CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 6 septembre 2005

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margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .sD66C1369 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17.3pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify } .s81CCF55C { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .s86439055 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:12pt } .s69297583 { width:11.88pt; display:inline-block } .s2B192AF1 { width:217.45pt; display:inline-block } .sA2E62387 { width:204.97pt; display:inline-block } .s9138CF0B { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:36pt; text-align:right } .s5E1364CA { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .s76CF415B { page-break-before:always; clear:both } .s23860FF7 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:center } .sF6A12959 { width:33%; height:1px; text-align:left } .s85226119 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s3133A7C8 { font-family:Arial; color:#0069d6 }     SECOND SECTION     CASE OF SALOV v. UKRAINE     (Application no. 65518/01)     JUDGMENT     STRASBOURG     6   September 2005       FINAL     06/12/2005       This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article   44 §   2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Salov v. Ukraine, The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Mr   J.-P. Costa , President,   Mr   I. Cabral Barreto ,   Mr   R. Türmen ,   Mr   K. Jungwiert ,   Mr   V. Butkevych ,   Mr   M. Ugrekhelidze ,   Mrs   A. Mularoni, judges, and Mr S. Naismith , Deputy Section Registrar , Having deliberated in private on 22 March 2005 and on 5   July   2005, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the last ‑ mentioned date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 65518/01) against Ukraine lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Ukrainian national, Mr Sergey Petrovich Salov (“the applicant”), on 26   January 2000. 2.     The applicant was represented by Mr V.   Ageyev and Mr A.   Fedur, lawyers practising in Ukraine, and by Mr   S.   Dunikowski, a lawyer practising in Nanterre. The Ukrainian Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agents, Mrs Z. Bortnovska, succeeded by Mrs   V.   Lutkovska. 3.     The applicant alleged under Article 5 § 3 of the Convention that he had not been brought promptly before a judge or other judicial authority in order to have his arrest reviewed. The applicant also complained that his right to a fair trial, including the principles of the “rule of law” and “legal certainty”, had been infringed, since the Presidium of the Regional Court had set aside the resolution of the District Court of 7 March 2000 by which his case had been remitted for an additional investigation. He alleged a breach of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention. Relying on Article   10 of the Convention, the applicant complained of an infringement of his right to receive and impart information. In particular, he complained that he did not know whether the information about the death of the candidate Mr   Leonid   D.   Kuchma published in an issue of the Holos Ukrayiny newspaper (газета “ Голос України ”) was genuine as he was not sure about the latter's state of health. He asserted that under no circumstances should the communication of such information to a third party be punishable by five years' imprisonment. He also complained that he had been detained for eleven days in the Donetsk Pre-Trial Detention Centre and that his licence to practise as a lawyer had been withdrawn. 4.     The application was allocated to the Second Section of the Court (Rule   52 §   1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1. 5.     In a decision of 27 April 2004 the Court declared the application partly admissible. 6.     The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). 7.     On 1 November 2004 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Second Section (Rule 52 § 1). 8.     A hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 22 March 2005 (Rule 59 § 3). There appeared before the Court: (a)     for the Government Mrs   V. Lutkovska , Deputy Minister of Justice,   Agent , Ms   O. Bartovschuk , Head of Division, Office of the Government's Agent, Ms   T. Totska , Deputy Head of Division, Ministry of Justice, Counsel ; (b)     for the applicant Mr   S. Salov ,   Applicant , Mr   V. Ageyev ,   Counsel , Mr   A. Fedur , Mr   S. Dunikowski ,   Advisers . 9.     The Court heard addresses by the applicant himself, Mr Ageyev and Mrs   Lutkovska. THE FACTS 10.     The applicant is a Ukrainian national who was born in 1958 and currently resides in Donetsk. He is a lawyer practising in Ukraine. I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE A.     Criminal proceedings in the applicant's case 11.     On 31 July 1999 the Central Electoral Commission registered the applicant as the representative of a candidate for the presidency of Ukraine, Mr   Olexander   O.   