CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;GRANDCHAMBER;ENG — 8 juillet 2004

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margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sF6A12959 { width:33%; height:1px; text-align:left } .s2EB42ED2 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt } .s3133A7C8 { font-family:Arial; color:#0069d6 }                   CASE OF ILAŞCU AND OTHERS v. MOLDOVA AND RUSSIA   (Application no. 48787/99)                     JUDGMENT       STRASBOURG   8 July 2004       Contents     I ntroduction .............................................. 1   P rocedure ................................................ 2 1.     The admissibility proceedings ........................ 2 2.     The proceedings on the merits ....................... 3 (a)     Written observations of the parties ...................... 3 (b)     The witness hearings ................................ 4 (c)     The documentary evidence ........................... 5   The facts ................................................ 6   I.     The applicants .......................................... 6   II.     Establishment of the facts ................................ 6   III.     G eneral background to the case .......................... 8   A.     The dissolution of the USSR and the Moldovan-Transdniestrian conflict over the break-away of Transdniestria   8 1.     The dissolution of the USSR, the break-away of Transdniestria and Moldovan independence   8 2.     The armed conflict (1991-92) ....................... 11 3.     Events after the armed conflict ...................... 22   B.     The presence of the army of the Russian Federation and its personnel in Transdniestria after the agreement of 21 July 1992   26 1.     ROG troops and equipment in Transdniestria ......... 26 (a)     Before ratification of the Convention by the Russian Federation   26 (b)     After ratification of the Convention by the Russian Federation . 30 2.     Relations between the ROG and the “MRT” .......... 32   C.     Economic, political and other relations between the Russian Federation and Transdniestria   33 1.     Before ratification of the Convention by the Russian Federation, on 5 May 1998   33 2.     After ratification of the Convention by the Russian Federation   35   D.     Moldovan-Transdniestrian relations .................... 37 1.     Before ratification of the Convention by Moldova, on 12   September 1997   37 2.     After ratification of the Convention by Moldova ........ 38   IV.     The particular circumstances of the case ................. 41   A.     The applicants' arrest, pre-trial detention and conviction .. 41 1.     The applicants' arrest .............................. 41 2.     Detention of the first three applicants on the premises of the 14th Army   43 3.     Detention in the remand centre of Tiraspol police headquarters and transfer to prison during the trial   45 4.     The applicants' trial and conviction .................. 46   B.     Events subsequent to the applicants' conviction; Mr   Ilaşcu's release   47   C.     The applicants' detention after conviction ............... 49 1.     The conditions of detention ......................... 50 2.     Ill-treatment ...................................... 54   D.     Steps taken up to May 2001 to secure the applicants' release 55   E.     Mr Ilaşcu's release on 5 May 2001 ..................... 56   F.     Steps taken after May 2001 to secure the other applicants' release   57   G.     International reactions to the applicants' conviction and detention   58   V.     International law, domestic law and other relevant agreements 59   The law ................................................. 69   I.     Whether the applicants come within the jurisdiction of the Republic of m oldova   69   A.     Arguments submitted to the Court ..................... 69 1.     The Moldovan Government ......................... 69 2.     The Government of the Russian Federation .......... 71 3.     The applicants .................................... 71 4.     The Romanian Government, third-party intervener ..... 72   B.     The Court's assessment ............................. 72 1.     General principles ................................. 72 (a)     The concept of “jurisdiction” .......................... 72 (b)     State responsibility for a wrongful act ................... 75 2.     Application of the above principles .................. 75 3.     The concept of positive obligations .................. 77 4.     Whether Moldova discharged its positive obligations ... 78   II.     Whether the applicants come within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation   82   A.     Arguments submitted to the Court ..................... 82 1.     