CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 15 novembre 2007

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margin-left:17.3pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify } .s60723A49 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:39.7pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify } .s81CCF55C { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .s7CB9076 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s8B3C4997 { width:38.94pt; display:inline-block } .sF067D9EC { width:161.63pt; display:inline-block } .sF2E32F9B { width:36.61pt; display:inline-block } .s5F32E900 { width:208.31pt; display:inline-block }     FIFTH SECTION     CASE OF KUKAYEV v. RUSSIA     (Application no. 29361/02)       JUDGMENT     STRASBOURG     15 November 2007       FINAL     02/06/2008       This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article   44 §   2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.   In the case of Kukayev v. Russia, The European Court of Human Rights (Fifth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Mr   P. Lorenzen, President,   Mrs   S. Botoucharova,   Mr   K. Jungwiert,   Mr   V. Butkevych,   Mrs   M. Tsatsa-Nikolovska,   Mr   R. Maruste,   Mr   A. Kovler, judges,   and Mrs C. Westerdiek , Section Registrar , Having deliberated in private on 16 October 2007, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the last ‑ mentioned date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 29361/02) against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Russian national, Mr Khamzat Khasanovich Kukayev (“the applicant”), on 23 April 2002. 2.     The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by lawyers of the Memorial Human Rights Centre (Moscow) and the European Human Rights Advocacy Centre (London). The Russian Government (“the Government”) were represented by Mr P. Laptev, former Representative of the Russian Federation at the European Court of Human Rights. 3.     The applicant alleged that his son had disappeared and subsequently died after being unlawfully apprehended. He complained of the absence of an adequate investigation into the matter, and also of the mental suffering he had endured on account of these events and the lack of effective remedies in respect of those violations. He relied on Articles 2, 3 and 13 of the Convention. 4.     On 29 August 2004 the President of the First Section decided to grant priority to the application under Rule 41 of the Rules of Court. 5.     By a decision of 23 October 2006 the Court declared the application admissible. 6.     The applicant and the Government each filed further written observations (Rule 59 § 1). THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 7.     The applicant was born in 1945 and lives in Grozny. 8.     The facts of the case as submitted by the parties are summarised in section A below (paragraphs 9-61). A description of the documents submitted by the Government is contained in section B below (paragraphs   62-66). A.     The facts 9.     The applicant is the father of Aslanbek Kukayev, born in 1976, who at the material time was an officer of the special police unit of the Chechen Department of the Interior ( отряд милиции особого назначения при Управлении внутренних дел РФ по Чеченской Республике – “the Chechen OMON”) and lived in Grozny, together with his parents. 10.     In early October 1999 the Russian Government launched a counter-terrorist operation in the Chechen Republic. 1.     Events of 26 November 2000 11.     The facts surrounding Aslanbek Kukayev's abduction are disputed by the parties. (a)     The applicant's account of events 12.     The applicant did not witness his son's detention, and the following account is based on eyewitness statements submitted by him, including those of two police officers, Mr G. and Mr Dzh., and a civilian, Mr   A. 13.     On the morning of 26 November 2000 the applicant's son, along with another police officer, D., left home to report for duty at the headquarters of the Chechen OMON in the town of Gudermes. They were both wearing camouflage uniforms and had their OMON officers' identification cards. 14.     At around 12 noon the applicant's son and D. were passing through Grozny central market in D.'s white VAZ 2106 Zhiguli car. At the same time federal servicemen were carrying out a special (“sweeping-up”) operation in the vicinity of the marketplace. According to Mr G.'s statement, the military personnel belonged to a “mobile detachment” ( мобильный отряд ) stationed in the central part of Grozny. 15.     The servicemen blocked D.'s vehicle and then took Aslanbek Kukayev and D. away in the direction of the headquarters of the federal military detachment Don-100. Some time later the soldiers seized the Zhiguli car, which subsequently disappeared. The applicant submitted that the car had later been seen on several occasions at the Khankala federal military base. 16.     At around 1 p.m. the applicant's son, D. and several other police officers of Chechen origin detained during the operation, including Mr   Dzh., were put into a GAZ 66 truck with an emblem representing a rampant horse on its doors, which then drove off. According to Mr Dzh., the servicemen who apprehended them were hostile and offensive. 17.     