government contended that the applicant and his lawyer had in principle had access to the case-file. They emphasised that a hypothetical legal regulation that was radically different from the solution adopted in Article 142 §   3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure would not ensure the interests of effective investigations. It was in the nature of things that the due course of such investigations often depended on keeping strictly secret certain circumstances of the case until it was established that there was a sufficient basis on which to bring the case before the criminal court. Under Polish law, in particular under Article 277 of the Code, there had been no impediment to allowing full access to the case-file from that   moment on. 76.     The Government further argued that the prosecuting authorities had first, by virtue of the decision of 29 April 1994, refused the applicant access to the expert report drawn by the certified accountant. However, access to the report had been granted by a decision of 30 May 1994. 77.     The Government submitted that the applicant’s defence rights had not been breached as regards access to the case file. It was impossible to ensure full equality of arms during investigations. There had been no conflict in the present case between the applicant’s defence rights and the interests of an effective investigation. They stressed that the access given to the applicant and to his lawyer to the case-file had been sufficient to safeguard his defence rights, and access to the expert report was denied only for one month. 2.     The Court’s assessment 78.     The Court refers at the outset to its case-law as to the requirements that proceedings concerning judicial review of detention must satisfy (see §§ 67-68 above). 79.     More specifically, the Court reiterates that a certain degree of access to the case-file, if only to such an extent as to afford the detainee an opportunity of effectively challenging evidence on which his detention was based, may in certain instances be envisaged in proceedings concerning review of the lawfulness of detention on remand (see the Lamy v. Belgium judgment of 30 March 1989, Series A no. 151, pp. 16-17, § 29). These requirements are derived from the right to an adversarial trial as laid down in Article 6 of the Convention, which means, in a criminal case, that both the prosecution and the defence must be given the opportunity to have knowledge of and comment on the observations filed and the evidence adduced by the other party. According to the Court’s case-law, it follows from the wording of Article 6 – and particularly from the autonomous meaning to be given to the notion of “criminal charge” – that this provision can be applied to pre-trial proceedings (see the Imbrioscia v. Switzerland judgment of 24 November 1993, Series A no. 275, p. 13, § 36). It thus follows that, in view of the dramatic impact of deprivation of liberty on the fundamental rights of the person concerned, proceedings conducted under Article 5 § 4 of the Convention should in principle also meet, to the largest extent possible under the circumstances of an ongoing investigation, the basic requirements of a fair trial, such as the right to adversarial procedure. While national law may satisfy this requirement in various ways, whatever method is chosen should ensure that the other party will be aware that observations have been filed and will have a real opportunity to comment thereon (see Schops v.   Germany, no. 25116/94, 13 February 2001, § 44; Garcia Alva v. Germany, no . 23541/94, § 39; 13 February 2001; Lietzow v.   Germany, no . 24479/94, 13 February 2001, § 44). 80.     The Court acknowledges the need for criminal investigations to be conducted efficiently, which may imply that part of the information collected during them is to be kept secret in order to prevent suspects from tampering with evidence and undermining the course of justice. However, this legitimate goal cannot be pursued at the expense of substantial restrictions on the rights of the defence. Therefore, information which is essential for the assessment of the lawfulness of a person’s detention should be made available in an appropriate manner to the suspect’s lawyer. (see Lietzow, cited above , § 42). 81.     Applying these principles to the present case, the Court first considers that the compliance of the detention proceedings with the above requirement must be assessed in the light of the particular circumstances of the case under the Court’s scrutiny, regard being had to the nature of the documents available to the detained person, their number and their importance to the assessment of the lawfulness of the detention. The period during which the accused and detained person did not have access to the case-file is also of relevance in this connection. 82.     The Court observes that the applicant, who was arrested on 15   October 1993, did not have effective access to the case-file until at least 14 October 1994, i.e. only one year later (see § 45 above). However, the prosecutor granted him permission for such access on 5 July 1994, but it seems that it was only in September 1994 that the applicant’s lawyer made a request to avail himself of this right. Therefore, the period during which neither the applicant nor his lawyer were allowed to consult the case file came to an end on 5 July 1994. 83.     The only documents with which they had been served during that period were, at the time of the applicant’s arrest, the statement of charges against him and the warrant of arrest.   Therefore, in the proceedings that took place following the applicant’s appeal against the arrest warrant the applicant and his lawyer did not have access to the case-file at all.   In the further two sets of proceedings, concerning the review of the lawfulness of the applicant’s detention, held before the Tarnów Regional Court and, subsequently, before the Kraków Court of Appeal, until 5 July 1994, the situation was identical. 84.     It is true that under the decision of 30 May 1994 the applicant’s lawyer was granted access to the expert report of 18 April 1994. However, no proceedings concerning the applicant’s detention took place in June 1994. Accordingly, the applicant’s access to this document did not affect his   position in this connection. 85.     It should be further noted that in the decisions given before 5 July 1994 concerning the prolongation of the applicant’s detention, the courts repeatedly relied on various documents and evidence to which the applicant did not have access. For example, in its decision of 1 February 1994 the Krakow Court of Appeal had regard to the material gathered so far in the investigations. In its decision of 22 June 1994 the Krakow Court of Appeal referred to the evidence, both that available at the time of the applicant’s arrest and that gathered later in the proceedings, which sufficiently substantiated the charges against the applicant. The court also stressed that new evidence had been coming to