Moroz. The latter was the leader of the Socialist Party of Ukraine at the time. 12.     On 31 October 1999 the Kyivsky District Prosecution Service of Donetsk (the “Kyivsky Prosecution Service”) conducted a criminal investigation into allegations that the applicant had interfered with the citizens' right to vote (Article 127 § 2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine   – “the CC”). 13.     On 1 November 1999 the applicant was apprehended for having disseminated false information about the alleged death of a presidential candidate, the incumbent President Mr Leonid D. Kuchma. The applicant had allegedly disseminated this information on 30 and 31 October 1999 in the form of a statement by the Speaker of the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) published in a special nationwide issue of the Verkhovna Rada newspaper Holos Ukrayiny ( газета “ Голос України ”). The text of the article disseminated by the applicant reads as follows: “ Holos Ukrayiny / newspaper of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine / Special edition 29   November 1999 / free copy Appeal of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine to the Ukrainian citizens We, members of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, are forced to appeal to you in this special edition of the parliamentary newspaper in view of an emergency existing in Ukraine. In fact, a coup d'état has taken place in the country, but the truth is carefully concealed from the people. We are being deceived! A person who appeared on TV and travelled around the country during the last week allegedly as the President of Ukraine Mr   L.D.   Kuchma is not the person he is pretending to be. It is only a clone of the President, who is being used by Mr   Kuchma's criminal entourage to deceive people in the course of the presidential elections in order to retain power. The true President of Ukraine Mr   Leonid Kuchma died on 24 October 1999 in Kyiv of acute heart deficiency caused by alcohol-related myocardiodystrophy. His body was cremated in strict secrecy and the ashes were taken abroad. Power has in fact been actually seized by the groups of Rabinovyches, Volkovs, Kobzons and Pinchuks. People are being intimidated, and forced to vote for the false Kuchma. There is a blatant information blockade of the opposition candidates. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine declares that it assumes control over the presidential elections. Each and every act of unlawful dismissal or other persecutions against people connected with the elections will be seen as a criminal offence. We bring this to the attention of the management of businesses and medical and educational institutions. The powerful propaganda machine aimed at fooling the people has started its work. Power in Ukraine has been usurped. The Verkhovna Rada declares that the only legitimate source of power in the State is the Ukrainian Parliament. The Verkhovna Rada calls on all citizens of Ukraine not to allow the presidential elections to be hampered or to be declared unlawful in a manner that will lead to the establishment of a fascist regime in Ukraine. Speaker of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine A.   Tkachenko” 14.     Following the applicant's arrest, the Kyivsky Prosecution Service carried out a formal criminal investigation into the allegations made against him. 15.     On 3 November 1999 the Kyivsky Prosecution Service decided to detain the applicant on suspicion of having committed a crime under Article   127 § 2 of the CC (see paragraph 41 below). The applicant was detained in the Temporary Investigative Isolation Unit of the Donetsk Region. He remained there until 10 November 1999. 16.     On 5 November 1999 the applicant was formally charged with having committed an offence under Article 127 § 2 of the CC (see paragraph   41 below). The prosecution service classified his actions as having been committed by an official. 17.     On 10 November 1999 the applicant lodged an application (dated 6   November 1999) with the Voroshylovsky District Court of Donetsk to be released from detention. On 17 November 1999 the court dismissed his application. 18.     On 11 November 1999 the applicant was transferred to the Donetsk Investigative Detention Centre No. 5. 19.     On 16 November 1999 the applicant underwent a medical examination. He was found to be suffering from bronchitis and second-degree hypertension. The medical commission recommended that the applicant be hospitalised. 20.     On 22 November 1999 the Kyivsky Prosecution Service completed the pre-trial investigation into the applicant's case and committed him for trial. 21.     On 25 November 1999 the case file was transferred to the court. On 10   December 1999 the Kuybyshevsky District Court of Donetsk (the District Court”) committed the applicant to stand trial on charges of interference with the citizens' right to vote, contrary to Article 127 § 2 of the CC (see paragraph 41 below). It also decided not to release him from detention. 22.     