CEDH · CASELAW;DECISIONS;ADMISSIBILITY;ENG — 10 avril 2007

.s800EAC49 { font-size:12pt } .s523616E0 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; font-size:14pt } .sBB9EE52A { font-family:Arial } .s8229ABDD { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center } .s10950C61 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s9793A85B { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt } .sE0372AB5 { width:21.8pt; text-indent:0pt; display:inline-block } .s70FAF3C6 { width:22.01pt; text-indent:0pt; display:inline-block } .s61E420C2 { font-family:Arial; font-variant:small-caps } .sA36B60A1 { font-family:Arial; font-style:italic } .sBF0FE613 { width:36pt; text-indent:0pt; display:inline-block } .s36C0C433 { width:16.01pt; text-indent:0pt; display:inline-block } .s32563E28 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .s967D43C6 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .s7EE1C8F0 { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:29.2pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s29100277 { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold } .sC702907E { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:36.6pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-15.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s7ED160F0 { text-decoration:none } .s33165EBA { font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt; vertical-align:super; color:#0069d6 } .s34D46E87 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s9D48DD53 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .sE5273FBD { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:center; font-size:10pt } .s8378218E { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:48.75pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s88A92475 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sDD165512 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:14.2pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify } .s7CB9076 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s28D23796 { width:20.54pt; display:inline-block } .s64C69EF9 { width:181.43pt; display:inline-block } .s7602FED2 { width:18.21pt; display:inline-block } .sC1AC44A4 { width:228.11pt; display:inline-block } .sF6A12959 { width:33%; height:1px; text-align:left } .s85226119 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s3133A7C8 { font-family:Arial; color:#0069d6 } FIFTH SECTION DECISION AS TO THE ADMISSIBILITY OF Application no. 773/03 by REGENT COMPANY against Ukraine The European Court of Human Rights (Fifth Section), sitting on 10   April 2007 as a Chamber composed of:   Mr   P. Lorenzen , President ,   Mrs   S. Botoucharova ,   Mr   V. Butkevych ,   Mrs   M. Tsatsa-Nikolovska ,   Mr   R. Maruste ,   Mr   J. Borrego Borrego ,   Mrs   R. Jaeger, judges , and Mrs C. Westerdiek , Section Registrar , Having regard to the above application lodged on 12 October 2002, Having regard to the observations submitted by the respondent Government and the observations in reply submitted by the applicant, Having deliberated, decides as follows: THE FACTS The applicant is a privately owned commercial company Regent Engineering International Limited that is registered in Victoria, the Seychelles Islands. The company’s actual address is London, the United Kingdom. It is represented before the Court by its Director, Mr   Yuri   Portnik, who resides in London. A.     The circumstances of the case 1.     Proceedings before the International Commercial Arbitration Court at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Ukraine In December 1998 a COM s.r.o. (“COM”), a limited liability company registered in the Czech Republic (Prague) instituted proceedings in the International Commercial Arbitration Court at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Ukraine (Міжнародний комерційний арбітражний суд при Торгівельно-Промисловій палаті України“; the Arbitration Tribunal ) against the Open Joint-Stock Company “Oriana” (the “Oriana company”) seeking an award for breach of contract. In particular, COM claimed that the Oriana company, a company with 99.9% of shares owned by the State, registered in the city of Kalush, the Ivano-Frankivsk Region, failed to comply with its contractual obligations on processing raw materials. On 23 December 1998 the Arbitration Tribunal delivered an arbitration award (case AC no. 142y/98) ordering the Oriana company to pay COM an amount of USD   2,466,906.47 (2,107,868 euros (EUR)) in compensation. 2.     