CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 6 octobre 2005

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margin-bottom:0pt } .sEF8F76C5 { width:20.87pt; display:inline-block } .sCE4C2AA4 { width:212.76pt; display:inline-block } .s7602FED2 { width:18.21pt; display:inline-block } .sC1AC44A4 { width:228.11pt; display:inline-block }     THIRD SECTION     CASE OF NESİBE HARAN v. TURKEY     (Application no. 28299/95)     JUDGMENT     STRASBOURG     6 October 2005     FINAL     06/01/2006       This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article   44 §   2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Nesibe Haran v. Turkey, The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Mr   B.M. Zupančič , President ,   Mr   J. Hedigan ,   Mr   C. Bîrsan ,   Mrs   M. Tsatsa-Nikolovska ,   Ms   R. Jaeger ,   Mr   E. Myjer , judges ,   Mr   F. Gölcüklü, ad hoc judge , and Mr V. Berger , Section Registrar , Having deliberated in private on 15 September 2005, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 28299/95) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the   Convention”) by a Turkish national, Ms Nesibe Haran (“the   applicant”), on 22 June 1995. 2.     The applicant was represented by Ms A. Stock, a lawyer attached to the Kurdish Human Rights Project (“KHRP”) in London, Mr M. Muller, Mr T. Otty, and Ms J. Gordon, lawyers practicing in London, and Ms R. Yalçındağ and Mr C. Aydın, lawyers practicing in Diyarbakır. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Convention organs. 3.     The applicant alleged, in particular, that State officials were responsible for the disappearance of her husband in 1994. She invoked Articles 2, 3, 5, 13, 14 and 18 of the Convention. 4.     The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). 5.     The application was allocated to the First Section of the Court (Rule   52 §   1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1. 6.     Mr Rıza Türmen, the judge elected in respect of Turkey, withdrew from sitting in the case (Rule 28). The Government accordingly appointed Mr Feyyaz Gölcüklü to sit as an ad hoc judge (Article 27 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 29 § 1). 7.     By a decision of 22 June 1999 the Court declared the application admissible. 8.     On 1 November 2004 the Court changed the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the newly composed Third Section (Rule 52 § 1). 9.     The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 10.     The applicant was born in 1971 and lives in Diyarbakır. A.     Introduction 11.     The facts surrounding the disappearance of İhsan Haran are disputed between the parties. The facts as presented by the applicant are set out in Section B below (see paragraphs 13-22). The Government’s submissions concerning the facts are summarised in Section C below (see   paragraphs   23 ‑ 26). 12.     A summary of the relevant documents submitted by the parties have been set out separately in Sections D ( see paragraphs 27-29 ) and E   (see   paragraphs 30-53) respectively. In summarizing the documents submitted by the parties, the Court has used the names of persons as cited in these documents. They do not necessarily reflect the correct spelling of the names of these persons. B.     The applicant’s submissions on the facts 13.     On an unspecified date one of the applicant’s brothers and a paternal cousin joined the PKK. At that time the applicant and İhsan Haran approached the Lice public prosecutor’s office and told the prosecutor that they were not in the least responsible for anything the brother and the cousin did and that the brother and the cousin had become involved in the PKK without the knowledge of the applicant or İhsan Haran. The public prosecutor said that he did not intend to open any kind of case against the applicant or İhsan Haran because of these events. In any event, İhsan Haran would hide in the forest when soldiers would come to the Arıklı village where they were residing. 14.     On 12 May 1994 the applicant and her husband together with their children moved from their village to Diyarbakır after their village was destroyed by the security forces. They did not consider it appropriate to give their new address to the authorities. 15.     On 24 December 1994 the applicant’s husband İhsan Haran did not return from the construction site of the Diyarbakır underground market where he had been working for the previous eight days. The applicant and other family members did not find this unusual because if there was extra work he would remain at work and not return home. 16.     On 27 December 1994 Mr Fahri Hazar, a co-villager, came to the applicant’s house and told her that on the morning of 24 December 1994 an identity check had been carried out by uniformed police officers at the construction site where İhsan Haran had been working and that while they were checking İhsan Haran’s identity papers, they started arguing amongst themselves. This argument lasted for some ten minutes and then the police officers took İhsan Haran away. 17.     On 30 December 1994 Mr Fahri Hazar was arrested and taken into police custody. 