In the course of the trial Judge T. of the District Court on 7   March   2000 passed a resolution ( постанову ) ordering an additional investigation into the circumstances of the case. He also requested the prosecution to reconsider the preventive measure of detention applied in respect of the applicant and to reclassify the charges against him. In particular, he stated: “... in the indictment containing the charges brought against him it was not shown by the prosecution how Mr Sergey P. Salov had influenced the election results or how he wanted to influence them... From the material in the case file it can be seen that the applicant disseminated a forged copy of the newspaper Holos Ukrayiny to only five persons; no other information with regard to the attempts by Mr Sergey P. Salov to influence the election results has been established by the investigation during the judicial consideration of the case... The investigation has not sufficiently shown that the actions of Mr Sergey P. Salov constituted a criminal offence... The investigative bodies did not consider the issue of whether [the applicant's] acts could be considered a criminal offence under Article 125 § 2 of the Criminal Code [libel] ... [i.e. whether] the actions of the defendant could be understood as dissemination of untrue information about another person (Mr Leonid D. Kuchma) ... on the basis of motives not directly related to the conduct of the elections. ... The court considers that the investigative authorities have conducted their preliminary investigation insufficiently and that this cannot be rectified in the course of the trial, ... the court cannot convict Mr Sergey P. Salov of a crime under Article   125 § 2 of the Criminal Code [libel] since it cannot reclassify his actions, and the case must therefore be remitted for additional investigation... This resolution is not subject to appeal in cassation; however, the prosecutor may lodge a complaint against it within seven days of its adoption.” 23.     On 30 March 2000 the deputy prosecutor of the Donetsk Region lodged a protest with the Presidium of the Donetsk Regional Court (“the Presidium”) against the resolution of 7 March 2000 and requested the initiation of supervisory review proceedings in the applicant's case. He also sought to set aside the resolution of 7 March 2000 in which the case had been remitted for additional investigation. The deputy prosecutor considered that there was sufficient evidence to corroborate the applicant's interference with the citizens' right to vote (Article 127 § 2 of the CC). On the same date the registry of the court acknowledged receipt of the protest. 24.     On 5 April 2000 the Presidium, composed of its President, L.V.I., and the judges R.L.P., P.L.V., R.L.I., M.M.I. and B.A.M., in the presence of a prosecutor, quashed the resolution of 7   March 2000 and remitted the case for further judicial consideration. In particular, the Presidium found that the District Court had remitted the case back for additional investigation without a thorough examination of the indictment and of the requisite actus rea and mens rea of the offence with which the applicant had been charged. It had also not mentioned which particular investigative measures the prosecution was required to take. The Presidium decided not to release the applicant from detention. In particular, it stated: “... In finding that Mr Salov's actions had the mens rea of a crime provided for by Article 125 § 2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the court, in violation of Article   22 of the Criminal Code, did not examine circumstances essential to this kind of conclusion. The court did not rule on the applicant's intent in his actions referred to in the indictment, whereas the bodies responsible for the preliminary investigation found that Mr Salov had intended to commit a completely different offence. The court did not deal with this [argument of the prosecution] and unfoundedly concluded that the applicant's actions might entail the corpus juris delicti of a crime provided for by Article   125 § 2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.” 25.     On 24 April 2000 the District Court dismissed a petition filed by the applicant's lawyer requesting that the case be remitted for additional investigation. It also dismissed the applicant's application for release from detention. 26.     On 1 June 2000 the District Court dismissed a further application for the applicant's release. 27.     On 16 June 2000 the District Court changed the preventive measure applied in respect of the applicant to an undertaking not to abscond. 28.     