The truck having reached Ordzhonikidze Avenue in the centre of Grozny, the officer in charge ordered that Aslanbek Kukayev and D. be taken out of the truck. Mr Dzh. saw the applicant's son and D. being escorted by six federal servicemen towards the former Grozny Educational College building. The vehicle then drove on. 18.     Several policemen of Chechen origin were detained during the “sweeping-up” operation at Grozny central market on 26 November 2000. Some of them were released later that day, including Mr Dzh. Aslanbek Kukayev and D. disappeared after being apprehended. 19.     According to the applicant, on 27 November 2000 the central Russian television broadcaster announced that a number of members of illegal armed groups had been apprehended during a “sweeping-up” operation in the vicinity of Grozny central market. The applicant also enclosed information which he had obtained from the Internet site of Human Rights Watch to the effect that on 26 November 2000 the federal troops had carried out a “sweeping-up” operation at Grozny central market and that they had detained several people, some of them having subsequently disappeared. (b)     The Government's account of events 20.     The Government relied on a reply from the Prosecutor General's Office ( Генеральная прокуратура РФ ) to the effect that, on 26   November   2000, during daylight hours, “unidentified men wearing camouflage uniforms and armed with firearms” had abducted the applicant's son and several other persons near Grozny central market. The bodies of those abducted were subsequently found at various times in Grozny. 21.     They also submitted, with reference to information provided by the Chechen Department of the Federal Security Service ( Управление Федеральной службы безопасности по Чеченской Республике ), that the federal forces had not conducted any special operations in the vicinity of Grozny central market on 26 or 27 November 2000. 2.     The applicant's search for his son and the official investigation 22.     According to the applicant, he learnt about his son's detention from his neighbour the next day. Immediately thereafter, he went to Gudermes, to the headquarters of the Chechen OMON, and enquired about his son. He was told that neither his son nor D. had reported for duty. 23.     The applicant and his younger son also went to Grozny central market and enquired of those who had been there on 26 November 2000 about Aslanbek Kukayev. In particular, they questioned servicemen from the mobile detachment, showing Aslanbek Kukayev's photograph; however, the servicemen refused to talk to them. 24.     The applicant further applied repeatedly to a number of State bodies, including prosecutors at various levels, the Grozny military commander's office ( комендатура г. Грозного ), the regional and federal departments of the Russian Ministry of the Interior, the Federal Security Service ( Федеральная служба безопасности РФ – “the FSB”), the Special Envoy of the Russian President in Chechnya for Rights and Freedoms ( Специальный представитель Президента Российской Федерации по соблюдению прав и свобод человека в Чеченской Республике ) and the Russian President's Office ( Администрация Президента РФ ). In his letters to the authorities the applicant referred to the circumstances of his son's detention and asked for assistance and details of the investigation. In most cases he received formal responses informing him that his requests had been forwarded to various prosecutors. 25.     On 13 December 2000 the Grozny prosecutor's office ( прокуратура г. Грозного ) commenced a criminal investigation into the disappearance of the applicant's son and D. under Article 126   §   2 of the Russian Criminal Code (kidnapping of two or more persons by a group using firearms). The file was given the number 12332. 26.     On 29 January 2001 the Grozny prosecutor's office joined the aforementioned criminal case with several other cases opened in connection with abductions near Grozny central market on 26 November 2000 and the subsequent disappearance of a number of persons, on the ground that all those offences had been committed by the same persons. The case file was assigned the number 12331. 27.     On 30 January 2001 the Chechen Department of the FSB forwarded the applicant's letter to the military prosecutor of military unit no. 20102 ( военная прокуратура – войсковая часть 20102 ). 28.     On 13 February 2001 the Grozny prosecutor's office suspended the investigation in criminal case no. 12331 on account of the failure to identify those responsible. 29.     On the same date the head of the special police unit at the Chechen Department of the Interior issued the applicant with a certificate confirming that Aslanbek Kukayev had been an officer of that unit since 24   August   2000 and that he had disappeared on 26 November 2000 in the vicinity of Grozny central market. 30.     By a letter of 22 February 2001 the military prosecutor of military unit 20102 returned the applications by the mothers of Aslanbek Kukayev and D. to the Grozny prosecutor's office. The letter stated that the applications in question had been forwarded to the military prosecutor of military unit no. 20102 by mistake, since no involvement of military personnel in the alleged offence had been established. 31.     On 18 April 2001 the Grozny prosecutor's office resumed the investigation in criminal case no. 12331. 3.     