18.     After learning that her husband was arrested by the police officers, the applicant tried to file a petition with the public prosecutor’s office at the State Security Court in order to learn of his whereabouts. However, she was prevented from submitting her petition by the police officers standing in front of the State Security Court. She and other family members tried to see the public prosecutor for about a month without success. 19.     The applicant then started visiting several prisons in order to find out whether anyone had seen her husband. She met one person, whom requested from the applicant not to be named, who was placed in the Dormitory 31 at the Diyarbakır E-type prison and who told her that he had seen İhsan Haran in custody. 20.     On 1 February 1995 İhsan Haran’s brothers were taken into custody. In a statement dated 7 September 2004 given to their own legal representative, they said that while they were held in police custody they were threatened by the police officers that they would also be killed like their brother İhsan Haran (see paragraph 27 below). 21.     In 1997 the applicant’s sister-in-law was harassed by the police officers. 22.     On 15 December 1998 the applicant was approached by a man who claimed to be a policeman. He told her to get into a nearby car. She refused. He knew information about her family and offered her financial support in return for information. On 21 December 1998 the applicant told her lawyer that she had been refused a new identity card and that she had often been forced to change her home because of harassment by the security forces, including raids on her homes. C.     The Government’s submissions on the facts 23.     Following the communication of the application by the European Commission on Human Rights on 26 February 1996 to the Government, the Diyarbakır public prosecutor’s office opened an investigation into the applicant’s allegations. 24.     On 21 January 1998 the Diyarbakır public prosecutor held that there was no need for a further investigation as there was no evidence showing that İhsan Haran had disappeared in police custody (see paragraph 36 below). He observed that since 1994 there was no record of any complaint made to the offices of the Diyarbakır public prosecutor and of the public prosecutor at the Diyarbakır State Security Court and of the Lice public prosecutor. He noted that no record had been found that İhsan Haran had been taken into custody by the Diyarbakır Security Directorate, Anti-terror branch, and the Provincial Gendarmerie Commander. It further observed that İhsan Haran was being searched for by the Diyarbakır Anti-terror branch. The applicant did not object to this decision. 25.     The investigation into the circumstances surrounding the disappearance of İhsan Haran still continues without success (see   paragraphs 38-47 below). 26.     On 12 April 2004 the General Security Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs informed the Ministry of Justice that İhsan Haran was sought for his involvement in an illegal organisation following testimonies of certain suspects. In the same letter, the Ministry of Justice was informed that Nesibe Haran and İhsan Haran were not married (see   paragraph 50 below). D.     Relevant documentary evidence submitted by the applicant 1.     Statements of İhsan Haran’s brothers made to their lawyer dated 7   September 2004 27.     In their statements, Seyithan Haran and Abdullah Haran submitted that they had been arrested in Diyarbakır on 1 February 1995 by police officers. They averred that they had been subjected to ill ‑ treatment while they were held in police custody and that they had been told that they would undergo the same treatment as their brother İhsan. They submitted that they were also told that if they did not confess their crimes they would be eliminated and face the same fate as their brother İhsan. 2.     Report of Human Rights Association of Turkey dated March 2004 28.     The extracts of the relevant part of the report is as follows: “Azad code name İhsan Haran was from Lice. He was either a militant or militia. He was taken outside town, interrogated and executed. Some information on his case: He was detained on 28 December 1994 on his way to his shop. His wife Nesime Haran stated that she had approached the State Security Court repeatedly, but had not received a response (Azadi, 12 February 1995). Mehmet Haran stated that (...) his nephew İhsan Haran had ‘disappeared’ (Evrensel, 26 December 1995). After the news in the press, Nesibe Baran stated: “The first time my husband was taken from the village to Hazro was in 1993. He stayed in custody for thirteen days. Later on we moved to Diyarbakır. Four months later plain clothes people kidnapped him. Over five months I constantly requested information from the prosecutor, but he did not accept that my husband had been detained. One day, on my way home, a person stopped me and wanted to talk. When I disagreed, he said that he was a police officer. He told me that my husband had been killed; he did not know the place but who did it. He asked me question about many people and I said that I did not know them. He wanted me to work for them, in a way to be their agent. I complained to the HRA and they did not disturb me anymore.” 