CEDH · CASELAW;DECISIONS;ADMISSIBILITY;ENG — 3 octobre 2002

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Rozakis , President ,   Mrs   F. Tulkens ,   Mr   G. Bonello ,   Mr   E. Levits ,   Mrs   S. Botoucharova ,   Mr   A. Kovler ,   Mrs   E. Steiner, judges , and Mr E. Fribergh , Section Registrar , Having regard to the above application lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights on 18 February 1998, Having regard to Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11 to the Convention, by which the competence to examine the application was transferred to the Court, Having regard to the observations submitted by the respondent Government and the observations in reply submitted by the applicant, Having deliberated, decides as follows: THE FACTS The applicant, G.B., is a Bulgarian national, who was born in 1945. He was represented before the Court by Mr Y. Grozev, a lawyer practising in Sofia. The respondent Government were represented by Mrs G. Samaras, co-agent, of the Ministry of Justice. The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows. A.     Particular circumstances of the case and relevant domestic law and practice 1.     The criminal proceedings against the applicant In 1973 the applicant was convicted of the murder of his wife and sentenced to twenty years imprisonment. He was released in 1984. On 29 July 1989 the applicant was arrested and charged with the murder of his second wife, Mrs B. As established by the courts, on 29 July 1989 the applicant had found his wife in the house of a neighbour and, suspecting her of infidelity, had started stabbing her with a knife. At some point the two had gone out on the street where Mrs B. had fallen on the ground and the applicant had continued stabbing her until neighbours had intervened. Mrs B. had been driven to hospital where she had died on the following day. The autopsy had noted 26 knife wounds, some of them up to 12 cm deep. Experts who examined the applicant found that he was of a poor intelligence, that he had committed the murder under strong, uncontrolled distress and that there were no signs of a mental illness. The applicant was legally represented at the trial and on appeal. He pleaded guilty to murder provoked by the victim and denied any intention to kill. On 8 December 1989 the applicant was convicted of murder committed in a cruel manner, the case having been qualified as a “dangerous recidivism” within the meaning of Article 116(11) of the Penal Code. The applicant was sentenced to the death penalty. In his ensuing appeal to the Supreme Court counsel for the applicant claimed that he was not given an opportunity to present evidence about the actual behaviour of Mrs B. which had provoked the applicant’s violent reaction. He argued that since the applicant had not intended to kill his wife the death sentence should be replaced by imprisonment. The Supreme Court held hearings on 30 January and 22 February 1990 and by judgment of 28 July 1990 dismissed the appeal and upheld the death sentence. On 20 July 1992 the applicant filed a petition for review to a five-member chamber of the Supreme Court. Following a hearing on 23   November 1992, the petition was refused on 11 January 1993. 2.     Moratorium on executions; the applicant’s petitions for pardon; abolition of the death penalty The last executions were carried out in Bulgaria in November 1989. Following a period of a de facto moratorium on executions, on 20 July 1990 the Parliament adopted a decision “on deferral of the execution of death sentences” which read: “The execution of death sentences which have entered into force shall be deferred until the resolution of the question regarding the application of the capital punishment in Bulgaria.” Since the capital punishment remained in the Penal Code, the courts continued sentencing convicted persons to death or - as in the applicant’s case - upholding on appeal death sentences delivered before 20 July 1990. As required by law, on 8 March 1993 the President of the Supreme Court submitted the applicant’s case to the President of the Republic for a decision whether or not to pardon him. According to Article 375 § 5 of the Code of Criminal Procedure as in force at the time, no execution could be carried out prior to the President’s decision whether or not to exercise his power of pardon. In the accompanying letter the President of the Supreme Court expressed his opinion that the applicant should be pardoned and his death sentence replaced by a term of imprisonment. He argued that due consideration should be given to the fact that the applicant was a person of limited self-control abilities and had acted under distress. The President of the Republic did not examine the applicant’s case. In 1997 the applicant wrote to the President of the Republic requesting to be pardoned and to the prosecution authorities seeking reopening of the criminal case. He stated, inter alia , that his continued detention under threat of execution was inhuman and degrading and violated the Convention. On 10 December 1998 Parliament abolished the death penalty replacing it by life imprisonment without parole eligibility. By decision of 25 January 1999 the applicant’s death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment without parole eligibility. On 29 September 1999 Bulgaria ratified Protocol No. 6 to the Convention. 3.     