Discovery of the body of the applicant's son 32.     It appears that at some point in 2001 a new mobile detachment replaced the one stationed in the central part of Grozny. 33.     On 22 April 2001, during the inspection of the area for which they were responsible, the servicemen of the mobile detachment found two corpses bearing signs of having met a violent death in the basement of Grozny Educational College in Ordzhonikidze Avenue. The servicemen notified a district office of the Department of the Interior and the Grozny prosecutor's office. It appears that a forensic examination of the corpses was conducted later that day. 34.     On 23 April 2001 the bodies were identified by relatives as those of Aslanbek Kukayev and D. On the same day the applicant buried his son. 35.     According to the applicant, his son's body was found 50 metres away from the place where he had last been seen alive on 26   November   2000. The applicant further submitted that both on 26   November 2000 and during the period thereafter the area in question had been under the firm control of the federal mobile detachment. He also claimed that the area had been tightly secured by the federal forces, fenced with barbed wire and watchtowers, and inaccessible to civilians, and that even the police and officials of the prosecutor's office had been required to obtain special leave to have access to the area on 22 April 2001. The applicant submitted a hand-drawn map of the area. In the Government's submission, “it was not established during the investigation that the area where the dead bodies of the applicant's son and D. had been found had been secured and that there had been no free access there”. 36.     On 3 May 2001 the Forensic Examinations Bureau of the Chechen Republic ( Республиканское бюро судмедэкспертизы ) issued a medical death certificate ( врачебное свидетельство о смерти ) in respect of Aslanbek Khamzatovich Kukayev, born in 1976. The document stated that the applicant's son had died on 26 November 2000 as a result of gunshot wounds. 37.     On 1 June 2001 the civil registry office of the Leninskiy District of Grozny certified the death of the applicant's son. The date and the place of death were recorded as 26 November 2000, Grozny. 38.     On 7 August 2001 a military expert medical commission of the Chechen Department of the Interior ( военно-врачебная комиссия УВД МВД РФ по Чеченской Республике ) issued a certificate stating that Aslanbek Kukayev, an officer of the special police unit of the Chechen Department of the Interior, had died on 26 November 2000 as a result of a “gunshot wound to the head and fracture of the cranial bones”. 39.     On 10 August 2001 the commander of the Chechen OMON drew up a report on the result of the internal investigation into the death of their officer, Aslanbek Kukayev. The report stated that on 26 November 2000 Aslanbek Kukayev and D. had left for the Zavodskoy District of Grozny to perform an operational task and had gone missing during a special “sweeping-up” operation in the vicinity of Grozny central market. On 22   April 2001 their bodies, bearing signs of a violent death, had been found in the basement of one of the destroyed buildings in Ordzhonikidze Avenue. 40.     According to the Government, at some point the applicant and his wife had received compensation in connection with the death of their son, a police officer on duty. Under domestic law such compensation was payable for the loss of a breadwinner and comprised for each of them insurance payments of 19,786.25 Russian roubles (RUB – approximately 580 euros (EUR)), a lump-sum payment of RUB 44,365.80 (approximately EUR   1,300) and a pension in the amount of RUB 1,078.22 (approximately EUR 30). 4.     Further investigation 41.     In a letter of 21 May 2001 the Grozny prosecutor's office informed the applicant, in reply to a query from him, that on 12 May 2001 the file in criminal case no. 12331 concerning Aslanbek Kukayev's disappearance and the subsequent discovery of his body had been sent to the military prosecutor of military unit no. 20102 for further investigation. 42.     On 1 July 2001 the Grozny prosecutor's office informed the applicant that the criminal proceedings in case no. 12331 had been suspended on 28 May 2001 on the ground of failure to identify those responsible. 43.     On 7 August 2001 the Russian President's Office forwarded the applicant's complaint to the Prosecutor General's Office. 44.     In a letter of 21 August 2001 the Southern Federal Circuit Department of the Prosecutor General's Office ( Управление Генеральной Прокуратуры РФ в Южном федеральном округе ) informed the applicant that his complaints concerning the ineffective investigation into the abduction of his son had been forwarded to the prosecutor's office of the Chechen Republic ( прокуратура Чеченской Республики ). 45.     On 24 August 2001 the Russian Presidential Commission on Rights and Freedoms ( Комиссия по правам человека при Президенте РФ ) forwarded the applicant's complaint concerning the ineffective investigation into the killing of his son to the Prosecutor General's Office for examination. The latter, in its turn, forwarded the complaint to the prosecutor's office of the Chechen Republic on 3 September 2001. 46.     