The Government of the Russian Federation .......... 82 2.     The Moldovan Government ......................... 85 3.     The applicants .................................... 86 4.     The Romanian Government, third-party intervener ..... 87   B.     The Court's assessment ............................. 88 1.     General principles ................................. 88 2.     Application of the above principles .................. 88 (a)     Before ratification of the Convention by the Russian Federation   88 (b)     After ratification of the Convention by the Russian Federation . 90   III.     The Court's jurisdiction ratione temporis .................... 92   A.     The complaint under Article 6 of the Convention ......... 93 B.     The complaints under Articles 3, 5 and 8 of the Convention 93 C.     The complaint under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 ......... 93 D.     Mr Ilaşcu's complaint under Article 2 of the Convention ... 93   IV.     Alleged violation of Article 2 of the Convention .............. 94   A.     Arguments submitted to the Court ..................... 94 B.     The Court's assessment ............................. 95   V.     Alleged violation of Article 3 of the Convention ............... 96   A.     Arguments submitted to the Court ..................... 96 B.     The Court's assessment ............................. 96 1.     General principles ................................. 96 2.     Application of the above principles in the present case . 99 (a)     Mr Ilaşcu ....................................... 99 (b)     The other three applicants: conditions of detention and treatment during detention   101 (i)     Mr Ivanţoc ................................... 101 (ii)     Mr Leşco and Mr Petrov-Popa ..................... 102   VI.     Alleged violation of Article 5 of the c onvention .............. 103   VII.     Alleged violation of Article 8 of the c onvention ............. 106   VIII.     Alleged violation of article 1 of p rotocol N o . 1 ............. 107   IX.     Alleged failure to observe Article 34 of the c onvention ....... 107   X.     A pplication of Article 41 of the c onvention .................. 110   A.     Damage .......................................... 110 B.     Costs and expenses ................................ 113 C.     Default interest .................................... 113   Operative provisions ....................................... 114   Partly dissenting opinion of Judge C asadevall joined by Judges R ess , T ulkens, B îrsan and F ura-sandström ............ 118   Partly dissenting opinion of Judge Ress ...................... 123   Partly dissenting opinion of Judge Sir Nicolas b ratza joined by Judges Rozakis, Hedigan , T homassen and Panţîru ....... 127   Partly dissenting opinion of Judge Loucaides .................. 139   Dissenting opinion of Judge Kovler ........................... 142   ANNEX   In the case of Ilaşcu and Others v. Moldova and Russia, The European Court of Human Rights, sitting as a Grand Chamber composed of:   Mr   L. Wildhaber , President ,   Mr   C.L. Rozakis ,   Mr   J.-P. Costa ,   Mr   G. Ress ,   Sir   Nicolas Bratza ,   Mr   L. Loucaides ,   Mr   I. Cabral Barreto,   Mrs   F. Tulkens,   Mr   C. Bîrsan,   Mr   J. Casadevall,   Mr   B. Zupančič,   Mr   J. Hedigan,   Mrs   W. Thomassen,   Mr   T. Panţîru,   Mr   E. Levits ,   Mr   A. Kovler ,   Mrs   E. Fura-Sandström , judges , and Mr P.J. Mahoney , Registrar , Having deliberated in private on 23 January, 26 February and 11   September 2002, 8 October 2003 and 7 May 2004, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the last-mentioned date: INTRODUCTION 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 48787/99) against the Republic of Moldova and the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by four Moldovan nationals, Mr   Ilie Ilaşcu, Mr Alexandru Leşco, Mr Andrei Ivanţoc and Mr Tudor Petrov-Popa (“the applicants”), on 5 April 1999. 2.     The application mainly concerns acts committed by the authorities of the “Moldavian Republic of Transdniestria” (the “MRT”), a region of Moldova which proclaimed its independence in 1991 but is not recognised by the international community. 3.     