CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 10 août 2006

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text-indent:-17.6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sD5DF731 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sB90861A5 { font-family:Arial; font-style:italic; letter-spacing:-0.1pt } .s13F94BDE { font-family:Arial; letter-spacing:-0.1pt } .s9F223FEE { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:17.85pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.85pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s8E011338 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s56E27C8 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:24pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s804EF768 { margin-top:24pt; margin-left:29.2pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sAB173E38 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .s127C7598 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .sD66C1369 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17.3pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify } .s60723A49 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:39.7pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify } .s81CCF55C { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .s7CB9076 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s8B3C4997 { width:38.94pt; display:inline-block } .sF067D9EC { width:161.63pt; display:inline-block } .sF2E32F9B { width:36.61pt; display:inline-block } .s5F32E900 { width:208.31pt; display:inline-block }     FIFTH SECTION     CASE OF YANAKIEV v. BULGARIA     (Application no. 40476/98)     JUDGMENT       STRASBOURG   10 August 2006       FINAL     10/11/2006       This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Yanakiev v. Bulgaria, The European Court of Human Rights (Fifth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Mr   P. Lorenzen , President ,   Mrs   S. Botoucharova ,   Mr   K. Jungwiert ,   Mr   V. Butkevych ,   Mr   R. Maruste ,   Mr   J. Borrego Borrego ,   Mrs   R. Jaeger, judges , and Mrs C. Westerdiek , Section Registrar , Having deliberated in private on 10 July 2006, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 40476/98) against the Republic of Bulgaria lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by Mr Konstantin Argirov Yanakiev, a Bulgarian national who was born in 1944 and lives in Varna (“the applicant”), on 6 January 1998. 2.     The applicant was represented by Mr N. Rounevski, a lawyer practising in Sofia. The Bulgarian Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Ms M. Dimova, of the Ministry of Justice. 3.     The applicant alleged that he had been denied the opportunity to challenge a mayor’s tacit refusal to approve the sale of a flat to him and that the proceedings in which the Supreme Administrative Court had ruled that this refusal was not subject to judicial review had been unfair. He also alleged that the mayor’s failure to approve the sale had deprived him of the possibility, enshrined by national law, to obtain the flat at a preferential price. 4.     The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). 5.     The application was allocated to the First Section of the Court (Rule   52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1. 6.     By a decision of 6 May 2004 the Court (First Section) declared the application admissible. 7.     The applicant, but not the Government, filed further written observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). 8.     On 1 April 2006 this case was assigned to the newly constituted Fifth Section (Rule 25 § 5 and Rule 52 § 1). THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 9.     By an order of 13 October 1983 the applicant was settled as a tenant, together with his family, in a flat which the State had assigned in 1980 for “use and management” to the State enterprise by which he was employed. He moved in the flat in 1986. 10.     In a decision of 20 September 1991 the Council of Ministers transformed the enterprise employing the applicant into a State ‑ owned single ‑ member limited liability company. On 28 January 1992 the Varna Regional Court ordered the entry of the newly formed company into the register of companies. In a decision of 5 August 1992 the Minister of Industry, acting as a representative of the sole shareholder – the State – transformed the company into a State ‑ owned single ‑ shareholder joint ‑ stock company. The transformation was entered into the register of companies kept at the Varna Regional Court on 15 September 1992. 11.     In late 1992, after the entry into force, on 3 August 1992, of certain amendments to the Act to Settle the Housing Problems of Long ‑ Standing Home Purchase Savings Depositors of 1991 („Закон за уреждане на жилищните въпроси на граждани с многогодишни жилищно ‑ спестовни влогове“ – “the Housing Act of 1991” – see paragraphs 24 ‑ 27 below), the applicant applied to purchase the flat. He considered that paragraph 4 of the additional provisions of the Act entitled him to buy the flat at a preferential price. It appears that many of his colleagues had purchased the flats they were renting from their employer under this provision. On 28 December 1992 the board of directors of the applicant’s employer assented to the sale. 12.     