CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 6 mars 2008

.s800EAC49 { font-size:12pt } .sFE10DC93 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center } .sBB9EE52A { font-family:Arial } .s29100277 { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold } .sA36B60A1 { font-family:Arial; font-style:italic } .s7BE5FA79 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:center; font-size:10pt } .sE208486F { font-family:Arial; color:#ff0000 } .s598389FF { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:18pt } .sF5E1C6CF { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline; color:#ff0000 } .s491F5244 { font-family:Arial; font-style:italic; color:#ff0000 } .s2E932ED2 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:11pt } .s4ACA9207 { page-break-before:always; clear:both; mso-break-type:section-break } .s10950C61 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s32563E28 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .sB9D5CABB { width:28.35pt; display:inline-block } .sEC177689 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:36pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s967D43C6 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .s87F05BA2 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sC443675D { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:30pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .s46B3B71C { margin-top:30pt; margin-left:17.85pt; margin-bottom:30pt; text-indent:-17.85pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s3C0142D3 { margin-top:30pt; margin-left:29.2pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s11869A80 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s7EE1C8F0 { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:29.2pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sD5DF731 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sC702907E { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:36.6pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-15.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s1913A4C6 { margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s984A15CA { margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sE7C30868 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s8F4EE4B8 { margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s93EDF1FF { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:17.85pt; margin-bottom:30pt; text-indent:-17.85pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s6477A72F { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sA1CDB767 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s281358E1 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .sFD4D42B6 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .sB1BD30C0 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:24pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s804EF768 { margin-top:24pt; margin-left:29.2pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s507703F { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s401C450A { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s9F223FEE { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:17.85pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.85pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s684F2214 { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:29.2pt; margin-bottom:24pt; text-indent:-17.6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s25BD2B45 { margin-top:24pt; margin-left:36.6pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-15.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sD2857263 { margin-top:30pt; margin-left:17.85pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.85pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s9D48DD53 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .sEC2CB098 { margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sB6F98828 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:36.6pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:-15.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s360DA689 { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:48.75pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s8378218E { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:48.75pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s5C494981 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid } .s8E011338 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s56E27C8 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:24pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s3B3A5DE9 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:36pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sAB173E38 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .s127C7598 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .sD66C1369 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17.3pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify } .s60723A49 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:39.7pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify } .s7A59D993 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify; page-break-after:avoid } .s48DB3670 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:36pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s69DCC830 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .sB4145D37 { width:34.69pt; display:inline-block } .s38C76525 { width:172.98pt; display:inline-block } .s8EFC8F8 { width:32.36pt; display:inline-block } .sC0ADED72 { width:219.66pt; display:inline-block }     FIFTH SECTION     CASE OF GAVAZOV v. BULGARIA     (Application no. 54659/00)       JUDGMENT       STRASBOURG     6 March 2008       FINAL     06/06/2008     This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article   44 §   2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Gavazov v. Bulgaria, The European Court of Human Rights (Fifth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Peer Lorenzen, President,   Snejana Botoucharova,   Karel Jungwiert,   Rait Maruste,   Renate Jaeger,   Mark Villiger,   Mirjana Lazarova Trajkovska, judges, and Claudia Westerdiek, Section Registrar , Having deliberated in private on 12 February 2008, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 54659/00) against the Republic of Bulgaria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Bulgarian national, Mr Nikolay Kirilov Gavazov who was born in 1967 and lives in Pazardzhik (“the applicant”), on 5   November 1999. 