On 6 July 2000 the District Court, chaired by Judge T., who had heard the case on 7 March 2000, convicted the applicant of interfering with the citizens' right to vote for the purpose of influencing election results by means of fraudulent behaviour. The District Court sentenced the applicant to five years' imprisonment, which was suspended for a two-year probationary period as the actions of Mr Salov “in fact entailed no grave consequences”. It also ordered the applicant to pay a fine of 170   Ukrainian hryvnyas (UAH) [1] . It held as follows: “In October 1999 Mr Sergey P. Salov received, in unidentified places, from persons whose identity was not established in the course of the investigation copies of a forged issue of the Holos Ukrayiny newspaper of 29 October 1999. This issue contained information provided by the Speaker of the Parliament ( Verkhovna Rada ) of Ukraine, Mr   Oleksandr O. Tkachenko, concerning the death of the incumbent President, Mr   Leonid D. Kuchma ... and a coup d'état perpetrated by criminal circles surrounding him ... This issue contained an appeal by the Parliament of Ukraine to Ukrainian citizens urging them not to sabotage the presidential elections ... in order to prevent the establishment of a fascist regime... Notwithstanding the false nature of the information contained in the issue in question ..., Mr Sergey P. Salov decided to disseminate copies of it to voters in the Kyivsky District for the purpose of interfering with their right to vote and in order to influence the results of the presidential elections... According to a forensic examination, ... the eight issues in question were copies of the original version printed with the use of modern software... The acts of Mr Sergey P. Salov constituted an interference with the exercise of the citizens' right to vote..., they hindered the voters' right to participate in the elections ... [The] dissemination of false information about Mr Leonid D. Kuchma's death was fraudulent ..., the information could have influenced the results of the elections ... and could have prevented voters from electing that candidate as President...” 29.     On 15 September 2000 the Donetsk Regional Court, composed of the judges D.A.D., G.G. and D.A.V., upheld the judgment of 6   July   2000. 30.     On 3 November 2000 and 9 February 2001 respectively the Regional Court and the Supreme Court of Ukraine dismissed, as being unsubstantiated, the applicant's complaints and his request for a supervisory review of his conviction. 31.     On 22 November 2000 the Donetsk Lawyers' Qualifications and Disciplinary Commission annulled the applicant's licence to practise as a lawyer (no.   1051, issued on 17 December 1997). It based its decision on the applicant's conviction of 6 June 2000. 32.     On 23 April 2004 the applicant received a new licence to practise as a lawyer (no. 1572), after passing an examination before the Donetsk Lawyers' Qualifications and Disciplinary Commission and paying the sum of UAH   1,200 [2] . He was allowed to sit exams after the legal effects of his conviction were annulled ( погашена судимість ). 2.     Proceedings concerning compensation for unlawful detention in the Temporary Investigative Isolation Unit 33.     In July 2000 the applicant instituted proceedings in the Voroshylovsky District Court of Donetsk against the prosecution service of Donetsk and the Donetsk Regional Department of the Ministry of the Interior, claiming compensation for the non-pecuniary and pecuniary damage resulting from his unlawful 10-day detention in 1999 in the Temporary Investigative Isolation Unit ( Ізолятор Тимчасового Утримання ). In particular, it was contended that he should have been held in the Investigative Detention Centre ( Слідчий Ізолятор ) and not in the Temporary Investigative Isolation Unit, as his status had been that of a suspect in criminal proceedings. 34.     On 15 June 2001 the Voroshylovsky District Court of Donetsk allowed his claims in part. It also ordered the prosecution service of Donetsk and the Donetsk Regional Department of the Ministry of the Interior to pay UAH 3,000 (EUR 500) to the applicant. 35.     On 22 November 2001 the Donetsk Regional Court of Appeal decided that the State Treasury, and not the prosecution service or the Ministry of the Interior, was liable for compensating the applicant. It therefore ordered the Donetsk Regional State Treasury Department to pay the applicant UAH 3,000 (EUR 500) in compensation for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage. 36.     The applicant alleges that this compensation was not paid to him. B.     Relevant domestic law 1.     Constitution of Ukraine, 1996 37.     The relevant provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine read as follows: Article 29 “Every person has the right to freedom and personal inviolability. No one shall be arrested or held in custody other than pursuant to a substantiated court judgment and only on grounds and in accordance with a procedure established by law.” Article 34 “Everyone is guaranteed the right to freedom of thought and speech, and to the free expression of his or her views and beliefs. Everyone has the right freely to collect, store, use and disseminate information by oral, written or other means of his or her choice. The exercise of these rights may be restricted by law in the interests of national security, territorial indivisibility or public order, for the purpose of preventing disturbances or crimes, protecting the health