On 4 January 1993 the applicant requested the mayor of Varna to approve the sale, enclosing declarations and documents purporting to establish that he met all the conditions laid down in section 2 of the Act (see paragraph 27 below). In addition, he submitted a letter from his employer’s board of directors, in which it informed the mayor that it had assented to the sale and asked him to validate it. The letter expressly mentioned that the sale was to be effected under paragraph 4 of the additional provisions of the Housing Act of 1991, and indicated the company’s bank account to which the municipality was to transfer the sale proceeds once the applicant had made the payment. 13.     The mayor failed to reply and on an unspecified date in 1993 the applicant filed with the Varna Regional Court an application for judicial review of his tacit refusal. 14.     In a judgment dated 30 November 1994 and entered in the court’s register on 5 December 1994, the Varna Regional Court quashed the refusal and instructed the mayor to issue, within one month, an order validating the sale. It held as follows: “According to section 111 of the [State Property Regulations of 1975 („Наредба за държавните имоти“ – see paragraphs 33 ‑ 36 below)], the sale of State-entity ‑ owned [„ведомствени“] housing units is effected by the municipal councils under the conditions laid down in section 111(4) of the [Regulations], that is, pursuant to a proposal by the respective State entity, indicating the buyer. In such case, under section 120 of the [Regulations], the municipal council effects the sale on the basis of an order issued by it. The text of section 120 of the [Regulations] is categorical on the point that, provided all conditions for execution of the transaction have been met, the municipal council has no discretion whether or not to do so, but must issue the respective order. Such an order undoubtedly constitutes an individual administrative decision and is, like the tacit refusal to issue it, subject to review under the [Administrative Procedure Act of 1979 („Закон за административното производство“ – “the APA” – see paragraph 41 below)]. The facts of the case indicate beyond doubt that the applicant was a tenant in the flat [in issue] on the basis of a[n] ... order ... of 13 October 1983. As such, he has the right to buy it according to the procedure laid down in the [Regulations]. It is also beyond doubt that this flat is the property of [the applicant’s employer]. In a decision of [28 December 1992] the board of directors of the [applicant’s employer] allowed the applicant to purchase the State-entity-owned housing unit he was living in. In execution of this decision [the applicant’s employer] addressed a request to the chairperson of the Executive Committee of the Varna Municipal Council [i.e. the mayor – see paragraph 35 below], in which it had also indicated the buyer. Thus, all requirements of section 111 of the [Regulations] were complied with. In view of this state of affairs the Municipal Council should have discharged its duty under section 120 of the [Regulations], finalising in due form the consent already achieved between the parties and issuing the respective order. The Municipal Council is in effect not a party to the sale agreement. The parties are the State entity ‑ owner [of the flat] and the tenant. The Municipal Council acts as an administrative authority which only approves the already concluded contract. The tacit refusal to do so was unlawful.” 15.     The mayor refused to comply and on 3 February 1995 submitted a petition for review (see paragraphs 43 ‑ 45 below) to the Supreme Court, arguing that such an order – or the refusal to issue it – was not an individual administrative decision and was hence not subject to judicial review under the APA. 16.     The applicant filed a counter ‑ pleading, arguing, inter alia , that the dispute did not concern an ordinary sale of a State ‑ owned housing unit but a sale of a housing unit subject to the special provisions of paragraph 4 of the additional provisions of the Housing Act of 1991. The mayor’s role was thus not that of a contracting party, as it would have been in the general case, but that of a supervising administrative authority. Once the prerequisites for effecting the sale had been met, the mayor had no discretion but to approve it. He or she could refuse to do so only if the applicant did not meet the conditions laid down by the Act. 17.     The Supreme Court held a hearing on 7 October 1996. The applicant’s counsel argued that the mayor’s petition for review had been submitted out of time. The participating prosecutor also maintained that the petition was untimely and stated that the mayor should be allowed to present evidence to prove when the Varna Regional Court’s judgment had been entered in the register. The merits of the case were not pleaded during the hearing. 18.     On 9 October 1996 the Supreme Court sent a letter to the Varna Regional Court, enquiring about the date on which the latter’s judgment had been entered in the court’s register. The Varna Regional Court replied that its judgment had been entered on 5 December 1994. 19.     In December 1996 the Supreme Court was divided into a Supreme Court of Cassation and a Supreme Administrative Court. The newly formed Supreme Administrative Court took over cases, such as the applicant’s, in which petitions for review in administrative proceedings had been pending before the former Supreme Court. 20.     