3.     Video-tape pertaining to the interview given by Mr Abdulkadir Aygan in the Rojname programme on ROJTV 29.     On 4 May 2004 Mr Abdulkadir Aygan, an ex-PKK and alleged ex ‑ JITEM (Intelligence branch of the Gendarmerie) member, gave an interview on ROJ   TV where he claimed that JITEM conducted extra ‑ judicial killings of prominent Kurdish intellectuals. In the last part of the programme he gave a list of names of those others who were also allegedly killed by JITEM. İhsan Haran’s name was also mentioned by Mr   Abdulkadir Aygan who stated without giving any details that he was interrogated and killed by the JITEM. The extracts of the relevant part of the video-tape is as follows: “Azad code name İhsan Haran was from Lice. He was either a militant or militia. He was taken outside the town, interrogated and executed." E.     Relevant documentary evidence submitted by the Government 1.     Custody reports 30.     The custody reports of the Diyarbakır Security Directorate for the period between 22 January 1994 and 31 December 1995 do not contain the name of İhsan Haran. 2.     Statements of İhsan Haran’s brothers in police custody, dated 20 February 1995 31.     On 20 February 1995 Abdullah Haran was taken into custody. The extract of the relevant part of his statement is as follows: “Abdullah Haran (forged identity papers in the name of Mehmet Sedat Gökmen): We are nine siblings, my father works as a guardian in construction sites, my mother is a cleaner, my siblings are as follows; İhsan Haran: born in 1968. He is involved in PKK activities in rural areas since 1993. His code name is Azat (K). He is still active in the Lice region.” 32.     On 20 February 1995 Seyithan Haran was taken into custody. The extract of the relevant part of his statement is as follows: “Seyithan Haran (code names Behzan, forged identify papers in the name of Refik   Manay): We are nine siblings, my father works as a guardian in construction sites, my mother is a house wife, my siblings are as follows; İhsan Haran: born in 1968. In 1993 he joined PKK’s rural branch. He is still active in the rural areas. His code name is Azat (K).” 3.     Letter from General Directorate of Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, dated 22 May 1996 33.     The General Directorate of Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs informed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that an investigation had been conducted into the applicant’s allegations before the European Commission of Human Rights. They found no record that İhsan Haran had been taken into custody between 24 December 1994 and 1 February 1995. They further informed that İhsan Haran did not figure in any of the archives. 4.     Birth Records of the applicant and of İhsan Haran 34.     According to the birth certificate of the applicant, she is single and her maiden surname is Haran. She has eleven siblings and three children who were registered with the birth registry on 2 August 1996 pursuant to Article 290 of the Civil Code. The name of the father of her children is stated to be İhsan. 35.     According to the birth certificate of İhsan Haran, he is single and has eight siblings. 5.     Decision of the Diyarbakır public prosecutor’s office, dated 21   January 1998 36.     On 21 January 1998 the Diyarbakır public prosecutor held that there was no need for further investigation on account of lack of evidence. He observed that since 1994 there was no record of any complaint made to the offices of the Diyarbakır public prosecutor and to the public prosecutor at the Diyarbakır State Security Court and to the Lice public prosecutor. He noted that no record had been found that İhsan Haran had been taken into custody by the Diyarbakır Security Directorate, Diyarbakır Anti-terror branch, and the Provincial Gendarmerie Commander. It further observed that İhsan Haran was sought for by the Diyarbakır Anti-terror branch. 6.     Letter from the public prosecutor at the Diyarbakır State Security Court to the Diyarbakır public prosecutor’s office, dated 3 April 2000 37.     The public prosecutor at the Diyarbakır State Security Court informed the Diyarbakır public prosecutor’s office that İhsan Haran was being searched on suspicion of membership in an illegal organisation, namely the PKK, following the statements of Mr N.Z. before the State Security Court. He submitted that there was no information or documents indicating that İhsan Haran had disappeared or that he had been taken into custody. 7.     Investigation conducted by the Diyarbakır principal public prosecutor’s office 38.     On 16 October 2000 the public prosecutor’s office requested from the Diyarbakır Municipality to provide them with the names of the companies involved in the construction of the Diyarbakır underground market in 1994. On 30 October 2000 the Diyarbakır Municipality sent the requested information. 39.     On 27 October 2000 the Diyarbakır public prosecutor informed the Diyarbakır principal public prosecutor’s office that the investigation into the disappearance of İhsan Haran was continuing. 