Enforcement proceedings instituted by COM On 19 July 1999 COM lodged a request with the Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Arbitration Court (the “Regional Arbitration Court”) [1] seeking a ruling that COM was a creditor in relation to the Oriana company, based on the 23   December 1998 award. On 2 August 1999 the Kalush State Bailiffs’ Service of the Ministry of Justice (the “Bailiffs’ Service”) instituted enforcement proceedings against OC in order to collect the debt from it as ordered by the Arbitration Tribunal. These enforcement proceedings were joined to the other enforcement proceedings that were pending against the Oriana company. On 16 October 1999 the Regional Arbitration Court rejected the applicant’s request to initiate bankruptcy proceedings against the Oriana company. On 18 and 21 October 1999 the Bailiffs’ Service initiated the attachment of the property owned by the Oriana company. On 13 December 1999 the Bailiffs’ Service quashed the decision on the attachment of the Oriana company. On 14   December 1999 the property owned by the Oriana company was attached again. On 16   December   1999 the Bailiffs’ Service decided to sell some of the property that had been attached (the Oriana company’s polymerization workshop). On 20 September 2000 COM again requested the Regional Arbitration Court to institute bankruptcy proceedings against the Oriana company. It also sought a ruling to be included in the list of the Oriana company’s creditors. Between 1999 and 2003 the Bailiffs’ Service took a number of measures aimed at payment of the debt accumulated by the Oriana company. In particular, it sent payment orders to the debtor’s bank, seized its assets, prohibited unpermitted sale of property belonging to the Oriana company and attempted to sell some of its property in order to pay company’s debts. It also attached the Oriana company’s bank accounts and its shares (including the shares which the Oriana company owned in the “Lukor” company). At the same time, the enforcement proceedings were suspended several times as the Oriana company contested the Bailiffs’ actions before the courts and because its numerous creditors filed applications with the court seeking the Oriana company’s insolvency. On 18 September 2002 the Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Commercial Court (formerly the Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Arbitration Court) instituted bankruptcy proceedings against the Oriana company. These proceedings are still pending. On 22 January 2003 COM requested the Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Commercial Court to be included in the list of creditors of the Oriana company. 3.     Enforcement proceedings instituted by the applicant On 10 February 2003 the applicant concluded a contract with COM concerning the transfer of the latter’s right to claim the debt awarded by the Arbitration Tribunal on 23   December 1998. On 8 June 2004 the applicant and COM requested that the Arbitration Tribunal recognise the applicant as the creditor in the arbitration proceedings against the Oriana company on the basis of the above contract. On   21   June   2004 the President of the Arbitration Tribunal dismissed their request, stating that the Arbitration Tribunal was dissolved after having delivered the award of 23   December 1998. On 9 July 2004 the applicant and COM requested that the Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Court of Appeal (the “Court of Appeal”) declare the applicant to be the legal successor to the debt awarded to COM by the Arbitration Tribunal on 23 December 1998. On 16 July 2004 the applicant and COM requested with the Bailiffs’ Service to change the creditor in the enforcement proceedings on the basis of the contract. On 9 September 2004 the applicant and COM requested that the Court of Appeal declare that the applicant be the Oriana company’s creditor and to change the applicant for COM as a party to the enforcement proceedings on the same grounds as above. On 10 September 2004 the Court of Appeal allowed the applicant’s request. It declared the applicant to be the Oriana company’s creditor in respect of the debt of USD   2,466,906.47 (EUR 2,023,049) under the arbitration award of 23   December 1998. On 18 November 2004 the applicant and COM requested the Bailiffs’ Service to substitute the applicant for COM in the enforcement proceedings against the Oriana company. On 9 December 2004 the Bailiffs’ Service substituted the applicant for the original creditor in the enforcement proceedings on the basis of the ruling of 10 September 2004. On 29 December 2005 the Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Commercial Court (the “Regional Commercial Court”) ruled that the Bailiffs’ Service discontinued the enforcement proceedings. On 30 December 2005 the Bailiffs’ Service discontinued the enforcement proceedings and transferred the enforcement writs to the Oriana company’s property administrator ( розпорядник майна ). On 23 January 2006 the applicant requested that the Regional Commercial Court amend the list of the Oriana company’s creditors and to include him in this list on the basis of the contract of 10 February 2003 and the ruling of the Court of Appeal of 10 September 2004. On 6 February 2006 the Regional Commercial Court allowed the applicant’s request and ordered that the administrator of the Oriana company’s property introduce the relevant amendments to the list of creditors. On 27 February 2006 the applicant requested to be informed whether the Bailiffs’ Service had replaced COM by the applicant in the list of creditors in the enforcement proceedings against the Oriana company. The enforcement proceedings are still pending. B.     The applicable domestic law and practice 1.     