By a letter of 10 September 2001 the prosecutor's office of the Chechen Republic requested the Grozny prosecutor's office to send it the file in criminal case no. 12331 so as to enable it to investigate the applicant's complaints relating to the ineffective investigation into his son's death. 47.     On 10 October 2001 the Russian Ministry of the Interior informed the applicant that his complaint had been sent to the prosecutor's office of the Chechen Republic for examination. 48.     On the same date the prosecutor's office of the Chechen Republic forwarded case file no. 12331, comprising 222 pages, to the Grozny prosecutor's office for further investigation. The latter reopened the proceedings instituted in the above-mentioned criminal case on 15   October   2001 and then adjourned them a month later on the ground that it was impossible to identify the perpetrators. At some point the case file was referred to the prosecutor's office of the Zavodskoy District of Grozny ( прокуратура Заводского района г. Грозного – “the Zavodskoy District prosecutor's office”). 49.     On 15 November 2001 the prosecutor's office of the Chechen Republic referred the applicant's complaint to the Grozny prosecutor's office. 50.     On 25 March 2002 the Grozny prosecutor's office informed the applicant that the criminal proceedings instituted in connection with the abduction and killing of his son had been suspended, as it was impossible to identify the alleged perpetrators, and that all possible steps to that effect had been taken. 51.     It does not appear that any investigative activity took place between November 2001 and December 2005; the applicant's attempts to have the criminal proceedings resumed proved unsuccessful. 52.     On 4 November 2005 the present application was communicated to the Russian Government. 53.     On 16 December 2005 the Zavodskoy District Prosecutor's Office resumed the proceedings in criminal case no. 12331. 54.     By a decision of 22 December 2005 the investigator in charge, referring to the fact that, during the examination of the materials in case no.   12331 concerning the abduction of the applicant's son and other persons, he had discovered that the bodies of the applicant's son and D., bearing signs of having met a violent death, had been found on 22   April   2001, ordered the institution of criminal proceedings in relation to the matter under Article 105 § 2 (a), (c) and (g) of the Russian Criminal Code (murder of two or more persons committed by a group and involving the act of kidnapping). 55.     On 16 January 2006 the investigation in case no. 12331 was suspended, on the ground that it was impossible to identify those responsible. 56.     On 1 March 2006 that decision was set aside and the criminal proceedings were reopened. The investigation was then stayed on 1 April and 21 August 2006 and resumed on 21 July 2006 and 16 January 2007 respectively. 57.     According to the applicant, in March 2006 he was summoned to the Zavodskoy District Prosecutor's Office and informed that the investigation had been resumed. The applicant was not given access to the case file, let alone allowed to make copies of any documents. 58.     Referring to the information provided by the Prosecutor General's Office, the Government submitted that, on 13 December 2000, the authorities had commenced an investigation into the abduction of the applicant's son and D. and subsequently, following the discovery of their bodies, into their murder and the theft of D.'s car. The investigation had been suspended and resumed on several occasions, but to date had failed to identify the alleged perpetrators. The investigation had been reopened most recently on 16 January 2007 and was being supervised by the Prosecutor General's Office. According to the Government, the applicant was duly informed about all decisions taken during the investigation. 59.     The Government further submitted that the applicant had been questioned on 27 January and 30 April 2001 and on 20 December 2005 and that his wife, Aslanbek Kukayev's mother, had been questioned on 21   December 2005. According to the Government, the applicant had never made any statements concerning the fact that D.'s vehicle, which had disappeared on 26   November 2000, had later been seen at the Khankala federal military base. The applicant and his wife had been granted the status of victims on 20   and 21 December 2005 respectively and on 21   December   2005 had been recognised as civil parties seeking damages in the criminal proceedings. Relatives of other persons kidnapped on 26   November 2000 had also been questioned. 60.     The investigating authorities had also questioned four persons, including Mr Dzh., all of whom, in the Government's words, “were apprehended by the federal forces on 26 November 2000 during a special operation and were later released”, as well as four police officers, including Mr G., and the servicemen who had found the bodies of the applicant's son and D. The Government did not specify on what date witness statements had been obtained and submitted that all the witnesses concerned had testified that they had no information regarding the perpetrators of the offences in question. 61.     