Debate on the death penalty in Bulgaria until its abolition in 1998 The death penalty was an issue often debated between 1990 and 1998. A number of members of Parliament expressed views in support of reintroducing executions whereas others sought the abolition of the death penalty. The media periodically discussed the topic. It was widely known that the abolition of the death penalty was urged by the Council of Europe and other international organisations and was a step towards Bulgaria’s European integration. During the relevant period the Penal Code was amended several times. Some amendments expanded the scope of the death penalty. At the same time, work started on a draft Penal Code which excluded the death penalty. In 1995 an amendment to the Penal Code introduced for the first time life imprisonment. The following attempts to reintroduce executions were made by supporters of the death penalty: On 27 May 1992 the Chair of the Parliamentary Legislative Committee and another member of Parliament introduced a motion proposing the annulment of the Parliament’s decision of 20 July 1990. On 22 November 1993 a similar proposal was introduced in Parliament by a minority parliamentary group, the New Democracy Alliance. Two parliamentary committees discussed the issue and voted against reintroducing executions. On 1 February 1994 the Legislative Committee held a hearing on both proposals which were defeated. The issue of reintroducing executions was discussed several times in the Parliament elected at the end of 1994. There were four motions: two for a parliamentary vote on restarting executions and two for calling a referendum. The first proposal was discussed by the Parliamentary Committee on Government Institutions, which supported the idea of reintroducing executions by a majority of seven votes to six. Thereafter, a member of Parliament on several occasions unsuccessfully sought to have the motion discussed by a plenary session of the Parliament. On one occasion the motion gathered the required number of votes to be entered on the weekly agenda, but eventually was not discussed. Most proposals to include the issue on the agenda of the Parliament’s plenary session were defeated through abstention votes. The first motion for a referendum was defeated on a procedural ground as the proposed date in 1995 did not allow sufficient organisation time. The second proposal for a referendum, filed on 5 December 1995, was considered by the Human Rights and Religions Committee on 6 March 1996 and was defeated by eight votes to two, with two abstentions. On 29 January 1996 a proposal for restarting executions was introduced by opposition deputies. It was discussed by the Human Rights and Religions Committee and was defeated on 13 March 1996 by eight votes to three. 4.     The conditions of the applicant’s detention pending the moratorium on executions a)     the regime of detention According to section 130 of the Execution of Sentences Act, as in force at the time of the moratorium on executions, persons awaiting execution were to be detained in complete isolation, correspondence and visits being only possible if permitted by the competent prosecutor. On 2 August 1990 the Deputy Director of the Central Prisons Board instructed prisons administrations that the Parliament’s decision suspending executions also suspended by implication this restrictive regime of detention. The instruction stated, in so far as relevant, that persons sentenced to death should be held in individual cells or together with other persons sentenced to death or detained under a “special regime” (the regime of detention of recidivists and, after 1995, persons sentenced to life imprisonment: sections 43 and 127b of the Execution of Sentences Act as in force at the time). Inmates should have a bed, bedcover, a bed-side piece of furniture and a centrally operated radio loudspeaker. They should be allowed unlimited correspondence, newspapers and books, one visit per month, one hour of daily outdoor walk without contact with other categories of prisoners and the receipt of one food parcel every six months and a small amount of money. If possible, they could work in the cell. On 26 July 1996, the Director of the Central Prisons Board and a prosecutor of the Chief Public Prosecutor’s Office issued an instruction which stated that, “in view of the continuing moratorium on executions”, persons sentenced to death should be allowed unlimited correspondence, one hour daily outdoor walk, one visit per month and the receipt of two food parcels and 30 packs of cigarettes per month and small amounts of money. b)     he actual conditions The applicant was detained in the Sofia prison, in a wing for prisoners under the “special regime” provided for by section 56 of the Regulations on the Application of the Execution of Sentences Act, approximately twenty inmates. He was moved several times, but was always in cells measuring 4 by 2.5 metres. It appears that during most of the above period the applicant was alone in a cell. It is unclear whether it was possible for the applicant to request to share a cell with another prisoner. The applicant’s cell invariably had one bed with a mattress, two blankets, a metal chamber pot and a centrally operated radio loudspeaker. There was no chair or a table. Until October 1998, when all cell windows were replaced by larger ones, the window in the applicant’s cell was very small, covering 0.6 square metres, and did not allow sufficient light and fresh air. There was one 60-Watts electric bulb in the cell. As it was installed on the wall above the door, its light was insufficient. The central heating pipes in cells for special regime prisoners were covered by a layer of bricks. According to the applicant that impeded the normal heating and as a result it was often cold in winter. According to the Government the bricks accumulated heat and released it normally. Inmates were given one hour out-of-cell time in the morning in an open yard. There they could walk together with other inmates from the special regime wing. The cells of special regime prisoners