Law of 14   May   1992 “On the Restoration of a Debtor’s Solvency or the Declaration of Bankruptcy” Under Article 12 of the Law ( Закон України “Про відновлення платоспроможності боржника або визнання його банкрутом” ), a commercial court is entitled to order a moratorium on debt recovery from a company which is the subject of bankruptcy proceedings. The moratorium implies a prohibition on the Bailiffs’ Service to execute judgments against such a company. The same Article provides that the company protected by the moratorium shall be immune from any fines and other sanctions for non-fulfilment or improper fulfilment of its financial obligations during the moratorium. 2.     Law of 29   November   2001 “On the Introduction of Moratorium on the Forced Sale of Assets” The Law ( Закон України “Про введення мораторiю на примусову реалiзацiю майна” ) aims at protecting State interests on the sale of assets belonging to undertakings in which the State holds at least 25% of the share capital. A moratorium on the enforcement of judgment debts has been introduced until the mechanism for the forced sale of the property of such undertakings is improved. No time-limit has been set. Article 2 of that Law provides that the prohibition on the forced sale of assets includes the execution of writs by the State Bailiffs’ Service on the assets belonging to such companies. The Law therefore stays the execution of all writs by the State Bailiffs’ Service against the assets of the undertakings in which the State holds at least 25% of the share capital. 3.     Relevant provisions of the Civil Code and the Ownership Act Under Article 214 of the Civil Code, in case of delay in the fulfilment of its financial obligations, the debtor must, upon a claim by the creditor, pay the amount of the debt, plus any interest payable at an officially established inflation rate during the default period. Chapter   40 “Compensation for Damages” of the Civil Code provides for compensation for damages and establishes the grounds for such compensation. Chapter VII “Protection of Property” of the Ownership Act guarantees protection of property and allows for court action in this respect. Also, Articles 197-202 of Chapter 17 “Reassignment of Debts” of the Civil Code allow for the conclusion of cession contracts and transfer of rights to claim debt recovery. 4.     Law of 21   April   1999 “On Enforcement Proceedings” Under Article 2 of the Law ( Закон України “Про виконавче провадження” ), the enforcement of judgments is entrusted to the State Bailiffs’ Service. Under Article 85 of the Law, the creditor may file a complaint against actions or omissions of the State Bailiffs’ Service with the head of the competent department of that Service or with a local court. Article   86 of the Law entitles the creditor to institute court proceedings against a legal person entrusted with the enforcement of a judgment for the inadequate enforcement or non-enforcement of that judgment, and to receive compensation. Under the Law on “Enforcement Proceedings” awards given by the Arbitration Tribunals ( третейські суди ) shall be subject to enforcement by the State Bailiffs’ Service (Article 3 § 1 of the Law) and are therefore equated to the judgments delivered by domestic courts. 5.     Law of 24   March   1998 “on the State Bailiffs’ Service” Article 11 of the Law ( Закон України “Про державну виконавчу службу” ) provides for the liability of bailiffs for any inadequate performance of their duties, and compensation for the damage caused by a bailiff when enforcing a judgment. Under Article 13 of the Law, acts and omissions of the bailiff can be challenged before a superior official or the courts. 6.     Relevant resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers and the State Property Fund report There were several resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers in relation to the financial situation of the Oriana company: -     no. 1650 of 19 October 1998 (on measures aimed at preventing the Oriana company’s bankruptcy and transfer of the company’s management to “Shelton enterprise”); -     no. 1280 of 16   July 1999, which quashed the previous resolution on the Oriana company (it also related to measures aimed at financial and economic well-being of the Oriana company and restructuring of its debts); -     resolution no. 800 of 10 May 1998 (on the approval of the list of enterprises exempt from land tax payment in 1999), -     no.   92-p of 19 February 2000 (on privatisation of the Oriana company); -     no. 314-p of 10 August 2000 (on payment of the Oriana company’s debts for the loans it received); -     no.   810-p of 28 October 2004 (suspending privatisation of the Oriana company, on sale of 47.93% of shares of the Oriana company in CJSC “Lukor”, a closed joint stock company founded by the Oriana company and “Lukoil”, Russia). On 3 August 2000 the Cabinet of Ministers adopted the procedure for payment of the Oriana company’s debts before the State budget that amounted to USD   34,115,000. On a number of occasions the Government included the Oriana company into the list of State-owned companies, which had strategic importance for Ukraine’s economic well-being and security that were to be excluded from privatisation (see for