They stated next that on 23 April 2001 the corpses of Aslanbek Kukayev and D., found on 22 April 2001, had been examined by forensic medical experts, who had drawn up a report on 17 May 2001 stating that the death of the aforementioned two persons could have been caused by injuries sustained as a result of firearms shots. The Government stated that the investigating authorities had sent a number of queries to various State bodies on 19 December 2000, 3 January, 18 April, 8 May and 28 May 2001, and 18 December 2005. In their submission, on 3 March 2006 the investigators had sent a request to the Novosibirsk prosecutor's office to question the officers of the Novosibirsk special police unit who had served in Chechnya between 20 and 28 November 2001 (rather than 2000). It is unclear whether any reply was received to this query. On 20 March and 11   August 2006 the investigators had requested the town and district offices of the interior of the Chechen Republic to carry out a search so as to establish those responsible. None of the necessary information on the subject had been received, according to the Government, apart from the reply from the Chechen Department of the Federal Security Service to the effect that it had no information about the alleged perpetrators. According to the Government, the authorities had also undertaken other investigative measures; however, they did not specify what those measures had been. B.     Documents submitted by the Government 1.     The Court's requests for the investigation file 62.     In November 2005, when the application was communicated to them, the Government were invited to produce a copy of the investigation file in criminal case no.   12331 opened into the abduction and murder of Aslanbek Kukayev. Relying on the information obtained from the Prosecutor General's Office, the Government replied that the investigation was in progress and that disclosure of the documents would be in violation of Article 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, since the file contained information of a military nature and personal data concerning the witnesses. They, however, agreed to produce several documents, “disclosure of which did not contravene the requirements of Article 161”. In February 2006 the Court reiterated its request and suggested that Rule 33 § 3 of the Rules of Court be applied. In reply, the Government submitted a few additional documents but refused to produce the entire investigation file for the aforementioned reasons. 63.     On 23 October 2006 the application was declared admissible. At that stage the Court once again invited the Government to submit the investigation file and to provide information concerning the progress of the investigation. In February 2007 the Government informed the Court of the latest dates on which the investigation had been suspended and reopened and produced several documents pertaining to the period after April 2006. Overall, the Government produced 67 documents running to 74 pages from the case file, which, as could be ascertained from the page numbering, comprised at least 235 pages. The documents included: (a)     copies of the reports by the two servicemen who had found the bodies of the applicant's son and D. on 22 April 2001; (b)     numerous procedural decisions suspending and reopening the investigation in case no. 12331; (c)     a number of investigators' decisions taking up case no. 12331; (d)     decisions granting the status of victims in case no. 12331 to relatives of some of the persons missing since 26 November 2000, but not to the applicant; (e)     letters dated 17 December 2005 notifying the applicant and D.'s mother of the transfer of the case to the Zavodskoy District Prosecutor's Office; (f)     numerous letters informing the applicant and relatives of other victims of the suspension and reopening of the criminal proceedings in case no. 12331. 64.     The Government did not furnish the Court with any other documents from the case file. 2.     Letters from the Russian courts 65.     The Government enclosed a number of letters from various higher courts in Russia, stating that the applicant had never lodged any complaints about the allegedly unlawful detention of his son or challenged in court any actions or omissions of the investigating or other law-enforcement authorities. 3.     Domestic courts' decisions 66.     The Government also produced copies of domestic court decisions taken in unrelated sets of civil or criminal proceedings. These included three first ‑ instance judgments by which federal servicemen, privates or junior officers had been convicted of criminal offences committed in the Republic of Ingushetia or the Chechen Republic; a first-instance judgment and appeal decision awarding compensation for damage to property inflicted by servicemen in Ingushetia; a first-instance judgment and appeal decision awarding damages to the first applicant in Khashiyev and Akayeva v. Russia (nos. 57942/00 and 57945/00, judgment of 24 February 2005) in connection with the death of his relatives in Chechnya; and a first-instance judgment and appeal decision awarding compensation for omissions on the part of the investigating authorities during the investigation into a person's abduction in the Republic of Karachayevo-Cherkessia, the person in question having subsequently been released. II.   RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW 67.     Until 1 July 2002 criminal-law matters were governed by the 1960 Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR. On 1 July 2002 the old Code was replaced by the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. 