2.     The applicant was represented by Mr M. Merdzhanov, a lawyer practising in Pazardzhik. 3.     The Bulgarian Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Ms M. Kotzeva, of the Ministry of Justice. 4.     The applicant alleged, in particular, that he had been subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment while being detained in the Pazardzhik Regional Investigation Service detention facility and Pazardzhik Prison; that he had lacked an effective domestic remedy in that connection; that his detention had been unjustified and of excessive length; that there had been a lack of effective judicial proceedings in response to his appeal of 29   September 2000, a deficient scope of judicial control in response to his appeals of 30 September 1999, 22 February and 22 March 2000, and that his appeal of 30 September 1999 had not been decided speedily; that he had not had an enforceable right to seek compensation for being a victim of arrest or detention in breach of the provisions of Article 5 of the Convention; and that the criminal proceedings against him had been of excessive length and that he had lacked an effective remedy in that connection. 5.     In a decision of 15 May 2006 the Court declared the application partly admissible and invited the parties to submit additional observations in writing which were to cover, in particular, the questions (a) whether the applicant had been detained in Pazardzhik Prison in inadequate conditions of detention and had been afforded proper medical care, and (b) whether he had had at his disposal an effective domestic remedy for his complaints regarding the allegedly inadequate conditions of detention. 6.     The applicant filed additional observations on the merits while the Government did not (Rule 59 § 1). THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE A.     The criminal proceedings against the applicant 7.     On 9 December 1998 a woman was raped in the city of Pazardzhik. She lodged a complaint on the same day and identified the applicant as the perpetrator. 8.     A search of the room where the applicant’s uncle lived, which was purportedly the place where the applicant had had sexual intercourse with the victim, was performed on an unspecified date. 9.     The applicant was arrested on 10 December 1998. 10.     On 11 December 1998 a preliminary investigation was opened against the applicant for the offence of rape perpetrated by the use of force and after threatening the victim, an offence for which he had already been convicted. He was also placed in pre-trial detention. 11.     On 14 December 1998 the applicant was charged with one count of rape and remanded in custody. 12.     The applicant’s uncle was questioned on 15 December 1998. 13.     On 1 April 1999 the district prosecutor’s office entered an indictment against the applicant with the Pazardzhik District Court on one count of rape. 14.     It is unclear how many hearings were conducted before the District Court. 15.     On 1 January 2000 amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure   1974 (“the CCP”) regarding the detention regime entered into force. 16.     On 17 February 2000 the District Court remitted the case to the investigation stage. It found that it could not render a judgment because it had established that the applicant had had sexual intercourse with the victim on two separate occasions on the day in question and that the case could therefore involve two counts of rape rather than one. However, the indictment against the applicant concerned only one count of rape and it was apparently unclear to which instance of sexual intercourse it referred. The District Court considered that this ambiguity in the indictment might violate the applicant’s right to mount a proper defence and remitted the case to the investigation for correction of this discrepancy. 17.     The applicant contended that no investigative procedures were conducted after 2003. The Government did not dispute that contention. 18.     On an unspecified date a revised indictment was entered against the applicant with the District Court. 19.     As at the date of the applicant’s last communication to the Court of 15   July 2006 the case was still pending before the District Court. B.     The applicant’s pre-trial detention 20.     The applicant was arrested at 5.30 p.m. on 10 December 1998 and detained for twenty-four hours. 21.     He was placed in pre-trial detention on 11 December 1998 by an order issued by an investigator. The applicant’s detention was confirmed later on the same day by the Pazardzhik district prosecutor’s office, which extended the period of preliminary detention to three days. 22.     On 14 December 1998, by an order issued by an investigator and confirmed by the Pazardzhik district prosecutor’s office, the applicant was charged with one count of rape and remanded in custody. When remanding the applicant in custody the investigator cited, inter alia , his previous convictions and the ongoing investigation against him. 23.     On 21 December 1998 the applicant lodged his first appeal against his detention. It was dismissed by the District Court on 28 December 1998 on the ground, inter alia , that the applicant was charged with a serious offence and, more generally, that he might abscond, obstruct the investigation or reoffend. 24.     On 17 February 1999 the Pazardzhik regional prosecutor’s office extended the deadline for completing the preliminary investigation by thirty days and confirmed the applicant’s pre-trial detention without citing any grounds. 1.     The appeal of 30 September 1999 25.     