A three ‑ member panel of the Supreme Administrative Court gave judgment on 14 January 1997. It held that the petition for review had been submitted within the two-month statutory time-limit and was thus admissible and continued: “... The petition for review is well-founded. In the judgment under review the Varna Regional Court quashed the tacit refusal of the mayor ... of Varna to enter into a contract for the sale of a State ‑ entity ‑ owned housing unit ... to its tenant... The mayor’s decisions to enter into contracts for the sale of State ‑ owned housing units under the State Property Regulations [of 1975] or the refusals to do so, including where the housing units have been given, for management, to ministries, other State entities, State commercial enterprises and institutions, are not administrative decisions within the meaning of section 2 of the [APA]. These decisions precede the execution of the bilateral transaction for transferring title to the respective property from the State to the individual purchaser and denote the assent of the mayor ... to the future execution of such a deal. [The mayor] does not, however, act as an administrative authority; he is placed on equal footing with the private individual contracting with him. For this reason his acts in such cases fall out of the ambit of the [APA] and are not subject to review under it. ... Moreover, in view of the terms of section 117 of the State Property Regulations [of 1975], it could not be accepted that the municipalities are bound to sell State ‑ entity ‑ owned housing units to the tenants settled therein. This provision sets out only the manner in which these housing units are sold and the persons who are entitled to purchase them in the event of a decision to that effect by the competent body. There is no legal obligation for the mayor to approve the sale of a State ‑ entity ‑ owned flat. This lack of a legal duty excludes administrative or judicial review under the [APA]. ... In examining the application [for judicial review] the [Varna] Regional Court overstepped its jurisdiction. Its judgment therefore is to be quashed, the application is to be left without examination, and the proceedings are to be discontinued. ...” 21.     On 24 February 1997 the applicant filed a petition for review, expounding all his arguments, including those relating to the merits of the case. Later he filed additional observations. A hearing was held on 19 June 1997, at which the applicant’s counsel argued the case and made reference to his earlier written pleadings. 22.     On 10 July 1997 a five ‑ member panel of the Supreme Administrative Court found the applicant’s petition timely, but dismissed it in the following terms: “The three ‑ member panel’s judgment is well ‑ founded. The proceedings before the Varna Regional Court related to the refusal of the mayor of Varna to enter into a contract for the sale of a State ‑ entity ‑ owned housing unit. The holding that the decisions to enter into a contract for the sale of State-owned housing units in the manner prescribed in the State Property Regulations [of 1975] or the refusals to do so, including where [such housing units] have been assigned to State entities, as in the case at hand, are not individual administrative decisions within the meaning of section 2 of the APA is correct. [These decisions] precede the execution of a bilateral transaction transferring title to the property from the State to the [individual], and denote the assent of the mayor ... to the future execution of this transaction. [The mayor] does not act as an administrative authority; he is placed on an equal footing vis-à-vis the private person. Therefore, his acts in such cases are not encompassed by the [APA]. Acts which relate to civil ‑ law relations, where the administrative authority and the [person concerned] are on an equal footing, are not individual administrative decisions within the meaning of the APA. The three ‑ member panel correctly found that in view of section 117 et seq. of the State Property Regulations [of 1975] it could not be accepted that the municipalities are bound to sell State ‑ entity ‑ owned housing units to their occupants. This provision sets forth only the manner of selling such units, which could be purchased in the event of a decision to this effect by the competent body. There is however no legal duty for the mayor ... to assent to the sale of a State ‑ entity ‑ owned housing unit, and in the absence of such a legal obligation administrative or judicial review under the APA is inadmissible.” 23.     Neither the three ‑ member panel, nor the five ‑ member one mentioned the Housing Act of 1991 in their reasons. II.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE A.     The Housing Act of 1991 24.     This Act concerns mainly persons who have deposited money in special housing bank accounts prior to 1991 (the applicant does not fall into this category). 25.     Separately, paragraph 4 of the additional provisions of the Act, dealing with the housing needs of employees of State entities („ведомства“), provided, as enacted in October 1991: “State entities which own residential buildings may sell existing housing units to their employees ... provided the persons willing to purchase them meet the requirements of section 2(1).” 26.     Effective 3 August 1992, that text was amended to read: “1.     