The applicants submitted that they had been convicted by a Transdniestrian court which was not competent for the purposes of Article 6 of the Convention, that they had not had a fair trial, contrary to the same provision, and that following their trial they had been deprived of their possessions in breach of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. They further contended that their detention in Transdniestria was not lawful, in breach of Article 5, and that their conditions of detention contravened Articles 3 and 8 of the Convention. In addition, Mr Ilaşcu alleged a violation of Article 2 of the Convention on account of the fact that he had been sentenced to death. The applicants argued that the Moldovan authorities were responsible under the Convention for the alleged infringements of the rights secured to them thereunder, since they had not taken any appropriate steps to put an end to them. They further asserted that the Russian Federation shared responsibility since the territory of Transdniestria was and is under de facto Russian control on account of the Russian troops and military equipment stationed there and the support allegedly given to the separatist regime by the Russian Federation. Lastly, the applicants alleged that Moldova and the Russian Federation had obstructed the exercise of their right of individual application to the Court, thus breaching Article 34. PROCEDURE 1.     The admissibility proceedings 4.     The application was allocated to the former First Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). The First Section gave notice of the application to the respondent Governments on 4 July 2000. Written observations on its admissibility were filed on 24 October 2000 by the Moldovan Government, on 14 November 2000 by the Russian Government, and on 2 January 2001 by the applicants. 5.     On 20 March 2001 the Chamber of the First Section relinquished jurisdiction in favour of the Grand Chamber, none of the parties having objected to relinquishment (Article 30 of the Convention and Rule 72). 6.     The composition of the Grand Chamber was determined in accordance with Article 27 §§ 2 and 3 of the Convention and Rule 24. At the final deliberations, Mr I. Cabral Barreto and Mr B. Zupančič, substitute judges, replaced Mr L. Ferrari Bravo and Mr J. Makarczyk, who were unable to take part in the further consideration of the case (Rule 24 § 3). 7.     By a decision of 4 July 2001, the Grand Chamber declared the application admissible, after a hearing on the admissibility and merits (Rule   54 § 4) held on 6 June 2001. At the hearing the Moldovan Government declared that they wished to withdraw their memorial of 24   October 2000, or at least that part of it which related to the responsibility of the Russian Federation. In its decision on admissibility, the Court held that the questions whether the responsibility and jurisdiction of Moldova and the Russian Federation might be engaged under the Convention, and whether the Court had jurisdiction ratione temporis to examine the applicants' complaints, were closely linked to the merits of the case, to which it accordingly joined them. 2.     The proceedings on the merits (a)     Written observations of the parties 8.     After the application had been declared admissible, both the applicants and the Moldovan and Russian Governments filed observations on the merits of the case: the Moldovan Government on 12 November 2001 and 28 January 2002, the Russian Government on 8 December 2001, and the applicants on 27 September and 2, 4, 12 and 16 November 2001. Observations were also submitted by the Romanian Government, whom the President had invited to intervene in the proceedings in the interests of the proper administration of justice (Article 36 of the Convention and Rule   61 §§ 2 and 3). The parties replied (Rule 61 § 5). A request to intervene was also submitted by Mrs Ludmila Gusar, a civil party in the proceedings which led to the applicants' conviction by the “Supreme Court of the MRT”. The President of the Grand Chamber refused her request. 9.     After the witness hearings (see paragraphs 12-15 below), the parties were invited by the President to file their final observations by 1 September 2003 at the latest. The President having refused a request by the Russian Government for an extension of the time allowed, the parties' final written submissions were received by the Court on that date. 10.     On 12 January 2004 the President of the Grand Chamber decided to invite the respondent Governments under Rule 39 to take all necessary steps to ensure that Mr Ivanţoc, who had been on hunger strike since 28   December 2003, was detained in conditions which were consistent with respect for his rights under the Convention. The parties were invited, in accordance with Rule 24 § 2 (a), to provide information about the implementation of the interim measures requested. Mr Ivanţoc's representative, Mr V. Gribincea, and the Moldovan Government provided the Court with the information requested in letters dated 24 and 26 January 2004 respectively. 11.     On 15 January 2004 the President decided to urge Mr Ivanţoc under Rule 39 to call off his hunger strike. On 24 January 2004 Mr Ivanţoc's representative informed the Court that his client had ended his hunger strike on 15 January 2004. (b)     The witness hearings 12.     