had no electrical sockets. Despite an amendment of the relevant instructions in 1996 which authorised the use of radio and television receivers by special regime prisoners, such devices could therefore only be used on batteries. As they were considered to be high risk prisoners, inmates sentenced to death were not eligible for outside work assignment. As a result, the applicant used to spend almost twenty three hours a day on his own in his cell. Food was delivered three times a day in the cell. The applicant was permitted to leave his cell during the one-hour morning walk, again in the evening for several minutes for use of the sanitary facilities, and when receiving visits or for medical consultations. Also, inmates could have a shower once per week, for several minutes. One or two visits of one-half hour were allowed per month. Visits by lawyers were not limited. At least on one occasion the applicant was visited by journalists. During the relevant period there has been no limitation on correspondence. The applicant could also receive food parcels and money. He could buy small food and toilet items from the prison shop, if he had the money to do so. He could borrow books from the prison library. 5.     Medical care in prison; the applicant’s health during the relevant period The applicant received the same medical service as all other prison inmates. Between 1992 and 1998 he was seen fourteen times by a dentist and many times by other medical doctors. There is an infirmary opened eight hours per day. Ever since his imprisonment in 1989 the applicant has been monitored by the prison psychological service. An assessment written by one of its employees on 4 December 1998 and submitted by the Government stated, inter alia : “[I]n crucial moments, such as the moratorium on executions and the ensuing period of debates about the abolition of the death penalty ... [the applicant] was unable to cope on his own with the fear and anxiety that had gripped him: his neurotic and depressive complaints reappeared, as well as his ... defence reactions ( ... denial of any guilt ...). During that period a number of psychological consultations and examinations were carried out with the [applicant] ... [These] brought about a temporary improvement: his neurotic and depressive reactions and his fright phased out but may reappear if the situation changes... [The applicant]’s personality is characterised by contradictions, domineering tendencies and aspirations... He ... seeks justifications [in respect of the murder] and aspires to preserve his self-respect, adopting the pose of a victim... The [applicant’s] current need of self assertion - which on a behavioural level is manifested by an aspiration for increased physical and psychological activity and a pursuit of positive social reactions - may, in the situation where there are no changes in his legal status, provoke negative psychological developments by reactivating his pessimistic attitude and the feeling of lack of prospects... ” The applicant has also been seen several times by psychiatrists at the prison hospital and by outside psychiatrists. They were unanimous that the applicant did not have a mental disorder but displayed signs of “psychopathy and emotional and volitional instability [typical of] a primitive personality”. In June 1991, June-July 1993, January-February 1995 and again in April ‑ May 1997 the applicant was admitted to the prison hospital and treated against neurosis, sleeplessness and loss of appetite. The applicant also complained that he was hearing voices and suffered from feelings of fear. He was treated with sedatives and other medicaments. The examinations revealed his good general condition. The doctors recommended frequent visits to the psychologist. On an unspecified date he was examined as a matter of emergency as he had stated that he would hang himself. The psychiatrist at the prison hospital directed the applicant to a psychiatric hospital for treatment while noting that his behaviour disclosed a demonstrative element. On several occasions the doctors who examined the applicant noted that he simulated sensory disorders. 6.     The report of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“the CPT”) on their visit to Bulgaria in 1995 The CPT has not visited the Sofia prison where the applicant was detained. In 1995 it visited, however, two inmates sentenced to death and detained in the Stara Zagora prison facilities and described the conditions of detention as follows: “The material conditions in the cells left a great deal to be desired: mediocre access to natural light and weak artificial lighting; inadequate heating; cell furnishings in a poor state of repair; dirty bed linen, etc.   As regards out-of-cell activities, they were limited to 15 minutes per day for use of the sanitary facilities, one hour outdoor exercise (which the prisoners alleged was not guaranteed every day) and one visit per month.   The two prisoners were not allowed to work (not even inside their cells), nor to go to the library, the cinema room or the refectory (their food was brought to the cell).   