State entities ... shall, by decisions adopted by their managements after 4   March 1991 and not later than six moths after the entry into force of this amendment of the Act, sell the existing housing units to their employees under the following terms:   (1)     employees who have applied to purchase State-entity ‑ owned housing units not later than 4 March 1991 or were tenants therein before that date and who meet the requirements of section 2(1)(1), (3) and (4) of the Act may purchase the units at prices set in accordance with [previous, more favourable pricing rules]. (2)     employees who were settled as tenants after 4 March 1991, but before the entry of this amendment of the Act into force, and, as of the date of issuing of the settlement order, met the requirements of section 2(1)(1), (3) and (4) of the Act, may purchase the housing units at prices set in accordance with [the then current pricing rules]. 2.     The difference between the price at which the housing units are acquired under subparagraph 1 and their real value shall be borne by the [respective State entity].” 27.     Points 1, 3, and 4 of section 2(1) of the Act, as in force at the relevant time, laid down certain conditions for the persons concerned to come within its purview: (i) that they did not own homes or country houses fit for permanent use whose value, when added to the value of the remainder of their assets, was above 150,000 old Bulgarian levs (BGL), (ii) that they had not conveyed title to homes to third parties after 1 January 1981, except in cases of partition of property, and that (iii) the total amount of their movable and immovable assets, other than their homes and country houses, valued in accordance with the Regulations for the implementation of the Act, was below BGL 150,000. B.     Regulations for the implementation of the Housing Act of 1991 28.     Section 2 of the Regulations („Правилник за прилагане на Закона за уреждане на жилищните въпроси на граждани с многогодишни жилищно ‑ спестовни влогове“), which were enacted in October 1992, reads: “The persons eligible within the meaning of the Act are: ... (3)     tenants in housing units owned by [State entities] whose tenancies commenced before 3 August 1992; ...” 29.     Paragraph 2(1) of the of the additional provisions of the Regulations defines “existing housing units” (the expression used in paragraph 4 of the additional provisions of the Act – see paragraphs 25 and 26 above) as units which have been completed not later than 4 March 1991 (in the cases falling under subparagraph 1(1) of paragraph 4) or 3 August 1992 (in the cases falling under subparagraph 1(2) of paragraph 4). 30.     Paragraph 2(2) of the additional provisions of the Regulations provides that paragraph 4 of the additional provisions of the Act does not apply to housing units which have been assigned by the municipalities to State entities for use and management. 31.     By paragraph 2(3) of the additional provisions of the Regulations, the decisions to sell State ‑ entity ‑ owned housing units are valid if they are adopted by their collective management bodies, or by the respective government minister or an official authorised by him or her. 32.     Paragraph 18(1) of the transitional and concluding provisions of the Regulations (added in March 1995) provides that if the housing units under paragraph 4 of the additional provisions of the Act have been listed as long ‑ term assets of State-owned commercial companies, the difference between the price at which they were sold and their book value has to be noted down as a reduction of these companies’ capital. C.     The State Property Regulations of 1975 33.     The State Property Regulations of 1975 (repealed in September 1996) were adopted by the Council of Ministers under section 21 of the Property Act of 1951 („Закон за собствеността“) – which empowered it to make regulations for the “management, use, and disposition” of State property – and governed, inter alia , the procedure for selling housing units owned by the State (section 109(1)). 34.     Their section 111(2) provided that where housing units, given for “use and management” to, inter alia , State entities or State commercial enterprises and institutions, were put up for sale, they had to be turned over to the municipality on the territory of which they were situated for effectuating the transaction. 35.     Section 120(1) provided that the sale was effected on the basis of an order of the chairperson of the executive committee of the municipal council (after the adoption of the Constitution of 1991 that was the mayor). 36.     Section 117 dealt with the conditions for and the manner of selling of State ‑ owned housing units to tenants. D.     Legal regime of the assets of State enterprises 37.     Before 1989, under the communist regime, State enterprises did not enjoy an independent right of property over their assets; these assets were the property of the State and were only made available to them for “use and management”. 38.     Under the Trade Act of 1991 („Търговски закон“) and other reform legislation adopted in 1991 and 1992, State enterprises had to be transformed, by decision of the relevant ministry and upon registration at the competent court, into single ‑ member limited liability companies or single ‑ shareholder joint ‑ stock companies whose sole member or shareholder was the State. 39.     