In order to clarify certain disputed points and, in particular, the question whether Moldova and/or the Russian Federation were responsible for the alleged violations, the Court carried out an on-the-spot investigation, in accordance with Article 38 § 1 (a) of the Convention and Rule 42 § 2 (in the version then in force). The Court's enquiries were directed towards ascertaining the relevant facts in order to be able to determine whether Moldova and the Russian Federation had jurisdiction, particularly over the situation in Transdniestria, relations between Transdniestria, Moldova and the Russian Federation, and the applicants' conditions of detention. The Court appointed four delegates, Mr G. Ress, Sir Nicolas Bratza, Mr   J. Casadevall and Mr E. Levits, who heard witness evidence in Chişinău and Tiraspol from 10 to 15 March 2003. In Chişinău the witness evidence was taken at the headquarters of the OSCE mission in Moldova, which greatly assisted in the organisation of the hearings. In Tiraspol the Court's delegates took evidence from the applicants and other witnesses resident in Transdniestria at Tiraspol Prison no. 3, and from the witnesses belonging to the armed forces of the Russian Federation at the headquarters of the Russian Operational Group in the Transdniestrian region of Moldova (“the ROG”). 13.     In all, the delegates took evidence from forty-three witnesses called by the parties and the Court. The head of the delegation allowed an application by three of the witnesses to remain anonymous, and they were accordingly designated by the letters X, Y and Z. 14.     Seven other witnesses summoned to give evidence to the delegates did not appear. After the end of the hearings, at the delegates' request, the parties submitted written explanations of the reasons for these witnesses' failure to appear and the steps taken to transmit the Court's summonses to them. The following witnesses did not appear: Olga Căpăţina, who was admitted to hospital just before the hearings after being assaulted; Vladimir Gorbov and Mikhaïl Bergman, whom the respondent Governments said they were unable to contact; Petru Godiac, whose absence was not explained; Valeriu Păsat, who was not present in Moldovan territory; and lastly Valeriu Muravschi and Petru Tăbuică, who did not give reasons for their absence. The Court deplores the fact that such witnesses as Commandant Bergman failed to appear and finds it hard to believe, in view of his high profile, that it was impossible to contact him in order to summon him to give evidence to its delegates. It reserves the right to draw the necessary inferences in the absence of statements by these witnesses.   15.     A list of the witnesses who appeared before the delegates and a summary of their statements are to be found in the Annex to the present judgment. A verbatim record of the witnesses' statements to the delegates was also produced by the Registry and included in the case file. (c)     The documentary evidence 16.     In addition to the observations of the parties and the witnesses' statements, the Court took account of the numerous documents submitted by the parties and the Transdniestrian authorities throughout the proceedings: letters from Mr Ilie Ilaşcu; statements and letters from Mr Andrei Ivanţoc; documents from the Moldovan authorities concerning the investigations into the applicants' arrest and detention; written statements by witnesses, including Olga Căpăţina and Petru Godiac; documents concerning the applicants' trial in the “Supreme Court of the MRT” and the “pardon” granted to Mr Ilaşcu; documents and statements about Transdniestria and the present application from various administrative authorities in Moldova and the Russian Federation; press cuttings about statements made by politicians and other officials of the Russian Federation; official documents concerning the military presence of the Russian Federation in Transdniestria and resolution of the Transdniestrian conflict, including treaties and agreements between Moldova and Transdniestria and between the Russian Federation and Transdniestria, and video cassettes about the fighting in 1992 and the situation in Transdniestria. 17.     The Court also consulted certain documents filed by the “Ministry of Justice of the MRT” through the OSCE mission in Chişinău, particularly extracts from the applicants' medical files and the registers recording the visits and parcels they had received in their places of detention. The respondent Governments also filed documents from the commission responsible for supervising implementation of the agreement of 21 July 1992 (“the Joint Control Commission”). 18.     