40.     On 23 March 2000 the Diyarbakır Security Directorate submitted its custody records pertaining to the years 1994-1995. 41.     On 29 February 2000 the Diyarbakır principal public prosecutor’s office stated that Nesime Haran had lodged an application with the European Commission on Human Rights claiming that her husband had disappeared in police custody and that there had been two eye-witnesses and that she had been prevented by the police to file a complaint with the public prosecutor’s office. Accordingly, it ordered the Lice principal public prosecutor’s office to conduct the following investigations: (a)     To obtain a statement of Nesime Haran in respect of her complaint pertaining to the disappearance of her husband; (b)     To request the applicant to provide the names of eye-witnesses and to determine the identity and open addresses of the witnesses; (c)     To obtain a statement of Nesime Haran in respect of her complaint that the police had prevented her from filing a complaint with the public prosecutor’s office; (d)     To request the applicant to provide the names of potential eye ‑ witnesses to the above-mentioned event; (e)     To request the applicant to clarify to where she had tried to file a complaint and was prevented from doing so. 42.     On 21 December 2001 the Diyarbakır public prosecutor’s office requested from the Lice Population Directorate the birth records of Nesibe Haran. 43.     On 15 May 2001 the Diyarbakır public prosecutor’s office requested the Lice public prosecutor’s office to locate the applicant in order to obtain statements from the latter in respect of the disappearance of her husband. He further requested an inquiry on whether her new address was registered with the authorities in the event that the applicant would not be found in her village. Finally, it requested the Lice public prosecutor’s office to locate the addresses of the close relatives of the applicant. 44.     On 21 November 2002 the Diyarbakır public prosecutor’s office requested the Diyarbakır Security Directorate to provide the names of workers employed by three construction companies between 1994 and 1995. 45.     On 29 January 2003 and 25 September 2003 the public prosecutor at the Diyarbakır public prosecutor’s office informed the Diyarbakır principal public prosecutor’s office that the investigation into the disappearance of İhsan Haran was continuing. 46.     On 1 December 2003 the Diyarbakır public prosecutor informed the Diyarbakır principal public prosecutor’s office that they were still awaiting a response from the Diyarbakır Traffic Registry Office, State Hospital, Diyarbakır Land Registry, Diyarbakır Birth Registry, Lice Birth Registry and Lice Land Registry on whether İhsan Haran had accomplished any acts since 1 December 1994. 47.     On 3 January 2004 the Diyarbakır public prosecutor informed the Diyarbakır principal public prosecutor’s office that they were still awaiting a response from the Lice Land Registry on whether İhsan Haran had accomplished any administrative acts since 1 February 1994 before various administrative authorities. 8.     Letter of the Diyarbakır public prosecutor’s office to the Lice Gendarmerie Command, dated 21 June 2001 48.     The public prosecutor requested the Lice Gendarmerie Command to bring, as soon as possible, the complainant Nesime Haran before the public prosecutor’s office in order to obtain her testimony. Her open address was stated as: Arıklı village. 9.     Testimonies of Mehmet Ali Kızıl and Bünyamin Keskin before the public prosecutor, dated 13 December 2002 49.     Both witnesses affirmed that they had been held in custody between 15 December 1994 and 2 January 1995 in the anti-terror branch of the Security Directorate and that they had not seen or known of a person named İhsan Baran during that time. 10.     Letter from General Security Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs dated 12 April 2004 50.     The General Security Directorate informed the Ministry of Justice that İhsan Haran’s name was mentioned in the statements of seventeen suspects arrested in the course of an operation conducted against the PKK/KONTRA-GEL and that therefore, he was currently being sought. They further submitted that, despite the allegations that İhsan Haran had been seen in custody, his brothers in their statements of 20 February 1995 before the Diyarbakır Security Directorate had submitted that their brother had joined the PKK in 1993 and that he was continuing his activities under the code name of Azad. They finally stated that according to the Birth Records of the Diyarbakır Population Office, İhsan Haran and Nesime Haran were not married. 11.     Minutes of the hearings held between 20 March 1995 and 16 June 1996 before the Diyarbakır State Security Court in the criminal proceedings against İhsan Haran’s brothers 51.     Before the Diyarbakır State Security Court, Seyithan Haran claimed to have given his statements in police custody under duress and Abdullah Haran claimed that the statement which was read out to him before the court was not the statement that he had given in police custody. 