In short, they were subject to an impoverished regime and, more particularly, were offered very little human contact. The latter consisted essentially of the possibility to talk to each other during outdoor exercise (which they took together), and occasional dealings with prison officers. Practically the only forms of useful occupation at their disposal were reading newspapers and books, and writing letters. The above-described situation is in accordance with the rules concerning prisoners sentenced to death, adopted after the moratorium on the execution of the death penalty... Nevertheless, in the CPT’s view it is not acceptable. It is generally acknowledged that all forms of solitary confinement without appropriate mental and physical stimulation are likely, in the long term, to have damaging effects, resulting in deterioration of mental faculties and social abilities. The delegation found that the regime applied to prisoners sentenced to death in Stara Zagora Prison did not provide such stimulation. The CPT recommends that the regime applied to prisoners sentenced to death held in Stara Zagora Prison, as well as in other prisons in Bulgaria, be revised in order to ensure that they are offered purposeful activities and appropriate human contact.   Further, the CPT recommends that steps be taken to improve the material conditions in the cells occupied at Stara Zagora Prison by prisoners sentenced to death.” B.     Relevant case-law of international bodies and national courts 1.     The United Nations’ Human Rights Committee The Committee has held that “in the absence of further compelling circumstances” prolonged detention on death row per se does not constitute a violation of Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (prohibition of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment) (see Hylton   v.   Jamaica , Views of 16 July 1996, communication no. 600/1994, Errol Johnson v. Jamaica , Views of 22   March 1996, communication no.   588/1994; and Michael Wanza v. Trinidad and Tobago , Views of 26   March 2002, communication no. 683/1996). 2.     The Inter-American Commission of Human Rights The Commission, when examining complaints by persons on death row, has found violations of Article XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (prohibiting cruel, infamous or unusual punishment of persons accused of offences) and Article 5 §§ 1 and 2 of the American Convention on Human Rights (right to humane treatment and prohibition of torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment or treatment) mainly on the strength of facts concerning irregularities in the sentencing process, the material conditions and regime of detention and ill-treatment in prison, while also taking into account the length of the period spent on death row ( Andrews v. the United States of America , Case No. 11.139, Report No.   57/96, OEA/Ser/L/V/II.98, §§ 178-183; Joseph Thomas v. Jamaica , Case   No. 12.183, Report 127/01). 3.     The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom The Privy Council, examining cases from Caribbean Commonwealth States, had to decide whether the execution of a person following long delay after his sentence to death could amount to inhuman punishment or treatment contrary to those States’ Constitutions. Initially, the Privy Council considered that a condemned person could not complain about delay of his execution caused by his resort to appellate proceedings ( de Freitas v. Benny [1976] A.C. 239, Abbott v. Attorney-General of Trinidad and Tobago [1979] 1 W.L.R. 1342), or indeed about any delay, “whatever the reasons”, including a temporary moratorium on executions which had been lifted ( Riley v. Attorney-General of Jamaica [1983] 1 A.C. 719). In 1993, departing from its earlier decisions, the Privy Council held that to execute the appellants, who had spent almost fourteen years on death row and had on three occasions lived through last minutes stays of execution, would be unlawful as being inhuman punishment and therefore advised that their death sentences should be commuted to life imprisonment ( Pratt   and   Morgan v. The Attorney General for Jamaica and another [1994] 2 A.C. 1). In Pratt , part of the relevant period was taken up by a temporary moratorium on executions. “[P]olitical debate on the desirability of retaining the death sentence in Jamaica ... resulted in a resolution of the Senate on 9th February 1979 to suspend all executions for a period of eighteen months pending the report of a Committee of inquiry. The Committee of Inquiry was appointed in June 1979. Before the Committee reported, an execution took place on 27th August 1980 which drew a protest to the Jamaican Privy Council from the Chairman of the Committee. No further executions took place before the Committee reported in March 1981. On 12th May 1981 executions were resumed” ( Pratt , § 16). The judgment in Pratt stated, inter alia : “There is an instinctive revulsion against the prospect of hanging a man after he has been held under sentence of death for many years. What gives rise to this instinctive revulsion? The answer can only be our humanity; we regard it as an inhuman act to keep a man facing the agony of execution over a long extended period of time. But before their Lordships condemn the act of execution as ‘inhuman or degrading punishment or other treatment’ within the meaning of section 17(1) [of the Jamaican Constitution] there are a number of factors that have to be balanced in weighing the delay. If delay is due entirely to the fault of the accused such as an escape from custody or frivolous and time wasting resort to legal procedures which amount to an abuse of process the accused cannot be allowed to take advantage of that delay for to do so would be to permit the accused to use illegitimate means to escape the punishment inflicted upon him in the interest of protecting society against crime... In their Lordships’ view a State that wishes to retain capital punishment must accept the responsibility of ensuring that execution follows as swiftly as practicable after sentence, allowing a reasonable time for appeal and consideration of reprieve. It is part of the human condition that a condemned man will take every opportunity to save his life through use of the appellate procedure. If the appellate procedure enables the prisoner to prolong the appellate