of the population, the reputation or rights of others, preventing the publication of information received in confidence, or maintaining the authority and impartiality of justice.” Article 121 “The Prosecution of Ukraine constitutes a unified system that is entrusted with: 1)     prosecution in court on behalf of the State; 2)     representation of the interests of a citizen or of the State in court in cases determined by law; 3)     supervision of the observance of laws by bodies that conduct detective and search activity, inquiry and pre-trial investigation; 4)     supervision of the observance of laws in the execution of judicial decisions in criminal cases, and also in the application of other measures of coercion related to the restraint of personal liberty of citizens.” Article 122 “The Prosecutor of Ukraine is headed by the Prosecutor General of Ukraine, who is appointed to office with the consent of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, and dismissed from office by the President of Ukraine. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine may express no confidence in the Prosecutor General of Ukraine that results in his or her resignation from office. The term of authority of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine is five years.” Article 124 “Justice in Ukraine shall be administered exclusively by the courts. The delegation of the functions of the courts, and also the appropriation of these functions by other bodies or officials, shall not be permitted. The jurisdiction of the courts shall extend to all legal relations that arise in the State...” 2.     The Judiciary Act of 5 June 1981 38.     The relevant provisions of the Judiciary Act of 5 June 1981, with subsequent changes and amendments, as in force at the material time, read as follows: Section 30 Composition of the Supreme Court of the Crimea, the regional courts and the Kyiv and Sevastopol City Courts “The Supreme Court of the Crimea, the regional courts and the Kyiv and Sevastopol City Courts shall act in the following composition: (1)     the Presidium of the court; (2)     the judicial division in civil matters; and (3)     the judicial division in criminal matters.” Section 31 Powers of the Supreme Court of the Crimea, the regional courts and the Kyiv and Sevastopol City Courts “The Supreme Court of the Crimea, the regional courts and the Kyiv and Sevastopol City Courts shall: (1)     consider the cases that are within their jurisdiction as a first-instance court and in cassation proceedings, judicial supervision proceedings and proceedings in the light of newly disclosed circumstances; (2)     supervise the judicial activities of the district (or city) and interdistrict (or county) courts, examine and generalise judicial practice and analyse judicial statistics; and (3)     perform other functions entrusted to them in accordance with the law.” Section 32 Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Crimea, the regional courts and the Kyiv and Sevastopol City Courts “The Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Crimea, the regional courts and the Kyiv and Sevastopol City Courts shall be composed of the President, the Vice-Presidents and judges whose number shall be determined by the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on a proposal by the President of the Supreme Court and the Minister of Justice ... ... The participation of the prosecutor of the Republic of the Crimea, the regional prosecutor, [or the prosecutor] of Kyiv and Sevastopol in the consideration of cases by the Presidium of the relevant court shall be obligatory.” Section 33 Jurisdiction of the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Crimea, the regional courts and the Kyiv and Sevastopol City Courts “The Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Crimea, the regional courts and the Kyiv and Sevastopol City Courts shall: (1)     consider the cases that are within their jurisdiction in supervisory review proceedings and in the light of new circumstances; (2)     approve, on a proposal by the President of the Court, the composition of the judicial division in civil matters and the judicial division in criminal matters; (3)     examine the standardisation of judicial practice; (4)     hear reports by the presidents of the judicial divisions on the activities of the judicial divisions and examine issues relating to the operation of the registry of the court; (5)     provide assistance to the district (or city) and interdistrict (or county) courts in correct application of the law; and (6)     perform other functions entrusted to them by the law.” Section 34 Functioning of the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Crimea, the regional courts and the Kyiv and Sevastopol City Courts “Sessions of the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Crimea, the regional courts and the Kyiv and Sevastopol City Courts shall be held not less than two times a month. The quorum for meetings of the Presidium shall be the majority of its judges. Decisions of