52.     Ihsan Haran’s brothers were tried before the Diyarbakır State Security Court together with eight other co-accused, including a certain Fahri Hazar from Arıklı village. Seyithan Haran and Abdullah Haran were convicted on 16 June 1996 and sentenced to three years and nine months’ imprisonment. 12.     List of workers employed by the RE-HA Construction Company from September 1994 to April 1995 53.     İhsan Haran’s name does not figure in the list of workers who worked for RE-HA Construction Company. II.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE 54.     For the relevant domestic law and practice, the Court refers to the judgments of Ülkü Ekinci v. Turkey (no.   27602/95, §§ 111-118, 16 July 2002) and Tepe v. Turkey (no.   27244/95, §§   115-122, 9 May 2003). THE LAW I.     THE GOVERNMENT’S PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS A.     Non-exhaustion of domestic remedies 55.     In supplementary observations submitted by the Government to the Court following the decision on admissibility, they elaborated on their claim that the applicant had failed to exhaust domestic remedies. In this connection the Government referred to the availability of a number of remedies, in particular civil ones. They pointed out that the applicant had not at any time petitioned the authorities in respect of the disappearance of İhsan Haran and that she had failed to object to the public prosecutor’s decision of 21 January 1998. 56.     The Court, noting that this issue has been dealt with in its decision on admissibility, does not deem it necessary to re-examine it. It therefore rejects the Government’s preliminary objection. B.     Lack of victim status 57.     In a letter dated 26 November 2004, in response to the letter sent by the applicant on 11 August 2004 (see paragraph 62 below), the Government made the following remark: “The applicant submits that her name and the name of İhsan Haran should be on the same page of the family records. The Government would like to bring to the attention of the Court that the applicant’s and İhsan Haran’s name appear on separate pages as they are not married.” 58.     The Court would point out that this fact does not in itself deprive the applicant of her victim status (see, for example, Ceyhan Demir and Others v. Turkey , no.   34491/97, §§ 81-85, 13 January 2005). In the absence of any explanations by the parties, the Court cannot speculate on the nature of the relationship the applicant had with İhsan Haran. However, since the Government have not submitted any arguments to the contrary, the Court cannot exclude that the applicant was at least İhsan Haran’s partner and had three children with him (see paragraph 34 above). 59.     Accordingly, the Court considers that the applicant, as İhsan Haran’s partner, could legitimately claim to be a victim of an act as tragic as the disappearance of her partner. The Government’s objection must therefore be dismissed. II.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 2 OF THE CONVENTION 60.     The applicant alleged that there was a substantial risk that her husband had been secretly detained by agents of the State in life threatening conditions and that the domestic law did not provide for adequate protection for the right to life. She relied on Article 2 of the Convention, which provides: “1. Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law. 2. Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in contravention of this article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary: (a) in defence of any person from unlawful violence; (b) in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained; (c) in action lawfully taken for the purpose of quelling a riot or insurrection.” A.     Parties’ submissions 1.     The applicant 61.     The applicant averred that the State was responsible for the disappearance of her husband since a co-villager told her that he had been taken into custody by police officers. She further alleged that when she and her family had began to make prison visits she had been informed by another eyewitness that her husband had been in detention. The applicant stated that the denial of having taken a person into detention was part of the nature of a disappearance and that such a complaint required the conduct of a thorough, effective and objective investigation. She claimed that this was not done in the case of her husband’s disappearance. In this regard, she referred to case-law of the Court, where the Court had found compelling evidence that those who had disappeared had been detained by the State despite assertions to the contrary. 62.     By a letter dated 11 August 2004 the applicant reiterated that the Government had failed to conduct any meaningful investigation into the disappearance of her husband and that the documents related to the case were mainly correspondence between different State authorities and departments. She also submitted that the birth certificates did not show her and İhsan Haran together on one document and that this was not correct since she and her disappeared husband were married. 