instance resolutions nos. 1346 and 1734 of the Cabinet of Ministers of 29 August 2000 and 23 December 2004). The Government also undertook to fund compensation for environmental damage caused by the Oriana company’s operation (resolution no.   593 of the Cabinet of Ministers of 18 July 2005). In its resolution of 19 August 2002 the Cabinet of Ministers adopted an action plan providing for the elimination of environmental damage caused by the operation of the “Kaliyny Zavod” belonging to the Oriana company. The action plan provided for allocation of UAH 33,800,000 from the State budget for necessary environmental works during the period from 2003 to   2012. In its decision no. 308-p of 3 August 2005 the Prime Minister ordered the Cabinet to examine the financial problems of the Oriana company and to take steps necessary for its economic development. Also, it ensues from the Report of the State Property Fund of 15   December 2004 that the State, and in particular the State Property Fund, managed the Oriana company’s “corporate rights” (its corporate investments). In particular, on 26 May 2006 the State Property Fund appointed the State’s representative to the Supervisory Board of the Oriana company and ordered that the relevant structural department of the State Property Fund should issue a letter of authority for the representative enabling him to manage the Oriana company’s shares belonging to the State. 7.     Judgment of 10   June   2003 of the Constitutional Court in the case on the moratorium on the forced sale of property In its judgment, the Constitutional Court found that the Law “On the Introduction of a Moratorium on the Forced Sale of Property” of 29   November   2001 complied with the Constitution of Ukraine. It also held that the Law at issue did not violate the constitutional principle of the binding nature of court judgments. Court judgments requiring the forced sale of the property of enterprises, given both prior to and after the Law was adopted, had not been set aside; they remained in force, and their enforcement were merely suspended until the mechanism for the forced sale of property was improved. That meant that the Law extended the term for enforcement of judgments during that period [“period of legislative improvement”]. 8.     The relevant provisions of Chapter VIII the Law “On International Commercial Arbitration” [“International Commercial Arbitration Act”] of 24 February 1994, in so far as they relate to the recognition and enforcement of awards The relevant provisions of the Law read as follows: Article 5 Extent of Court Intervention “In matters governed by the present Law, no court shall intervene except where so provided in the present Law.” Article 6 Authority for Certain Functions of Arbitration Assistance and Control “1.     The functions referred to in articles   11(3), 11(4), 13(3) and   14 shall be performed by the President of the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. 2.     The functions referred to in articles   16(3) and 34(2) shall be performed by the Appeal Court of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, regional Appeal Courts, Appeal Courts of cities of Kyiv and Sevastopol depending on where the arbitration takes place. (On 6 September 2005 the Verkhovna Rada amended this provision and allowed the local district courts of first instance to perform these functions).” Article 35 Recognition and Enforcement “1.     An arbitral award, irrespective of the country in which it was made, shall be recognized as binding and, upon application in writing to the competent court, shall be enforced subject to the provisions of this article and of article 36. 2.     The party relying on an award or applying for its enforcement shall supply the duly authenticated original award or a duly certified copy thereof, and the original arbitration agreement referred to in article 7 or a duly certified copy thereof. If the award or agreement is made in a foreign language, the party shall supply a duly certified translation thereof into the Ukrainian or Russian language.” 9.     The Rules of the International Commercial Arbitration Court at the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (as approved by the decision of the Presidium of the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry from August, 25, 1994 Protocol no. 107(3) with amendments made by the Decision of the Presidium of the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry of 26   September   2001) The relevant extracts from the Rules of the International Commercial Arbitration Court provide as follows: V.     Recourse Against an Arbitral Award “... 9.1.     Recourse to a court against an arbitral award may be made only by an application for setting aside in accordance with paragraph   2 and   3 of the Article   9 of the present Rules. 9.2.     