The question whether the transformed enterprises became full owners of their assets or continued to be only beneficiaries of a right to “use and manage” them on behalf of the State was unclear and was still discussed in the legal theory after 1991. It was finally settled with the adoption, in May 1996, of the State Property and the Municipal Property Acts of 1996 („Закон за държавната собственост“ и „Закон за общинската собственост“). Sections 2(4) of both Acts provided that the assets of State ‑ or municipality ‑ owned commercial companies were not the property of the State or, respectively, of the municipalities, even if they were the sole shareholder or member of such companies. In December 1999 the Supreme Administrative Court confirmed that this provision applied to flats previously made available for “use and management” to State enterprises which had later been transformed into commercial companies (реш. №   7376 от 30 декември 1999 г. по адм.д. № 4277/1999 г., ВАС, III о.). E.     Judicial review of administrative action 1.     Relevant constitutional and statutory provisions 40.     Article 120 of the Constitution of 1991 provides: “1.     The courts shall review the lawfulness of the administrative authorities’ acts and decisions. 2.     Natural and juristic persons shall have the right to seek judicial review of any administrative act or decision which affects them, save as expressly specified by statute.” 41.     The APA governs the procedure for issuing administrative decisions and for judicial review of such decisions. Section 2(1) of the APA defines “individual administrative decisions” as “decisions issued [by public authorities], which create rights or obligations for, or affect the rights or the legitimate interests of, individuals or juristic persons, as well as the refusals to issue such decisions”. By sections 33 and 34 of the APA, all “administrative decisions”, save those relating to the national security or specifically enumerated by statute, are subject to judicial review. 2.     Judgment no. 21 of 1995 of the Constitutional Court 42.     In this interpretative judgment no. 21 of 26 October 1995 in constitutional case no. 18/1995 (реш. № 21 от 26 октомври 1995 г. по к.д. № 18 от 1995 г., обн. ДВ, бр. 99 от 10 ноември 1995 г.) the Constitutional Court gave a binding interpretation of Article 120 § 2 of the Constitution. It held, inter alia , that this provision encompassed all administrative decisions regardless of their character or theoretical qualification. The exclusion of a given administrative decision from judicial review could only be done by statute. “All administrative decisions” meant “without exception”. Only internal decisions which did not affect in any way physical or juristic persons outside the respective administration were not covered by the constitutional provision. F.     Review proceedings before the former Supreme Court 43.     Until December 1997 section 44 of the APA provided that the regional courts’ judgments on applications for judicial review of administrative decisions were final and could be set aside only in accordance with Article 225 et seq. of the Code of Civil Procedure of 1952 (“the CCP”). 44.     Articles 225 ‑ 30 of the CCP, repealed with effect from 1 April 1998, governed review proceedings before the former Supreme Court. Prior to 1990 these texts stipulated that review proceedings were initiated on the proposal of the Chief Prosecutor or the chairperson of the Supreme Court, which was not, as a rule, limited by time, and was examined in private by a section of the Supreme Court or its Plenary. 45.     However, these texts were fully reshuffled with effect from 21 April 1990 and henceforth provided that review proceedings were initiated upon the petition of a party to the case (Article 225 § 1), lodged within two months after the entry into force of the lower court’s judgment (Article 226 § 1), or the proposal of the Chief Prosecutor (Article 225 § 2), lodged within one year after the judgment’s entry into force (Article 226 § 1). A petition for review did not have suspensive effect, but the Supreme Court could, on the application of the petitioning party, order a stay of the enforcement of the lower court’s judgment in case such enforcement would cause irreparable harm to the petitioning party (Article 225 § 4). The petition was examined by the Supreme Court at a public hearing in the presence of the parties to the case (Article 227 § 2). The Supreme Court had the power to set the judgment aside wholly or in part, whenever (i) it was “contrary to the law”, (ii) “substantial breaches of procedural law [had] occurred during the proceedings or in connection with the delivery of the judgment”, or (iii) it was “ill ‑ founded” (Article 225 § 3 in conjunction with Article 207). If the Supreme Court set the lower court’s judgment aside, it could either decide the case itself, or exceptionally remit it to the lower court for re ‑ examination (Article 229 § 2). G.     The possibility to reopen civil proceedings as a result of a judgment of the European Court of Human Rights 46.     Article 231 § 1 (h) of the CCP, adopted in 1997 and in force since 1   April 1998, provides that an interested party may request the reopening of civil proceedings in case a “judgment of the European Court of Human Rights has found a violation of the [Convention]”. By section 45 of the APA and section 41(1) of the Supreme Administrative Court Act of 1997 („Закон за върховния административен съд“), this provision is applicable to proceedings in administrative cases as well. The Supreme Administrative Court has already had occasion to use it to reopen proceedings resulting in a ruling that the courts had no jurisdiction to examine an application for judicial review of an administrative decision (see Al-Nashif v. Bulgaria , no.   50963/99, 20 June 2002; and реш. № 4332 от 8 май 2003 г. по адм.