2.     The Government 63.     The Government contended that the applicant failed to bring her allegations to the attention of the relevant authorities and that the authorities were only aware of the disappearance of İhsan Haran following the communication of the application on 5 March 1996, i.e. two years after the alleged disappearance. They maintained that they were never aware of the existence of the alleged witnesses and that their identities were never disclosed to them. The Government pointed out that the applicant’s failure to object to the public prosecutor’s decision of 21 January 1998 showed once again the reluctance of the applicant to exhaust the domestic remedies available to her. They maintained that the applicant had failed to provide any evidence in respect of her allegations under this heading and that since they were unaware of the address of the applicant, it was impossible to verify whether or not her husband was still missing. B.     The Court’s assessment 1.     The disappearance of İhsan Haran 64.     The Court reiterates that Article 2 of the Convention, which safeguards the right to life, ranks as one of the most fundamental provisions in the Convention and, together with Article 3 of the Convention, enshrines one of the basic values of the democratic societies making up the Council of Europe (see, among others, Çakıcı v. Turkey [GC], no. 23657/94, § 86, ECHR 1999-IV, and Finucane v. the United Kingdom , no. 29178/95, §   67 ‑ 71, ECHR 2003 ‑ VIII). In the light of the importance of the protection afforded by Article   2, the Court must subject deprivations of life to the most careful scrutiny, taking into consideration not only the actions of State agents but also all the surrounding circumstances (see, among other authorities, Orhan v. Turkey , no. 25656/94, § 326, 18 June 2002). 65.     The Court will examine the issues that arise in the light of the documentary evidence adduced in the present case, in particular the documents submitted by the Government with respect to the judicial investigations carried out in the case as well as the parties’ written observations. Moreover, the Court reiterates that the required evidentiary standard of proof for the purposes of the Convention is that of “beyond reasonable doubt”, and such proof may follow from the coexistence of sufficiently strong, clear and concordant interferences or of similar unrebutted presumptions of fact (see, mutatis mutandis , Ireland v. the United Kingdom , judgment of 18 January 1978, Series A no. 25, pp. 64-65, §§ 160-161, and Ülkü Ekinci, cited above, §§   141-142). 66.     The Court observes that the applicant’s allegations concerning the circumstances leading to the disappearance of İhsan Haran rest on the alleged eye ‑ witness account of Mr Fahri Hazar. However, the applicant has failed to submit Mr Hazar’s testimony to the Court. As to her assertion that her husband was seen in custody, the applicant has again failed to submit the testimony of the witness whose identity was not disclosed to the Court. Furthermore, the Court does not find credible the statements of İhsan Haran’s brothers (see paragraph 27 above) since this information was not submitted either to the domestic authorities or to the Court until 27 September 2004. Accordingly, the applicant’s allegation that the disappearance of İhsan Haran was organised by the agents of the State is based on hearsay rather than any cogent evidence. 67.     As to the statements of Mr Aygan to ROJTV on 24 May 2004, where he implicated JITEM in extra-judicial killings, during which Ihsan Haran was also mentioned as being one of the victims, the Court notes that the said statement does not contain any details or dates other than what was mentioned above (see paragraph 29 above) in respect of İhsan Haran. Accordingly, the Court cannot attach any decisive importance to it since this is untested and at the most circumstantial evidence (see Issa and Others v.   Turkey , no.   31821/96, § 79, 16 November 2004). 68.     In the light of the foregoing, the Court considers that the actual circumstances in which İhsan Haran disappeared remain a matter of speculation and assumption and that, accordingly, there is an insufficient evidentiary basis on which to conclude that he was, beyond reasonable doubt, secretly detained and killed by or with the connivance of State agents in the circumstances alleged by the applicant. 69.     Accordingly, there has been no violation of Article 2 on that account. 2.     The alleged inadequacy of the investigation 70.     The Court reiterates that the obligation to protect the right to life under Article 2, read in conjunction with the State’s general duty under Article 1 to “secure to everyone within [its] jurisdiction the rights and freedoms defined in [the] Convention”, requires by implication that there should be some form of effective official investigation when individuals have been killed as a result of the use of force (see, mutatis mutandis , McCann and Others v. the United Kingdom , judgment of 27 September 1995, Series A no. 324, p. 49, § 161). This obligation is not confined to cases where it has been established that the killing was caused by an agent of the State. Nor is it decisive whether members of the deceased’s family or others have lodged a formal complaint about the killing with the competent investigation authority. The mere fact that the authorities were informed of the killing of the applicant’s husband gave rise ipso facto to an obligation under Article 2 to carry out an effective investigation into the circumstances surrounding the death (see   Tanrıkulu v. Turkey [GC], no.   23763/94, §§ 101 and 103, ECHR   1999 ‑ IV). 