68.     Article 125 of the new Code provides that the decision of an investigator or prosecutor to dispense with criminal proceedings or to terminate criminal proceedings, and other decisions and acts or omissions which are liable to infringe the constitutional rights and freedoms of the parties to criminal proceedings or to impede citizens' access to justice may be appealed against to a district court, which is empowered to check the lawfulness and grounds of the impugned decisions. 69.     Article 161 of the new Code enshrines the rule that data from the preliminary investigation may not be disclosed. Paragraph 3 of the same Article provides that information from the investigation file may be divulged with the permission of a prosecutor or investigator but only in so far as it does not infringe the rights and lawful interests of the participants in the criminal proceedings and does not prejudice the investigation. It is prohibited to divulge information about the private life of the participants in criminal proceedings without their permission. THE LAW I.     THE GOVERNMENT'S PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS A.     The applicant's victim status 70.     The Government did not make any express objections regarding the applicant's status as a victim in the present case, but argued that his claims for compensation in respect of his son's death were groundless, given that he had already been paid a certain amount at domestic level. 71.     The applicant contended that the Government's reference to the fact that he and his wife had been paid a certain amount in connection with their son's death was irrelevant in the circumstances of the present case, given that such payments were usually made to members of the family of any police officer who died on duty, without the question of State responsibility for the death being considered. 72.     In so far as the Government's argument could be interpreted as an objection concerning the applicant's victim status, the Court considers that the payment in question cannot deprive the applicant of his victim status within the meaning of Article 34 of the Convention, as, firstly, the Russian authorities made no acknowledgment of the alleged violations and, secondly, in any event, the compensation in question was paid to the applicant on the basis that his son had been a police officer and had died on duty and not on the basis of any alleged violations of Convention rights. The Government's objection should therefore be dismissed. B.     The applicant's alleged failure to exhaust domestic remedies 1.     Submissions by the parties 73.     The Government contended that the application should be declared inadmissible for non-exhaustion of domestic remedies. They submitted that the investigation into the abduction and death of the applicant's son had not yet been completed. They also argued that it had been open to the applicant to file court complaints about the allegedly unlawful detention of his son or, in accordance with Article 125 of the Russian Code of Criminal Procedure, to challenge in court any actions or omissions of the investigating or other law-enforcement authorities during the investigation; however, he had not availed himself of any such remedy. In this connection, the Government referred to the letters from the Russian courts (see paragraph 65 above). 74.     The applicant disputed that objection. He claimed that the fact that the investigation into the circumstances of the disappearance and death of his son was still pending cast doubt upon its effectiveness and that, in any event, he had not been informed of the conduct of the investigation, and therefore had been unable to appeal in time against decisions taken in the context of the investigation. The applicant also contended that the Government had not demonstrated that the remedies to which they had referred were effective and, in particular, were capable of leading to the identification and punishment of those responsible, as required by the Court's settled case-law in relation to complaints under Article 2 of the Convention. 2.     The Court's assessment 75.     The Court notes that, in its decision of 23 October 2006, it considered that the question of exhaustion of domestic remedies was closely linked to the substance of the present application and that it should be joined to the merits. It will now proceed to assess the parties' arguments in the light of the Convention provisions and its relevant practice. 76.     The Court reiterates that the rule of exhaustion of domestic remedies under Article 35 § 1 of the Convention obliges applicants to use first the remedies which are available and sufficient in the domestic legal system to enable them to obtain redress for the breaches alleged. The existence of the remedies must be sufficiently certain both in theory and in practice, failing which they will lack the requisite accessibility and effectiveness. Article   35   § 1 also requires that complaints intended to be brought subsequently before the Court should have been made to the appropriate domestic body, at least in substance and in compliance with the formal requirements and time-limits laid down in domestic law and, further, that any procedural means that might prevent a breach of the Convention should have been used. However, there is no obligation to have recourse to remedies which are inadequate or ineffective (see Aksoy v. Turkey , judgment of 18 December 1996, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996 ‑ VI, pp. 2275-76, §§ 51-52; Akdivar and Others   v. Turkey , judgment of 16 September 1996, Reports 1996 ‑ IV, p.   1210, §   65-67; and, most recently, Cennet Ayhan and Mehmet Salih Ayhan v. Turkey , no. 41964/98, § 64, 27   June 2006). 