the Presidium shall be adopted by an open vote by the majority of the members who take part in the vote. Decisions of the Presidium shall be signed by the President of the court.” Section 37 President of the Supreme Court of the Crimea, the regional courts and the Kyiv and Sevastopol City Courts “The President of the Supreme Court of the Crimea, the regional courts and the Kyiv and Sevastopol City Courts shall: ... (9)     manage the activities of the judicial divisions and the registry of the court; ... (11)     propose the candidatures of judges for election to positions in the district (or city) courts, in collaboration with the Minister of Justice of the Crimea, the head of the Regional Department of Justice or the Kyiv and Sevastopol City State Administration, and with the approval of the President of the Supreme Court and the Minister of Justice; ...” 3.     The Status of Judges Act of 15 December 1992 (in force at the material time) 39.     Section 7 of this Act provides that any citizen of Ukraine who has attained the age of twenty-one and has a minimum of two years' legal experience may become a judge. By section 9(3), judges are appointed for a maximum initial period of five years, following an examination by the judicial qualifications commission and a decision of the relevant local authority. In accordance with sections 33 and 34 of the Act, a judge of the district court may be subject to disciplinary investigation on the basis of a request by the President of the regional court. 4.     The Judicial Qualifications Commissions Act of 2 February 1994 (in force at the material time) 40.     By sections 6 and 7 of this Act, the qualifications commissions had the power to institute disciplinary proceedings, and to submit conclusions on the feasibility of appointing a candidate for a position as a district-court judge and on the renewal of the judicial term of a judge elected for an initial period of five years. They could also request an attestation for a judge proposed for a promotion in judicial or administrative rank within the court, or an assessment of his legal knowledge. The presidents of the regional courts could request the qualifications commissions to certify or assess judges' knowledge and qualifications. In accordance with sections   32   and   33 of the Act, the presidents of the higher courts were allowed to request the institution of disciplinary proceedings against judges of the district courts. 5.     Chapter IV of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (extracts): offences against electoral, labour and other personal rights and freedoms of the individual and citizens 41.     The relevant provisions of Article 127 of the Criminal Code read as follows: Interference with the exercise of citizens' electoral rights or with the activity of an electoral commission “Interference with the exercise by a Ukrainian citizen of his electoral rights, or interference with the activity of an electoral commission, for the purpose of influencing election results, shall be punishable by 3 to 5 years' imprisonment. The same actions perpetrated by means of bribery, deceit, or together with damage to the property of or physical violence against a citizen who exercises his right to vote, or against a member of an electoral committee or his close relatives, or with the threat of using force or damaging property, or through a conspiracy by a group of persons, or by a member of an electoral commission or other official abusing his powers or acting in his official capacity, shall be punishable by 5 to 8 years' imprisonment.” 6.     Chapter 15 of the Code of Administrative Offences of 7   December 1984 42.     The relevant provisions of the Code of Administrative Offences read as follows: Article 186-2 Infringements of the legislation on the election of the President of Ukraine and Members of Parliament “Public appeals or incitement to boycott elections for the presidency of Ukraine or for membership of the Ukrainian Parliament, the publication or dissemination of untrue information about a presidential candidate or a parliamentary candidate by any other means, and any campaigning for or against a candidate on the day of the election, shall be punishable by a fine equivalent to three to six times the minimum citizens' wage before tax.” [3] 7.     Code of Criminal Procedure, 1960 (in relation to remitting a case back for additional investigation) 43.     