д. № 11004/2002 г., ВАС, петчленен състав). THE LAW I.     ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 6 § 1 OF THE CONVENTION 47.     The applicant complained that he had been denied access to a court in respect of his application for judicial review of the tacit refusal of the mayor to proceed with the sale of the flat. He also complained that the proceedings before the Supreme Administrative Court had not been fair. He relied on Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, which provides, as relevant: “In the determination of his civil rights and obligations ..., everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ... by an independent and impartial tribunal ...” A.     The parties’ submissions 1.     The applicant 48.     The applicant submitted that he had been denied effective access to a court in respect of the tacit refusal of the mayor to approve the purchase of the flat. He maintained that the proceedings which he had instituted had been intended to vindicate his civil right, in the Convention meaning of the term, to buy the flat. 49.     As regards the question whether the mayor’s approval had been needed and whether, therefore, the proceedings which the applicant had instituted had been determinative of a right, he argued that the sales of flats owned by State entities had always been effected in the manner provided by the State Property Regulations of 1975. This had also been the opinion of the Varna Regional Court, the only court which had in fact examined the issue. Under the Regulations, the board of directors of the applicant’s employer did not have any other course of action but to request the permission of the mayor. This had not been disputed by the Government. 50.     The applicant stated that the question whether the mayor’s refusal had been an “individual administrative decision” within the meaning of domestic law was immaterial for the purposes of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention. What mattered was that he had had a right, which had been infringed, to buy the flat. However, the Supreme Administrative Court, relying on the obsolete theory of the “individual administrative decision” and disregarding Article 120 § 2 of the Constitution, had denied the courts jurisdiction to examine his application for judicial review on the merits. In any event, the Supreme Administrative Court had erred in its analysis of domestic law. It was true that, as a rule, the mayor’s acts relating to the sale of State property were not “administrative decisions”. However, in the case at hand the mayor had not been a contracting party and had enjoyed no discretion, because the sale had been mandated by the Housing Act of 1991. All the mayor had to do was to verify whether the conditions of the Act had been met by the applicant. 51.     The applicant further argued that the Supreme Administrative Court had not given any reasons in respect of his arguments stemming from the Housing Act of 1991, although this issue was of crucial importance for the outcome of the case. That court had not mentioned Article 120 § 2 of the Constitution either, despite its fundamental importance. 52.     Finally, the applicant submitted that the proceedings in the Supreme Administrative Court had been unfair because that court had verified of its own motion whether the mayor’s petition for review had been timely. It had thus shown its bias in favour of the mayor and had infringed the equality ‑ of ‑ arms principle. In addition, the proceedings had been unfair in that during the hearing on 7 October 1996 the parties had only had time to present arguments on the issue whether the mayor’s petition for review had been timely, while the merits of the case had remained untouched. 2.     The Government 53.     The Government stated that the State Property Regulations of 1975 had set out in detail the manner and conditions for selling State ‑ owned flats, including flats owned by State entities. The sale of State property to private persons was a complex transaction, comprising both administrative and civil ‑ law elements. Under Bulgarian administrative law the parties to a legal relationship were not equal; the administrative authority was in a dominant position vis-à-vis the private person. Therefore, the administrative authority could act unilaterally, without obtaining the consent of the other parties concerned. By contrast, civil ‑ law relations were characterised by the equality of the parties. 54.     The Government explained that the reasons on which the Supreme Administrative Court had relied to hold that the mayor’s refusal had not been an “administrative decision” within the meaning of section 2(1) of the APA were that when it came to the selling of State ‑ owned property, the mayor’s assent preceded the execution of the contract. The mayor did not act as an administrative authority issuing binding orders, but was at an equal footing vis-à-vis the contracting private party. He or she could not be bound by another authority or by the private party to give such assent. The private party’s right of property did not arise immediately after the mayor’s act, but only after all elements of the transaction had been completed. Thus, as they were not “individual administrative decisions”, the mayor’s acts relating to the sale of State property fell outside the ambit of the APA and were not subject to judicial review. 