Lastly, the Court had access to a number of public documents about Transdniestria and the situation of the applicants from international organisations and bodies such as the OSCE, the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT), the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, the Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights and the Governing Council of the Inter-Parliamentary Union.   THE FACTS I.     THE APPLICANTS 19.     The applicants, who were Moldovan nationals when the application was lodged, were born in 1952, 1955, 1961 and 1963 respectively. At the time when they lodged their application, they were detained in the Transdniestrian part of Moldova. 20.     Although detained, Mr Ilaşcu was twice elected to the Moldovan parliament, from 1994 to 2000. As a member of parliament, he was appointed to form part of the Moldovan delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. On 4 October 2000 Mr Ilaşcu acquired Romanian nationality. In December 2000 he was elected to the Senate of the Romanian parliament and appointed as a member of the Romanian delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. 21.     Mr Leşco and Mr Ivanţoc acquired Romanian nationality in 2001. 22.     Mr Ilaşcu was released on 5 May 2001; since then he has lived in Bucharest (Romania). The second and third applicants' homes are in Chişinău (Moldova), whereas the fourth applicant lives in Tiraspol (Transdniestria, Moldova). At present all three of them are detained in Tiraspol. 23.     In view of the fact that, in the applicants' submission, it was impossible for them to apply to the Court directly, the application was lodged by their wives, Mrs Nina Ilaşcu, Mrs Tatiana Leşco and Mrs   Eudochia Ivanţoc, and by the fourth applicant's sister, Mrs Raisa Petrov-Popa. 24.     The second applicant was represented before the Court by Mr   A.   Tănase, of the Chişinău Bar. The other applicants were represented by Mr C. Dinu, of the Bucharest Bar, until his death in December 2002. Since January 2003 they have been represented by Mr V. Gribincea, of the Chişinău Bar. II.     ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FACTS 25.     In order to establish the facts, the Court based itself on documentary evidence, the observations of the parties, and the statements of the witnesses who gave evidence on the spot, in Chişinău and Tiraspol. 26.     In assessing the evidence for the purpose of establishing the facts, the Court considers that the following elements are relevant. (i)     In assessing both written and oral evidence, the Court has hitherto generally applied “beyond a reasonable doubt” as the standard of proof required. Such proof may follow from the coexistence of sufficiently strong, clear and concordant inferences or of similar unrebutted presumptions of fact; in addition, the conduct of the parties in relation to the Court's efforts to obtain evidence may constitute an element to be taken into account (see, mutatis mutandis , Ireland v. the United Kingdom , judgment of 18 January 1978, Series A no. 25, pp. 64-65, § 161, and Salman v. Turkey [GC], no.   21986/93, § 100, ECHR 2000-VII). (ii)     As regards the statements taken down by the delegates, the Court is aware of the difficulties that may arise in assessing such depositions obtained through interpreters: it has therefore paid particular attention to the meaning and weight to be given to the witnesses' statements to the delegates. The Court is likewise aware that a large number of relevant facts concern events which took place more than ten years ago in an obscure and particularly complex context, which makes some degree of imprecision about dates and other details inevitable. It does not consider that that in itself can cast doubt on the credibility of the witness evidence. (iii)     In a case where there are contradictory and opposing accounts of the facts, the Court is inevitably confronted with difficulties which any court of first instance is bound to meet when seeking to establish the facts, regard being had, for example, to the fact that it does not have direct and detailed knowledge of the conditions obtaining in the region. Moreover, the Court has no powers to compel witnesses to appear. In the present case, out of fifty-one witnesses called, seven did not appear before the delegates. Consequently, the Court found itself having to deal with the difficult task of establishing the facts in the absence of potentially important depositions. 27.     