The relevant provisions of Section III, Chapter 23, of the Code of Criminal Procedure read as follows: Article 242 Issues to be taken into consideration when the accused is committed for trial “Judges individually, or the court in the course of the directions hearing, are obliged to clarify the following issues with respect to each accused: ... whether the actions of the accused have been correctly classified ...; ... whether a preventive measure has been applied correctly to the accused ...” Article 244 Decisions delivered by the court or a judge in the course of the preliminary hearing “The court or a judge, in the course of the preliminary hearing, shall be entitled to deliver decisions on the following: ... (2)     remittal of the case for additional investigation; ...” Article 246 Remittal of a case for additional investigation at the preliminary court hearing “The court shall be entitled to remit the case for additional investigation in the following circumstances: (1)     substantial incompleteness or incorrectness of the inquiry or the preliminary investigation undertaken which cannot be rectified at the trial; (2)     a fundamental breach of the requirements of criminal procedure; (3)     existence of grounds for bringing charges against the accused which have not been brought against him before; ... ... The court shall rule on the particular facts that are to be ascertained in the course of the additional investigation and the investigative measures that are to be taken. ... The court shall rule on the applicable preventive measure ...” Article 252 Lodging of a separate application and complaint against rulings and resolution of a judge given at the preliminary court hearing “The public prosecutor shall be allowed to lodge a separate application against a ruling of the court or resolution of the judge given in the course of the preliminary court hearing with a higher court within 7 days after its adoption ...” Article 273 Procedure for adopting a ruling in the course of the court hearing “The court shall give a ruling on all issues decided by it in the course of the hearing. Resolutions remitting the case back for additional investigation; instituting an investigation into the new charges or concerning a person who failed to appear before the court; discontinuing the proceedings in the case; determining, changing or annulling the applicable preventive measure; applying witness protection measures or appointing an expert, as well as any separate resolutions, shall be adopted by the court in the deliberations room and shall be set out in the form of a separate document that shall be signed by all members of the court ... A judge examining a case may issue a decision on issues referred to in this Article.” Article 274 Application, annulment or change of a preventive measure by the court “The court may decide in a ruling to ... change, annul or apply a different preventive measure to the accused if it finds grounds for doing so.” Article 281 Remittal of the case for additional investigation “The court, on its own initiative or on an application by the parties to the proceedings, may refer the case back for additional investigation on account of the incompleteness or incorrectness of the preliminary investigation only where such incompleteness or incorrectness cannot be rectified in the course of the hearing. After an additional investigation the case shall be referred to the court under the ordinary procedure. The ruling (or resolution) on remittal of the case for additional investigation cannot be appealed against, but the public prosecutor may lodge a separate application against it.” Article 354 Applications by the public prosecutor and complaints against court rulings and judges' resolutions “The public prosecutor shall be allowed to lodge a separate application against a ruling by the court or resolution by the judge. ... the defendant, his defence counsel and his representative, as well as the victim and his representative, shall have the right to lodge complaints against the ruling of the court or resolution of the judge within seven days after its adoption. ... The lodging of a separate complaint or prosecutor's application shall suspend the enforcement of the ruling.” 44.     The relevant provisions of Chapter 31 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provide as follows: Article 384 Persons entitled to lodge a protest against an enforceable judgment, ruling or resolution of a court “Supervisory review of an enforceable court judgment, ruling or resolution shall be allowed only on the basis of a protest lodged by the public prosecutor ... The following persons are entitled to lodge a protest : ... (2) ... the public prosecutor of the region ... – against judgments, resolutions and rulings of city (or district) courts ...” Article 385 Time-limits for supervisory review of judgments, rulings and resolutions of a court “Supervisory review of a conviction, ruling or resolution of the court on account of the need to apply the law on a more serious offence, or to review the leniency of the sanction imposed, or on the basis of other grounds resulting in deterioration of the convicted person's situation, and of an acquittal, ruling or resolution of the court terminating the proceedings in the case shall be allowed only within one year of its becoming final. There shall be no time-limit for initiating the supervisory review of a conviction, ruling or resolution of the court on any other grounds.” Article 391 Supervisory review proceedings “The court considering the case in supervisory review proceedings shall have the right to summon the defendant, ... the defence counsel, ... in order to hear their statements. The above persons shall have the right to familiarise themselves with the application for supervisory review...” Article 393 The outcome of consideration of applications for supervisory review “... the court shall have the right, by means of a ruling or resolution, to: ... quash a judgment and remit the case for fresh consideration ...” Article 395 Obligatory character of the supervisory court's instructions “The instructions of the supervisory review court shall be binding in the course of the additional investigation and fresh consideration of the case ...” 