An arbitral award may be set aside according to the Article   6.2 of the Law of Ukraine On International Commercial Arbitration by the Shevchenkivsky District Court of Kyiv only if: 1)     the party making the application for setting aside furnishes proof that: a party to the arbitration agreement referred to in Article   1.2 of the Rules was under some incapacity; or the said agreement is not valid under the law to which the parties have subjected it or, failing any indication thereon, under the law of Ukraine; or a party was not given proper notice of the appointment of an arbitrator or of the arbitral proceedings or were otherwise unable to present their case; or the award was made regarding a dispute not contemplated by or not falling within the terms of the submission to arbitration, or where it contains decisions on matters beyond the scope of the submission to arbitration, provided that the decisions on the matters submitted to arbitration can be separated from those not so submitted, only that part of the award which contains decisions on matters not submitted to arbitration may be set aside; or the composition of the Arbitral Tribunal or the arbitral procedure was not in accordance with the agreement of the parties, unless such agreement was in conflict with a provision of the Law of Ukraine “On International Commercial Arbitration” [International Commercial Arbitration Act] from which the parties cannot derogate, or, failing such agreement, was not in accordance with this Law; or 2)     the court finds that: the subject-matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the Law of Ukraine; or the award is in conflict with the public policy of Ukraine. 9.3.     An application for setting aside may not be made after three months have elapsed from the date on which the party making that application had received the award or, if the request had been made under Articles 8.16-8.18 of the present Rules, from the date on which that request had been disposed of by the Arbitral Tribunal. ” VI.   Recognition and Enforcement of an Arbitral Award “10.1.     An award of the Arbitration Court shall be final. It shall be carried out by the parties voluntarily within the time-limit indicated by the Arbitration Court. If the award does not indicate any time-limit, it shall be carried out immediately. 10.2.     An arbitral award shall be recognised as binding and in a case of refusal from its voluntary execution shall be enforced depending on the respondent’s location. If the debtor is in Ukraine, the award of the International Commercial Arbitration Court at the UCCI shall be enforced upon the application in writing to the competent court at the place of the debtor’s location in accordance with the Law of Ukraine “On International Commercial Arbitration” and the Rules of Civil Procedure of Ukraine. If the debtor is abroad, the claimant’s application in writing shall be communicated to the competent court of the country where the debtor is located and in accordance with Article   III of the New-York Convention On the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards /1958/ or interstate agreement the state court of the contracting state shall recognise and enforce awards of the International Commercial Arbitration Court in accordance with the Rules of procedure of the territory where the award is relied upon. 10.3.     To obtain the recognition and enforcement of the award, the party applying for recognition and enforcement shall, at the time of the application, supply to the competent state court the duly authenticated original award or a duly certified copy thereof, and also the original arbitration agreement referred to in Article   1.2 of the Rules or a duly certified copy thereof. If the said application, award or agreement is not made in an official language of the country in which the award is relied upon, the party applying for recognition and enforcement of the award shall produce a translation of these documents into such language in two copies. The translation shall be certified by an official or sworn translator or by a diplomatic or consular agency.” COMPLAINTS The applicant complained under Articles 6 § 1 of the Convention and Article   1 of Protocol No. 1 about the non-enforcement of the arbitration award of 23 December 1998 of the International Commercial Arbitration Court at the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, which from its point of view resulted in violation of its right to a fair hearing and the right to respect for private property. In particular, it alleged that the judgment remained unenforced due to the omission of the State Bailiffs’ Service and the adoption of the Law of 29   November 2001, no. 2864-III “On the Introduction of a Moratorium on the Forced Sale of Property”. The applicant company also alleged that it suffered discrimination on account of the non-enforcement of the award. It referred to Article 14 of the Convention, claiming that the creation of another company by the State with the assets of the debtor company prevented the payment of debts due to the applicant. Furthermore, it complained about the moratorium that placed immunity on the debts of the companies owned by the State. THE LAW The applicant complained under Articles 6 § 1 of the Convention and Article   1 of Protocol No. 1 about the non-enforcement of the arbitration award of 23 December 1998. These provisions read as follows: Article 6 § 1 “In the determination of his civil rights and obligations ..., everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ... by [a] ... tribunal...” Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 “Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law. The preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair the right of a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure the payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.” The applicant also complains that it was discriminated against in relation to other creditors of the Oriana company. It referred to Article 14 of the Convention, which provided as follows: Article 14 “The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in [the] Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.” A.     Preliminary considerations 1.     The applicant company’s standing in the proceedings before the Court (a)     The parties’ submissions The Government maintained that the application was signed by a person who presented no confirmation that he was authorised to do so. The application also contained no information of the existence of the applicant company and therefore should be struck out of the list of cases as it had not been introduced by a victim of a violation of the Convention or duly authorised representative (see Fitzmartin and others v. United Kingdom (dec.), nos. 34953/97 and others, 21   January 2003). The applicant disagreed. (b)     The Court’s assessment Article 34 of the Convention reads: “The Court may receive applications from any person, non-governmental organisation or group of individuals claiming to be the victim of a violation by one of the High Contracting Parties of the rights set forth in the Convention or the Protocols thereto...” Rule 36 of the Rules of Court reads, in relevant part: “1.     Persons, non-governmental organisations or groups of individuals may initially present applications under Article 34 of the Convention themselves or through a representative. ... (a)     The representative acting on behalf of the applicant pursuant to paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Rule shall be an advocate authorised to practise in any of the Contracting Parties and resident in the territory of one of them, or any other person approved by the President of the Chamber.” Rule 45 § 3 of the Rules of Court reads: “Where applicants are represented in accordance with Rule 36, a power of attorney or written authority to act shall be supplied by their representative or representatives.” Article 37 of the Convention reads: “1.     The Court may at any stage of the proceedings decide to strike an application out of its list of cases where the circumstances lead to the conclusion that (a)     the applicant does not intend to pursue his application; or (b)     the matter has been resolved; or (c)     for any other reason established by the Court, it is no longer justified to continue the examination of the application. However, the Court shall continue the examination of the application if respect for human rights as defined in the Convention and the Protocols thereto so requires...” The Court notes that where applicants choose to be represented by a solicitor under Rule 36 of the Rules of Court, rather than to introduce their application themselves, it is a requirement, under Rule 45 § 3 of the Rules of Court, that a power of attorney or written authority to act shall be supplied by their representatives (see Fitzmartin and others v.   United Kingdom (dec.), nos. 34953/97 and others, 21   January 2003). However, in the present case, it was Mr Mr Yuri (Iouri) Portnik, acting on behalf of the applicant company who been in contact with the Court directly. The Court notes that in the present case the applicant company provided proof that it was registered in the Seychelles and its postal and actual address was in the United Kingdom. In particular, it submitted the following documents: -     the applicant company’s memorandum and articles of association of 22   March 1995; -     the decision on appointment of Mr Yuri (Iouri) Portnik for a position of the applicant’s director and its secretary of 24 May 1996; -     the minutes of the company’s meeting of 6   February   1998 concerning Mr   Portnik’s appointment as the applicant’s director, -     the certificate of the applicant company’s incorporation in the Seychelles of 22   March 1999 and apostilled on 28 July 1999 by the Seychelles High Commission; -     the certificate of incumbency of 6 January 2006 (certified by a notary and apostilled by the registrar of the Supreme Court of Seychelles) issued by the applicant company’s registered agent stating that the applicant was duly incorporated and registered in Seychelles as from 22 March 1995; that Mr Yuri (Iouri) Portnik was the applicant company’s director and secretary; and that the applicant company’s operational address was in the United Kingdom; -     the proof of registered agent services and the proof of its registered office and its permanent operational address. The Court considers these documents are sufficient to conclude that the applicant company exists and that Mr Yuri (Iouri) Portnik, in his capacity as the applicant company’s director, is authorised to represent it in the proceedings before the Court. In the absence of any proof to the contrary, the Government’s objection to the lack of standing should therefore be dismissed. 