hearings over a period of years, the fault is to be attributed to the appellate system that permits such delay and not to the prisoner who takes advantage of it. Appellate procedures that echo down the years are not compatible with capital punishment. The death row phenomenon must not become established as a part of our jurisprudence... There may of course be circumstances which will lead the Jamaican Privy Council to recommend a respite in the carrying out of a death sentence, such as a political moratorium on the death sentence, or a petition on behalf of the appellants to [international human rights bodies] or a constitutional appeal to the Supreme Court. But if these respites cumulatively result in delay running into several years an execution will be likely to infringe section 17(1) and call for commutation of the death sentence to life imprisonment.” Further, calculating the normal length of relevant appellate proceedings in Jamaica and taking into consideration the time necessary for examination of   applications to the Inter American Commission of Human Rights and the UN Human Rights Committee, the Privy Council held that: “in any case in which execution is to take place more than five years after sentence there will be strong grounds for believing that the delay is such as to constitute inhuman or degrading punishment or ... treatment”. In cases which followed the Privy Council accepted a claim that a period of four years and ten months also warranted a finding in favour of the appellant ( Guerra v. Baptiste and Others [1996] 1 A.C. 397) but dismissed appeals concerning shorter periods ( Henfield v. The Attorney General of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas [1997] A.C. 413; Fischer (No. 1) v. The Minister of Public Safety and Immigration and Others (Bahamas) [1998] A.C. 673; and Higgs and David Mitchell v. The Minister of National Security and Others (Bahamas) [1999] UKPC 55) and held that save in exceptional circumstances, periods of pre-sentence detention should not be taken into account since, inter alia , “the state of mind of the person ... during this earlier period is not the agony of mind of a man facing execution, but ...anxiety and concern of the accused”( Fisher , § 14). In Higgs   and David Mitchell , the Privy Council stated, inter alia : “If a man has been sentenced to death, it is wrong to add other cruelties to the manner of his death... In Pratt ... the [Privy Council] held that the execution after excessive delay was an inhuman punishment because it added to the penalty of death the additional torture of a long period of alternating hope and despair. It is not the delay in itself which is a cruel and unusual punishment..., ‘it is the act of hanging the man that is rendered cruel and usual by the lapse of time”. 4.     Other fora The Supreme Court of India found that execution following inordinate delay after sentence of death violated Article 21 of the Indian Constitution which provides that “no one shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law” and that the reasons for the delay were immaterial ( Vatheeswaran v. State of Tamil Nadu [1983] 2 S.C.R. 348, Sher Singh and Others v. the State of Punjab [1983] 2 S.C.R. 582 and Smt. Treveniben v. State of Gujarat [1989] 1 S.C.J. 383) . The United States’ Supreme Court has refused to accept claims that lengthy detention on death row violated the prohibition, contained in the Eight Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America, of   cruel and unusual punishment, emphasising that the delay is due to the convicted person’s own decision to make use of all possibilities to appeal ( Knight v. Florida , 528 US 990). The Supreme Court of Canada has held that Canadian constitutional standards did not bar extradition to the United States of America of a defendant facing the death penalty ( Kindler v. Minister of Justice , [1991] 2 S.C.R. 779). COMPLAINTS The applicant complained that his detention pending the moratorium on executions amounted to torture and inhuman and degrading treatment within the meaning of Article 3 of the Convention, given the fear of a possible resumption of executions, the long time spent in uncertainty (1990-1998) and the detention’s material conditions and regime. The applicant complained that he did not have an effective remedy in this respect, contrary to Article 13 of the Convention. Following the abolition of the death penalty, the applicant raised a new complaint, stating that that his sentence of life imprisonment without parole, which deprived him of any hope of release, combined with the conditions of detention constituted inhuman and degrading punishment or treatment in breach of Article 3 of the Convention. He also complained that he did not have an effective remedy in this respect in breach of Article 13. THE LAW 1.     In his initial application the applicant complained that his execution would be in violation of the Convention. Following the abolition of the death penalty in Bulgaria in December 1998 the applicant stated that he withdrew this part of the application. The Court notes that the applicant does not pursue this part of the application and finds that it is not necessary to examine it of its own motion. 2.     