77.     It is incumbent on the respondent Government claiming non-exhaustion to indicate to the Court with sufficient clarity the remedies to which the applicants have not had recourse and to satisfy the Court that the remedies were effective and available in theory and in practice at the relevant time, that is to say that they were accessible, were capable of providing redress in respect of the applicants' complaints and offered reasonable prospects of success (see Akdivar and Others , cited above, p.   1211, § 68, or Cennet Ayhan and Mehmet Salih Ayhan , cited above, §   65). 78.       In the present case, in so far as the Government argued that the applicant had not lodged a court complaint about his son's detention, the Court observes that in the period between 26 November 2000 and 22   April   2001, when Aslanbek Kukayev remained missing, the applicant actively attempted to establish his whereabouts and applied to various official bodies (see paragraphs 22-24), whereas the authorities had never acknowledged that they had detained the applicant's son. In such circumstances, and in particular in the absence of any proof to confirm the very fact of the detention, even assuming that the remedy referred to by the Government was accessible to the applicant, it is more than questionable whether a court complaint about the unacknowledged detention of the applicant's son by the authorities would have had any prospects of success. Moreover, the Government have not demonstrated that the remedy indicated by them would have been capable of providing redress in the applicant's situation – in other words, that the applicant's recourse to this remedy would have led to the release of Aslanbek Kukayev, particularly given the fact that the formal date of his death was subsequently recorded as 26   November 2000, and to the identification and punishment of those responsible. 79.     As regards the period after 22 April 2001, the date on which the corpse of the applicant's son was found, a court complaint about his detention would clearly have been an inadequate remedy. 80.     In the light of the foregoing, the Court considers that it has not been established with sufficient certainty that the remedy advanced by the Government would have been effective within the meaning of the Convention. The Court finds that the applicant was not obliged to pursue that remedy, and that this limb of the Government's preliminary objection should therefore be dismissed. 81.     To the extent the Government argued that the investigation was still pending and that the applicant had not complained to a court about the actions or omissions of the investigating or other law-enforcement authorities during the investigation, in accordance with Article 125 of the Russian Code of Criminal Procedure, the Court firstly observes that the Government did not indicate which particular actions or omissions of the investigators the applicant should have challenged before a court. It further notes that the legal instrument referred to by the Government became operative on 1 July 2002 and that the applicant was clearly unable to have recourse to the remedy invoked by the Government prior to that date. As regards the period thereafter, the Court considers that this limb of the Government's preliminary objection raises issues which are closely linked to the question of the effectiveness of the investigation, and it would therefore be appropriate to address the matter in the examination of the substance of the applicant's complaints under Article 2 of the Convention. II.   ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 2 OF THE CONVENTION 82.     The applicant complained that his son had disappeared after having been apprehended by representatives of the federal forces and had later been found dead, and that the domestic authorities had failed to carry out an effective investigation into the matter. He relied on Article 2 of the Convention, which provides: “1.     Everyone's right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law. 2.     Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in contravention of this article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary: (a)     in defence of any person from unlawful violence; (b)     in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained; (c)     in action lawfully taken for the purpose of quelling a riot or insurrection.” A.     Alleged failure to protect the right to life 1.     Submissions by the parties 83.     