2.     The applicant company’s victim status (a)     The parties’ submissions The Government noted that Arbitration Tribunal delivered an arbitration award ordering Oriana company to pay COM certain amounts in damages. They further mentioned that the enforcement proceedings in respect of this award were initiated by the State Bailiffs’ Service in 1999. Thus, the award issued by the Arbitration Tribunal in favour of COM had no bearing for the applicant company. They also maintained that the applicant was not a party to the proceedings before the arbitration tribunal and therefore could not demand enforcement of the award. The Government stated that there was no proof provided by the applicant that the claims with regard to the Oriana company’s debts were transferred to the applicant company. Furthermore, neither the Bailiffs’ Service nor the domestic courts were aware of such an award and the applicant’s entitlement to this debt. They further submitted that the applicant was not recognised as a creditor by the domestic courts in the insolvency proceedings against the Oriana company. It could not therefore claim the sums allegedly belonging to it on the basis of the arbitration award of 23 December 1998. The Government concluded therefore that the applicant could not be regarded as a victim of a violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. The applicant company disagreed. It submitted that it was the legal successor to COM, which had been the party to the proceedings before the Arbitration Tribunal. This company had been transferred its right to recover the debt owed to COM from the Oriana company, under the contract concluded on 10 February   2003 the validity of which was confirmed by the domestic courts in their final and binding rulings of 10 September 2004 and 6   February 2006. (b)     The Court’s assessment The Court notes that the word “victim” denotes the person directly affected by the act or omission which is in issue (see Marckx v. Belgium , judgment of 13   June 1979, Series A no. 31, §   27, and Dudgeon v. the United Kingdom , judgment of 22 October 1981, Series A no. 45, §   41). The Court reiterates that Article 34 of the Convention requires that an applicant must claim to have been actually affected by the alleged violation. The Court observes that in the instant case the applicant acquired the right to the debt in question by a contract concluded with COM on 10   February 2003. The applicant’s right to claim the sums due under the Arbitration Tribunal’s award of 23 December 1998 was acknowledged by the ruling of the Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Court of Appeal on 10   September 2004 and later by the ruling of the Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Commercial Court on 6 February 2006. These rulings were not appealed against and became final. The Court, taking into account the findings of the domestic courts as to the facts of the case, considers that the applicant can claim to be a victim in relation to the alleged violations of Article 6 § 1 and Article 1 of Protocol   No. 1 to the Convention. 3.     Exhaustion of domestic remedies The Government claimed that the applicant failed to exhaust all domestic remedies available to it under Ukrainian law, as it did not complain about the actions or omission of the Bailiff’s Service to the domestic courts. The applicant disagreed. In particular, it noted that the remedies referred to by the Government were neither effective nor accessible. Furthermore, the applicant company maintained that it had performed all necessary actions to recover the debt. In particular, the applicant had successfully applied to the Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Court of Appeal and the Ivano-Frankivsk Commercial Court, which acknowledged its right to claim enforcement of the arbitration award of 23   December 1998 as well as decided to include it in the list of the Oriana company’s creditors. The Court observes that the Oriana company is a State-owned and managed company. It notes that it had already dismissed the Government’s contentions in similar cases (see, for instance, Garkusha v.   Ukraine , no.   4629/03, §§   18-19, 13 December 2005) and finds no reason to reach a different conclusion in the instant case. It therefore finds that the application cannot be rejected for the exhaustion of domestic remedies. B.     The applicant’s complaints under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention 1.     