The applicant complained under Articles 3 and 13 of the Convention that his detention pending the moratorium on executions amounted to torture and inhuman and degrading treatment and that he did not have an effective remedy in this respect. Article 3 of the Convention provides: “No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” Article 13 of the Convention provides: “Everyone whose rights and freedoms as set forth in [the] Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national authority notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity.” a)     The Government submitted that the applicant had not exhausted all domestic remedies as he had not complained to the prosecution authorities and had not brought a civil action for damages. The Government also alleged that the complaint under Article 3 of the Convention was abusive as the applicant had made untrue statements claiming that medical care had not been available and disregarded the fact that the abolition of the death penalty was an important progressive development. The applicant replied that the prosecution authorities had no power to put an end to the unbearable situation resulting from the prolonged uncertainty as to the death penalty or change the general regime or material conditions of the applicant’s detention. As to a civil action, the applicant submitted that it had no chances of success as he could not demonstrate that the situation complained of was unlawful under domestic law. The Court considers that the applicant’s complaints, which concerned a specific situation resulting from the Parliamentary decision to suspend executions and the conditions of detention of persons sentenced to death pending that suspension, cannot be rejected for failure to submit requests to the prosecution authorities or to institute civil proceedings for damages. Further, the Court does not find grounds to declare the application abusive. The Government’s objections as to the exhaustion of domestic remedies and alleged abuse must therefore be rejected. b)     As to the substance of the complaints, the Government stated that the size of the applicant’s cell and all material conditions of detention had always been in conformity with the European Prison Rules. They stressed that the applicant’s health was constantly monitored and he was provided medical care, including psychiatric and psychological assistance. The Government submitted that the delay between the moratorium on executions in 1990 and the final abolition of the death penalty in 1998 had been inevitable as the public debate and the evolution of societal attitudes had required time. Therefore, the very fact that the abolition of the death penalty was an important and difficult step in the protection of human rights should not be overlooked in assessing the case. As regards Article 13, the Government stated, inter alia , that the applicant was entitled by law to submit complaints in respect of the conditions of detention but had not done so. The applicant replied that he had spent many years under a regime and in material conditions that had been intended for short term pre-execution detention. The cells and their equipment corresponded to those used in disciplinary cells. For many years the applicant had to eat in his cell, without a table and a chair. He could not use electrical appliances. The special regime led to a situation where the applicant had very little human contact. It was particularly unacceptable that he was not allowed to work or have other sensible occupation. The applicant further stated that his case was even stronger than Soering   v. the United Kingdom (judgment of 7 July 1989, Series A no. 161) where a violation of Article 3 of the Convention was found. In particular, he was not merely a potential victim of the “death row phenomenon” but actually suffered it by spending many years awaiting execution. Secondly, unlike in Soering, there was no justification for this protracted detention, such as pending appeals: the only reason for his suffering was the existence of a temporary moratorium on executions and the inability of the Bulgarian Parliament to decide on the application or abolition of the death penalty. Thirdly, the applicant’s situation had been exacerbated by fluctuating attitudes and policies in Parliament, especially when influential politicians supported the death penalty. The applicant thus claimed that the mental suffering on “death row” combined with the material conditions of detention constituted inhuman and degrading treatment. The applicant also maintained that Article 13 of the Convention required that a person detained upon a death sentence had a judicial remedy in respect of the length and conditions of detention. The Court considers, in the light of the parties’ submissions, that the above complaints raise serious issues of fact and law under the Convention, the determination of which requires an examination of the merits. The Court concludes therefore that these complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. No other ground for declaring them inadmissible has been established. 3.     Following the abolition of the death penalty, the applicant complained that his sentence of life imprisonment without parole combined with the conditions of detention constituted inhuman and degrading punishment or treatment and that he did not have an effective remedy in this respect. Having regard to the stage of the proceedings, the Court considers that in the interests of the proper conduct of the proceedings these complaints should be disjoined and examined as a separate application. For these reasons, the Court unanimously Declares admissible, without prejudging the merits, the applicant’s complaints that his detention pending the moratorium on executions amounted to torture and inhuman and degrading treatment and that he did not have an effective remedy in this respect; Disjoins the applicant’s complaints that his sentence of life imprisonment without parole combined with the conditions of detention constitutes inhuman and degrading punishment or treatment and that he does not have an effective remedy in this respect and adjourns their examination.   Erik Fribergh   Christos Rozakis   Registrar   President