55.     The Government further argued that the Supreme Administrative Court’s judgments had been lawful and well-founded. In view of that court’s finding that the application for judicial review was inadmissible, it would have been superfluous to discuss the relevance of the Housing Act of 1991 or, indeed, any issues going to the merits of the case. 56.     Finally, the Government maintained that the proceedings had been fair and that the Supreme Administrative Court had been impartial. The applicant’s allegation that that court had showed bias by inquiring of its own motion about the date when the Varna Regional Court’s judgment had been entered in the register was ill ‑ founded. The transcript of the hearing indicated that the prosecutor who had participated in the proceedings had made a request to the court to establish the starting point of the time ‑ limit for the lodging of the petition for review. B.     The Court’s assessment 1.     Applicability of Article 6 § 1 57.     Under the Court’s well ‑ established case ‑ law, Article 6 § 1 extends only to “contestations” (disputes) over civil rights and obligations which can be said, at least on arguable grounds, to be recognised under domestic law; it does not itself guarantee any particular content for these rights and obligations in the substantive law of the Contracting States (see Z and Others v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 29392/95, § 87, ECHR 2001 ‑ V, with further references). The “contestation” (dispute), which may concern both questions of fact and questions of law, may relate not only to the actual existence of a right, but also to its scope or the manner in which it may be exercised. The result of the proceedings must be directly decisive for such a right (see, among many other authorities, Le Compte, Van Leuven and De Meyere v. Belgium , judgment of 23 June 1981, Series A no. 43, p. 21, § 47; and Benthem v. the Netherlands , judgment of 23 October 1985, Series A no.   97, pp. 14 ‑ 15, § 32). 58.     The Court will first address the question whether a right, in the autonomous meaning of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention (see , mutatis mutandis , König v. Germany , judgment of 28 June 1978, Series A no. 27, pp. 29 ‑ 30, § 88), to buy the flat at a preferential price could arguably be said to be recognised under national law. To ascertain whether this was the case, it must only verify whether the applicant’s arguments on this point were sufficiently tenable; it does not have to decide whether they were well ‑ founded in terms of Bulgarian law (see Le Calvez v. France , judgment of 29 July 1998, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998 ‑ V, pp.   1899 ‑ 900, § 56). In so doing it must have regard to the wording of the relevant legal provisions and to their construction, if any, by the domestic courts. This point must be determined by reference to the time when the applicant instituted the proceedings in issue, as the Supreme Administrative Court’s later holdings to the effect that under domestic law there was no duty for the municipality to sell, did not remove, retrospectively, the arguability of the applicant’s claim (see Z and Others , cited above, § 89). 59.     The applicant alleged that the text of paragraph 4 of the additional provisions of the Housing Act of 1991, as amended on 3 August 1992 – that State entities “shall ... sell the existing housing units to their employees” – entitled him to purchase the flat, provided he satisfied certain conditions, which he claimed he did. In the opinion of the Court, that provision could be read as creating such an entitlement; moreover, its implementing regulations spoke of “eligible” persons (see paragraphs 26 and 28 above). 60.     There could be some doubt whether the term “State entities” („ведомства“) – the meaning of which was not entirely clear during the transition from a wholly State ‑ owned to a market economy in the 1990s – encompassed the newly formed State ‑ owned commercial companies and, accordingly, whether the applicant’s employer had to comply with the obligation flowing from this provision. However, it appears that paragraph   18(1) of the transitional and concluding provisions of the implementing regulations of the Act – which provides that if the housing units under paragraph 4 of the additional provisions of the Act have been listed as long ‑ term assets of State-owned commercial companies, the difference between the price at which they were sold and their book value has to be noted down as a reduction of these companies’ capital (see paragraph 32 above) – supplies the answer to that question. Moreover, the domestic courts – as well as the applicant’s employer itself – had no doubts that, although transformed into a joint ‑ stock company, it continued to be a “State entity” within the meaning of domestic law and that the flat in issue, although part of the assets of a State ‑ owned joint ‑ stock company, was a State ‑ entity ‑ owned („ведомствен“) one (see paragraphs 11, 14, 20 and 22 above). 61.     