71.     The Court also points out that the positive obligation imposed on the Contracting States by Article 2 § 1 requires that the right to life be protected by law. This implies that, at a minimum, States are under an obligation to provide a framework of law which generally prohibits the taking of life and to offer the necessary structures to enforce these prohibitions, including a police force with responsibility for investigating and suppressing infringements (see Osman v. the United Kingdom , judgment of 28 October 1998, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998 ‑ VIII, p. 3159, §   115). That positive obligation, however, does not impose a requirement that a State must necessarily succeed in locating and prosecuting perpetrators of fatal attacks. 72.     In this connection, the Court reiterates that the nature and degree of scrutiny which satisfies the minimum threshold of an investigation’s effectiveness depends on the circumstances of each particular case. It must be assessed on the basis of all relevant facts and with regard to the practical realities of investigation work (see Velikova v. Bulgaria , no. 41488/98, § 80, ECHR 2000 ‑ VI, and Ülkü Ekinci , cited above, § 144). 73.     There is also a requirement of promptness and reasonable expedition implicit in this context ( Yaşa v. Turkey , judgment of 2 September 1998, Reports 1998 ‑ VI,§§ 102-04; Çakıcı, cited above, §§ 80, 87 and 106, Tanrıkulu , cited above, § 109 and Mahmut Kaya v. Turkey , no. 22535/93, §§   106-07, ECHR 2000-III). It must be accepted that there may be obstacles or difficulties which prevent progress in an investigation in a particular situation. However, a prompt response by the authorities in investigating a use of lethal force or a disappearance may generally be regarded as essential for maintaining public confidence in the maintenance of the rule of law and for preventing any appearance of collusion in or tolerance of unlawful acts (see,   in general, McKerr v. the United Kingdom , no. 28883/95, §§   108-15, ECHR 2001 ‑ III, and Avşar v. Turkey , no. 25657/94, §§ 390-395, ECHR 2001 ‑ VII (extracts)). 74.     In the present case,   the Court notes that there is no proof that İhsan Haran has been killed. However, the above-mentioned procedural obligations extend to but are not confined to cases that concern intentional killings resulting from the use of force by agents of the State. The Court considers that these obligations also apply to cases where a person has disappeared in circumstances which may be regarded as life-threatening. In this respect, it has previously held that the disappearance and unacknowledged detention of a person suspected by the authorities of PKK involvement could be considered as life-threatening in the general context of the situation in south-east Turkey in 1993 (see Timurtaş v. Turkey , no.   23531/94, § 85, ECHR 2000 ‑ VI). Having regard to the cases involving disappearances which it has been called upon to examine and which occurred in 1994, the Court concludes that the general context persisted in that year (see, for instance, Çiçek v. Turkey , no. 25704/94, 27   February 2001; İrfan Bilgin v. Turkey , no. 25659/94, ECHR 2001-VIII; Orhan, cited above; İpek v. Turkey , no. 25760/94, ECHR 2004- ...). It further appears, despite the fact that the exact date cannot be determined by the Court, that the authorities indeed suspected İhsan Haran of PKK involvement (see paragraphs 36-37 and 50   above). In these circumstances, the Court considers that the disappearance of İhsan Haran could be regarded as life ‑ threatening. In this respect, it must be reiterated that the more time goes by without any news of the person who has disappeared, the greater the likelihood that he or she has died (see Tahsin Acar v. Turkey [GC], no.   26307/95, § 226, ECHR 2004 ‑ ... ). 75.     The Court notes that an investigation into the applicant’s allegations commenced following the communication of the application to the respondent Government, i.e. two years after the events. It further observes that this investigation was concluded with the public prosecutor’s decision of 21 January 1998 finding that there was no need for a further investigation on account of lack of evidence. However, it also appears from the case-file that official inquiries concerning the disappearance of İhsan Haran still continue without success. 76.     