With the assistance of the parties, the Court conducted an on-the-spot investigation, in the course of which it took evidence from the following forty-three witnesses: (a)     on the particular circumstances of the applicants' arrest, conviction and detention: the applicants ; Mrs Tatiana Leşco and Mrs Eudochia Ivanţoc , the wives of the second and third applicants; Mrs Raisa Petrov ‑ Popa , the sister of the fourth applicant; Mr Ştefan Urîtu , detained in 1992 with the applicants; Mr Constantin Ţîbîrnă , a doctor who examined the applicants in 1995-98 while they were detained in Tiraspol and Hlinaia; Mr   Nicolae Leşanu , a doctor who examined the applicants in 1995-97 while they were detained in Tiraspol and Hlinaia; Mr Vladimir Golovachev , the governor of Tiraspol Prison no. 2; Mr Stepan Tcherbebchi , the governor of Hlinaia Prison from 1992 to 2001; Mr Sergey Kotovoy , the governor of Hlinaia Prison; Mr Yefim Samsonov , “Director of the Prison Medical Service of the MRT”; and Mr Vasiliy Semenchuk , a doctor at Hlinaia Prison since 1995; (b)     on the measures taken by Moldova to secure the applicants' release and on relations between Moldova, the Russian Federation and Transdniestria, various Moldovan officials and politicians: Mr Dumitru Postovan , Attorney-General of Moldova from 1990 until July 1998; Mr   Valeriu Catană , Attorney-General of Moldova from 31 July 1998 to 29   July 1999; Mr Vasile Rusu , Attorney-General of Moldova since 18 May 2001; Mr Vasile Sturza , Deputy Attorney-General of Moldova from 1990 to 1994 and Minister of Justice from 1994 to 1998; Z , a former Moldovan government minister; Mr Victor Vieru , Deputy Minister of Justice since 2001; X , a former Moldovan senior official; Mr Mircea Snegur , President of Moldova from 1990 to 1996; Mr Alexandru Moşanu , President of the Moldovan parliament from 1990 to 1992; Y , a former Moldovan diplomat; Mr Andrei Sangheli , Prime Minister of Moldova from 1992 to 1997; Mr   Anatol Plugaru , Moldova's Minister of Security in 1991-92; Mr Nicolai Petrică , general in the Moldovan army from 1992 to 1993; Mr Andrei Stratan , former Director of Customs; Mr Vladimir Molojen , Director of the Information Technology Department; Mr Ion Costaş , Minister of Defence in 1991-92; Mr Valentin Sereda , Director of the Moldovan Prison Service; Mr Victor Berlinschi , member of the Moldovan parliament from 1990 to 1994; Mr Constantin Obroc , Deputy Prime Minister in 1991-92 and adviser to the President of Moldova from 1993 to 1996; Mr Mikhail Sidorov , member of the Moldovan parliament; and Mr Pavel Creangă , Moldovan Minister of Defence from 1992 to 1997. (c)     on the presence of the ROG and the Russian Federation's peacekeeping troops in the Transdniestrian region of Moldova, soldiers from those units: General Boris Sergeyev , commander of the ROG; Colonel Alexander Verguz , officer commanding the ROG; Lieutenant-Colonel Vitalius Radzaevichus , former member of the command structure of the ROG; Colonel Anatoliy Zverev , commander of the Russian Federation's peacekeeping troops in the Transdniestrian region of Moldova; Lieutenant-Colonel Boris Levitskiy , president of the military tribunal attached to the ROG; Lieutenant-Colonel Valeriy Shamayev , military prosecutor attached to the ROG; and Mr Vasiliy Timoshenko , former military prosecutor attached to the 14th Army and the ROG. III.     GENERAL BACKGROUND TO THE CASE A.     The dissolution of the USSR and the Moldovan-Transdniestrian conflict over the break-away of Transdniestria 1.     The dissolution of the USSR, the break-away of Transdniestria and Moldovan independence 28.     The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was set up by a decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 2 August 1940, was formed from a part of Bessarabia taken from Romania on 28 June 1940 following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact between the USSR and Germany, where the majority of the population were Romanian speakers, and a strip of land on the left bank of the Dniester in Ukraine (USSR), Transdniestria, which was transferred to it in 1940, and is inhabited by a population whose linguistic composition in 1989, according to publicly available information, was 40% Moldavian, 28% Ukrainian, 24% Russian and 8% others. Russian became the new Soviet republic's official language. In public life, the Soviet authorities imposed the use of Cyrillic script for written Romanian, which thus became “Moldavian” and took second place after Russian [1] . 29.     In August and September 1989 the Moldavian Supreme Soviet enacted two laws introducing the Latin alphabet for written Romanian (Moldavian) and making that language the country's first official language, in place of Russian. On 27 April 1990 the Supreme Soviet adopted a new tricolour flag (red, yellow and blue) with the Moldavian heraldic device and a national anthem which, at that time, was the same as Romania's. In June 1990, against a background of autonomist and independen