The parties did not point to any domestic case ‑ law interpreting paragraph 4 of the additional provisions of the Act. However, having regard to the above considerations, the Court is of the view that the applicant’s construction of the law was at least arguable. This was confirmed by the judgment of the Varna Regional Court, which found in his favour and specifically held that he had a right to purchase the flat occupied by him (see paragraph 14 above). 62.     The Court is thus satisfied that at the outset of the proceedings there was a serious and genuine dispute about the existence of a right asserted by the applicant under domestic law. 63.     It remains to be determined whether the result of the proceedings was decisive for that right (see Le Compte, Van Leuven and De Meyere , cited above, p. 21, § 46 in limine ; and Balmer ‑ Schafroth and Others v.   Switzerland , judgment of 26 August 1997, Reports 1997 ‑ IV, p. 1359, §   39). The Court observes on this point that, as noted above, the domestic courts in the present case had no doubt that the applicant’s employer, although transformed into a State ‑ owned commercial company, continued to be a “State entity” within the meaning of the State Property Regulations of 1975 and had to follow the procedure laid down therein to sell a flat to one of its employees, i.e. turn it over to the municipality for the effectuation of the transaction (see paragraphs 14, 20 and 22 above). This also seems to have been the procedure followed in many cases analogous to the applicant’s. The Court is thus satisfied that at the material time the mayor’s assent to the sale was needed under domestic law and, accordingly, that the proceedings relating to his refusal to give such assent were determinative of the applicant’s alleged right to purchase the flat (see, mutatis mutandis , Ringeisen v. Austria , judgment of 16 July 1971, Series A no. 13, p. 39, § 94 in fine ). 64.     Having regard to the foregoing considerations, and noting that the alleged right to acquire the flat was individual and economic in nature and thus “civil” within the meaning of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, the Court concludes that that provision is applicable. 2.     Compliance with Article 6 § 1 65.     The Court notes at the outset that, unlike the cases of Brumărescu v.   Romania ([GC], no. 28342/95, ECHR 1999 ‑ VII), Sovtransavto Holding v.   Ukraine (no. 48553/99, ECHR 2002 ‑ VII) and Ryabykh v. Russia (no.   52854/99, ECHR 2003 ‑ IX), and their progeny, the present case does not concern a situation in which a final and binding judgment was overturned in extraordinary proceedings. This is because, unlike the situations obtaining in all these cases, and in spite of the terminological similarity, review proceedings before the former Bulgarian Supreme Court were, after the reform of the CCP of 21 April 1990, not extraordinary proceedings, but part of the normal three ‑ instance proceedings (see Stoitchkov and Shindarov v. Bulgaria , nos. 24571/94 and 24572/94, Commission decision of 28 June 1995, Decisions and Reports 82, p. 85, at p. 94; Petrov v. Bulgaria , no. 24140/94, Commission decision of 22   February 1995, unreported; Stankov and the United Macedonian Organisation Ilinden , nos. 29221/95 and 29225/95, Commission decision of 29 June 1998, unreported; Marintchev v. Bulgaria (dec.), no. 43232/98, 8   July 2003; and Raichinov v. Bulgaria (dec.) , no. 47579/99, 1 February 2005). This was so because (i) they were directly accessible to the litigants, (ii) were, as a rule, initiated, as in the case at hand, by the parties to the case, not by a third ‑ party State official, (iii) the possibility of instituting them was subject to a relatively short time ‑ limit, and (iv) in these proceedings the Supreme Court could, much as a court of cassation, examine whether the judgments of the courts below were contrary to the law or ill ‑ founded, or whether there had been a substantial breach of procedure, and had the power to quash them (see paragraphs 43 ‑ 45 above). Thus, although the Varna Regional Court’s judgment was technically regarded as final, it was in effect not such, as it could be, and, indeed, was overturned in the review proceedings. 66.     The Court must nonetheless examine whether the judgments delivered by the Supreme Administrative Court in these proceedings violated the applicant’s right under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention to obtain a judicial determination of his alleged right to acquire the flat in issue in the present case. 67.     It reiterates on this point that Article 6 § 1 secures to everyone the right to have any claim relating to his civil rights and obligations brought before a court or tribunal; in this way it embodies the “right to a court”, of which the right of access constitutes one aspect (see Golder v. the United Kingdom , judgment of 21 February 1975, Series A no. 18, pp. 13 ‑ 18, §§   28 ‑ 36; and Osman v. the United Kingdom , judgment of 28 October 1998, Reports 1998 ‑ VIII, p. 3166, § 136, and p. 3169, § 147). 68.     While it is clear that in the instant case the applicant was not prevented from commencing judicial review proceedings, that does not suffice, as the right of access to a court includes not only the right to institute proceedings but also the right to obtain a determination of the dispute by a court (see Kutić v. Croatia , no. 48778/99, § 25, E