In this connection, the Court is struck by the reluctance of the applicant or any other member of the family of İhsan Haran to be involved in the ongoing investigations. Since the disappearance of İhsan Haran in 1994, no evidence was provided by the applicant showing that the applicant or any member of his or her family undertook any steps to inquire about the state of the investigations relating to the disappearance of İhsan Haran. In this respect, the Court notes that the applicant did not object to the public prosecutor’s decision of 21 January 1998. Nor did she petition any national authority requesting information about the investigation. In particular, the Court observes that by failing to submit her new address in Diyarbakır, the applicant made it difficult for the national authorities to find her and, accordingly, to take her testimony concerning the events. In the Court’s view, such lack of cooperation with the national authorities must be considered to have adversely affected the effectiveness of the investigations into the circumstances surrounding the disappearance of İhsan Haran. 77.     However, the conduct of the applicant does not absolve the national authorities from their obligation to conduct a meaningful investigation into the circumstances surrounding a disappearance within the limits of the practical realities of investigation work. In the present case, it is Court’s view that there were striking omissions in the conduct of the investigation. In this connection, the Court observes that the initial investigation conducted by the Diyarbakır public prosecutor appears to have consisted solely of checking custody records of the Diyarbakır Security Directorate (see   paragraph 36 above) and that it was not until 29 February 2000 and 15   May   2001 that the Diyarbakır public prosecutor’s office tried to obtain statements of the applicant and other family members (see paragraphs 41   and 43 above). In the Court’s opinion this would have been the logical starting point in an investigation into an alleged disappearance. In particular, the Court finds it difficult to understand why the statements of İhsan   Haran’s brothers who were sentenced to a prison sentence in 1996 and, hence, under the full authority of the State, were never taken (see   paragraph 52 above). Moreover, the Court observes that while the identity of one of the eye-witnesses was never disclosed to them, they, nonetheless, were aware of Mr Fahri Hazar who, according to the applicant, was the only eye-witness to the alleged apprehension of İhsan Haran by police officers on 24 December 1994. The documents submitted by the Government show that he too was never heard by the authorities. 78.     In the light of the foregoing, the Court considers that the national authorities failed to carry out an adequate and effective investigation into the circumstances surrounding the disappearance of İhsan Haran. There has therefore been a breach of the State’s procedural obligation under Article   2   to protect the right to life. 3.     Alleged lack of protection in domestic law for the right to life 79.     The Court considers, on the basis of its examination of the parties’ submissions, of its findings in respect of the circumstances surrounding the disappearance of İhsan Haran and that the authorities were in breach of Article 2 of the Convention on account of their failure to carry out an effective investigation, that it is not necessary in the circumstances of this case to reach any separate finding on this issue. III.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION 80.     The applicant complained that her anguish at the inability to discover what has happened to her husband amounted to inhuman and degrading treatment in breach of Article 3 of the Convention, which provides: “No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” 81.     The Government, beyond denying the factual basis of the applicant’s allegations, did not specifically deal with the complaint under Article 3. 82.     The Court reiterates that whether a family member is a victim will depend on the existence of special factors giving his or her suffering a dimension and character distinct from the emotional distress which may be regarded as inevitably caused to relatives of a victim of a serious human ‑ rights violation (see Çakıcı, cited above, §   98). Relevant elements will include the proximity of the family ties, the extent to which the family member witnessed the events in question, the involvement of family members in the attempts to obtain information about the disappeared person and the way in which the authorities responded to those enquiries. The Court would further emphasise that the essence of such a violation does not so much lie in the fact of the disappearance of the family member but rather concerns the authorities’ reactions and attitudes when the situation was brought to their attention (see   Orhan, , cited above, §   358). 83.     In the present case, the Court observes that the applicant was not present and did not witness the alleged events leading to the disappearance of İhsan Haran. Nor can she be considered to have undertaken the pursuit of numerous enquiries and petitions to find out about İhsan Haran’s fate (see Akdeniz and Others v. Turkey , no. 23954/94, § 102, 31 May 2001; Çakıcı , cited above, § 99, a   contrario, Orhan , cited above, § 359).