6.     The Presidential Elections Act, 1999 45.     The relevant provisions of the Presidential Elections Act read as follows: Section 50 Liability for an infringement of electoral legislation “1.     Persons who have interfered through deceit, threats, bribery or other means with the free exercise by a citizen of Ukraine of his right to vote, to be elected and to conduct pre-election campaigning, and chairmen, deputy chairmen, secretaries and members of electoral commissions, officials or other persons representing State bodies, bodies of local self-government or non-governmental organisations who have fraudulently substituted documents, intentionally counted the number of votes incorrectly, violated the right to vote by secret ballot, or committed any other violation of this Act, shall be held liable in accordance with the law. 2.     Persons who have intentionally published or disseminated untrue information about a candidate for the presidency shall be held liable in accordance with the law.” 7.     Reservation contained in the instrument of ratification deposited on 11 September 1997 (period covering 11 September 1997   – 28   June 2001) 46.     The relevant provisions of the reservation contained in the instrument of ratification are set out in the judgment of Nevmerzhitsky v. Ukraine (no. 54825/00, §   56, 5 April 2005). 8.     Appendix to the reservation handed to the Secretary General at the time of depositing the instrument of ratification on 11   September 1997 47.     The relevant transitional provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine are set out in the Nevmerzhitsky judgment cited above. 9.     Resolution of the Plenary Supreme Court of Ukraine (no.   10) of 30   September 1994 on issues relating to the application by the courts of the legislation on lodging complaints with the courts against an arrest warrant issued by a prosecutor 48.     The relevant resolution of the Plenary Supreme Court of Ukraine reads as follows: “... in accordance with Article 236-6 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine, only a warrant issued by the prosecutor for the arrest of the suspect or accused, and also the resolution of the court (or judge) concerning the application of preventive measures, may be appealed against to the courts, but not the resolution of the investigator or body of inquiry to apply the preventive measure of taking the suspect or accused into custody or to continue their detention...” 10.     Decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine of 24   July 1999 (No.   6-рп) 49.     In its decision the Constitutional Court found that the Cabinet of Ministers had acted unconstitutionally in passing the resolution of 22   March 1999 (no. 432) that reduced the expenditure of the 1999 State budget on the needs of: the Supreme Court by 40%, the regional courts by 7.5%, the district (and city) courts by 6.8%, the Higher Arbitration Court by 26.4%, the arbitration courts by 19.4%, and the military courts by 15.5%. According to the information issued by the Ministry of Justice (responsible for the courts' administration at the material time), this expenditure covered 51.6% of the needs of the first-instance courts and 62.8% of the needs of the regional courts. The Constitutional Court found that Resolution no.   432 exerted financial influence on the courts and infringed the citizens' right to judicial protection. 11.     Relevant decisions of the Council of Judges of Ukraine (in relation to the appointment and selection of judges) 50.     The Council of Judges, in its Decision no. 13 of 12 December 2000, found that the existing procedure for the selection and appointment of candidates for judicial posts, as established by the Ministry of Justice, Higher Council of Justice and the judicial qualifications commissions, was not compatible with the need to form a highly qualified judiciary able to administer justice effectively and independently. 51.     On 12 December 2000 the Council of Judges adopted Resolution no.   10, finding that the decisions of the Cabinet of Ministers to lower judicial salaries were contrary to the principle of the independence of the judiciary. THE LAW I.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 § 3 OF THE CONVENTION A.     The parties' submissions 52.     The applicant complained that he had been detained unlawfully for a period of 18 days without any judicial review of his detention. This period had lasted from 1 Novem