Applicability of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention The Government recalled that the Arbitration Tribunal was a court of arbitration founded on the basis of the parties’ agreement to arbitrate contained in the arbitration clause concluded between them. The Government further stated that Article 6 § 1 of the Convention was not applicable to arbitration proceedings. They stated that the parties to the instant arbitration renounced full application of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention which consequently was not applicable to the enforcement of the final arbitration award of 23   December 1998 given by that tribunal. The Government also maintained that there was no relationship between the arbitration proceedings in the case and the ensuing enforcement proceedings, since the applicant allegedly acquired the debt pursuant to the contract of 10 February 2003 and not in accordance with the arbitration award. They concluded that Article 6 § 1 of the Convention was not applicable and the application was incompatible ratione materiae . The applicant disagreed. It stated that Article 6 § 1 of the Convention was applicable to the proceedings at issue. The Court considers that the parties’ submissions on the issue of the applicability of Article 6 are closely linked to the merits of the applicant’s complaints and should therefore be joined to the merits. 2.     The substance of the applicant’s complaints under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (a)     Article 6 § 1 of the Convention The Government submitted that there was no breach of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention in respect of the applicant. In particular, the Government mentioned that the arbitration award at issue was final only in respect of the parties to the dispute and was binding for execution only in relation to the real creditor of the Oriana company, but not the applicant who had acquired the arbitration award debt indirectly. The applicant submitted that Article 6 § 1 of the Convention had been breached by the State authorities in that the arbitration award of 23   December 1998 was not enforced within a reasonable time and in full. (b)     Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention The Government stated that there was no breach of Article 1 of Protocol   No. 1. In particular, the State was not accountable for the debts of the Oriana company which was a separate legal entity. They also submitted that the contract of cession of 10   February 2003 was not a valid ground to demand the enforcement of the arbitration award given in favour of another entity. The applicant disagreed. In particular, it stated that the State failed to comply with its obligations under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 in that it has not ensured that award was timely enforced and did not undertake necessary and adequate measures to ensure that the applicant company effectively enjoys its property rights. (c)     Court’s assessment The Court considers, in the light of the parties’ submissions, that the complaints under Article   6   §   1 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol   No. 1 raise issues of fact and law, the determination of which requires an examination on the merits. The Court concludes therefore that it is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. No other ground for declaring it inadmissible has been established. 3.     Complaints under Article 14 of the Convention The applicant also complained that the Law of 29   November   2001 “On the Introduction of a Moratorium on the Forced Sale of Assets” placed an immunity on the debts of the companies owned by the State. Furthermore, the creation of another company by the State with the assets of the debtor company prevented the payment of debts due to the applicant in accordance with the arbitration award of 23 December 1998. From the applicant’s point of view this resulted in discrimination in comparison with the Oriana company’s other creditors, contrary to Article 14 of the Convention. The Government did not comment. The Court considers that the fact that the domestic authorities, including the Bailliffs’ Service, failed to enforce the award given in the applicant’s favour does not, as such, raise an issue under Article 14 of the Convention (see Berezovskiy v. Ukraine (dec.), no. 70908/01, 15   June 2004). Furthermore, the Article 14 prohibits difference in treatment in the enjoyment of the substantive rights under the Convention. However, the Court finds, after careful examination of the applicant’s submission, that there is no indication that the applicant has been subject to any difference in treatment in the present case in comparison with other creditors. It also considers that these complaints are not supported by the facts of the case (see Des Fours Walderode v. Czech Republic (dec.), no. 40057/98, 4   March   2003). This part of the application should therefore be rejected as being manifestly ill-founded, pursuant to Article 35 §§ 3 and 4 of the Convention (see Naumenko v. Ukraine (dec.), no. 41984/98, 14 October 2003; Kositsina v.   Ukraine (dec.), no. 35157/02, 22   May 2006). For these reasons, the Court unanimously Declares admissible, without prejudging the merits, the applicant’s complaints concerning Article 6 § 1 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1; Declares inadmissible the remainder of the application.   Claudia Westerdiek   Peer Lorenzen   Registrar   President [1] .     A State court dealing with economic / commercial law matters. After “small judicial reform” of June 2001 “arbitration courts” were renamed to “commercial courts”.