The applicant argued that it was beyond reasonable doubt that his son had been detained and killed by representatives of the federal forces. In particular, he pointed out that the fact that his son had been abducted and then found dead, and also the fact that the abduction had taken place at Grozny central market on 26 November 2000, had never been disputed by the Government. Moreover, it had been formally certified that the applicant's son had been killed on the day on which he had been detained, 26 November 2000. The applicant insisted that, contrary to the Government's allegations, on the date in question the federal forces had carried out a “sweeping-up” operation at Grozny central market – this fact having been confirmed by the written statements from three eyewitnesses (see paragraph 12 above) and by the information from Human Rights Watch (see paragraph 19 above) – and had apprehended his son. 84.     The Government acknowledged that the applicant's son had been abducted near Grozny central market on 26 November 2000 and had later been found dead, but insisted that there were no grounds for holding the State liable for the alleged violation of his right to life. In that connection they relied on the reply of the Prosecutor General's Office to the effect that the investigation had obtained no evidence that Aslanbek Kukayev had been abducted by representatives of the federal forces; they also relied on information provided by the Chechen Department of the FSB stating that there had been no special operation in the vicinity of Grozny central market on 26 or 27   November 2000. On the other hand, the Government relied on witness statements by four persons, including Mr Dzh., all of whom, in the Government's words, “were apprehended by the federal forces on 26   November 2000 during a special operation and were later released”. Later the Government explained that they had only mentioned the special operation in so far as it had been referred to by those witnesses during questioning. The Government also asserted that members of illegal armed formations within the territory of the Chechen Republic had on numerous occasions used forged police officers' identity cards to enter the dwellings of local residents, seize them and kill them, and that officers of the law-enforcement bodies had often become the target of rebel fighters. 2.     The Court's assessment 85.     The Court reiterates that, in the light of the importance of the protection afforded by Article   2, it must subject deprivations of life to the most careful scrutiny, taking into consideration not only the actions of State agents but also all the surrounding circumstances. Detained persons are in a vulnerable position and the authorities are under a duty to protect them. Consequently, where an individual is taken into police custody in good health and is found to be injured on release, it is incumbent on the State to provide a plausible explanation of how those injuries were caused. The obligation on the authorities to account for the treatment of a detained individual is particularly stringent where that individual dies or disappears thereafter (see, among other authorities, Orhan v. Turkey , no. 25656/94, §   326, 18 June 2002, and the authorities cited therein). 86.     Where the events in issue lie wholly, or in large part, within the exclusive knowledge of the authorities, as in the case of persons within their control in detention, strong presumptions of fact will arise in respect of injuries and death occurring during that detention. Indeed, the burden of proof may be regarded as resting on the authorities to provide a satisfactory and convincing explanation (see Salman v. Turkey [GC], no. 21986/93, §   100, ECHR 2000-VII, and Çakıcı v. Turkey [GC], no. 23657/94, § 85, ECHR 1999 ‑ IV). 87.     In the present case, the Court observes that the Government denied both that the State bore responsibility for the killing of the applicant's son and that the federal armed forces had conducted any special (“sweeping-up”) operations near Grozny central market on 26 November 2000. On the other hand, they acknowledged the specific facts underlying the applicant's version of Aslanbek Kukayev's disappearance and death. In particular, it is common ground between the parties that the applicant's son, along with a number of other persons, was abducted by armed men in camouflage uniforms in the vicinity of Grozny central market during the daylight hours of 26 November 2000. It has therefore first to be established whether the armed men belonged to the federal armed forces. 88.     The Court notes in this connection that the fact that on the date in question a special operation had been carried out by the federal forces at Grozny central market was confirmed by a number of witness statements, including those quoted by the Government (see paragraph 84 above) and those submitted by the applicant (see paragraph 12 above), as well as by the report of the commander of the Chechen OMON on the results of the internal investigation into Aslanbek Kukayev's murder (see paragraph 39 above). Moreover, the materials in the Court's possession do not reveal that any armed people other than federal servicemen were present at the scene of the abduction of the applicant's son. In particular, there is nothing in the witness statements to suggest the involvement of any illegal fighters, whilst officer Dzh.'s statements clearly indicate that federal servicemen were involved in Aslanbek Kukayev's detention (see paragraphs 16-17 above). In such circumstances, the Court finds it established that the applicant's son was apprehended by State agents in the course of a special operation on 26   November 2000. 89.     The parties further agreed, and it had clearly been established in the domestic proceedings,