On 30 September 1999 the applicant lodged another appeal against his detention, which the District Court dismissed on 8 November 1999, citing, inter alia , the nature of the perpetrated offence, the applicant’s personality and his purported criminal tendencies. 2.     The applicant’s petition for release of 18 February 2000 26.     On 18 February 2000 the applicant petitioned the district prosecutor’s office seeking his immediate release due to the expiration of the statutory maximum period of pre-trial detention, which in his case was one year. He claimed that with the entry into force of the amendments to the CCP and the decision of the District Court to remit the case, he had spent more than one year in pre-trial detention and should therefore be released immediately as required by the amended CCP. 27.     In a decision of 21 February 2000 the district prosecutor’s office refused to release the applicant. It found that the statutory maximum period of pre-trial detention, which in the applicant’s case was one year, had not expired and considered that only the period from 14 December 1998 to 31   March 1999 should be considered as pre-trial detention because the remaining period of his detention had been during the trial phase of the proceedings. On that basis the district prosecutor’s office considered that the applicant had been in pre-trial detention only three months and seventeen days, which did not warrant his release. 28.     On appeal on an undetermined date, the decision of the district prosecutor’s office was upheld by the regional prosecutor’s office, also on an unspecified date. 3.     The appeal of 22 February 2000 29.     On 22 February 2000 the applicant lodged an appeal with the District Court against his detention. He claimed that it had exceeded the statutory maximum period of pre-trial detention and requested that the measure for securing his appearance in court be amended. 30.     In a decision of 24 February 2000 the District Court dismissed the applicant’s appeal against his detention as it found that his detention had not exceeded the statutory maximum period of pre-trial detention, as this did not include the time during which the case had been pending before the domestic courts. It also referred to the fact that the applicant had a previous conviction for the same offence, which justified his continued detention. On 25 February 2000 the applicant appealed against that decision. 31.     In a decision of 2 March 2000 the Pazardzhik Regional Court dismissed the appeal by the applicant against his detention and upheld the lower court’s decision on grounds similar to those of the District Court. 4.     The applicant’s petition for release of 9 March 2000 32.     On 9 March 2000 the applicant again petitioned the district prosecutor’s office for his immediate release due to the expiration of the statutory maximum period of pre-trial detention. 33.     In a decision of 16 March 2000 the district prosecutor’s office refused to release the applicant on grounds similar to those in its decision of 21   February 2000. On the same day the applicant appealed against the decision to the regional prosecutor’s office and requested that the measure for securing his appearance in court be amended. 34.     In a decision of 30 March 2000 the regional prosecutor’s office found partially in favour of the applicant. It considered that in calculating whether the statutory maximum period of pre-trial detention had been exceeded, the whole period of the applicant’s detention should be taken into account. Accordingly, the regional prosecutor’s office found that in the case of the applicant that period had been exceeded as, at that time, he had already been in detention for more than fifteen months as of 14 December 1998. However, the regional prosecutor’s office did not order the applicant’s immediate release but changed the measure for securing his appearance in court to bail in the amount of 1,500 Bulgarian levs (BGN) (approximately 760 euros) and ordered that he be released subject to the provision of a recognizance. 35.     On 6 April 2000 the applicant appealed against the decision of the regional prosecutor’s office. He contended that the prosecutor’s office, upon establishing that the statutory maximum period of pre-trial detention had been exceeded, should have ordered his immediate release and that it did not have the power to subject it to the provision of a recognizance. In addition, the applicant claimed that the amount of the bail was too high and that his lack of income and assets had not been taken into account. 36.     On 13 April 2000 the Plovdiv appellate public prosecutor’s office found partly in favour of the applicant. It took into account that he and his parents lacked sufficient assets and lowered the bail to BGN 1,000 (approximately 505 euros). However, the appellate public prosecutor’s office did not order the applicant’s release as it found that his continued detention, pending the provision of a recognizance, was lawful. 37.     Both the applicant and the district prosecutor’s office appealed against this decision. The applicant’s appeal was received by the Supreme Cassation Prosecutor’s Office on 2 May 2000. 38.     In response to the appeal lodged by the district public prosecutor’s office, the Supreme Cassation Prosecutor’s Office gave a decision on 17   August 2000 upholding the decision of the appellate public prosecutor’s office of 13 April 2000. 39.     The Supreme Cassation Prosecutor’s Office never responded to the appeal lodged by the applicant. Therefore, on 12 September 2000 the applicant lodged a request with the Chief Public Prosecutor’s Office for the public prosecutor’s office to examine and respond to his appeal of 2 May 2000. He received no response to his request. 5.     The appeal of 22 March 2000 40.     In the meantime, following the decision of 16 March 2000 of the district public prosecutor’s office, the applicant lodged an appeal with the District Court on 22 March 2000 against his detention. He once again argued that his detention had exceeded the statutory maximum period of pre-trial detention and requested that the measure for securing his appearance in court be amended. 41.     In a decision of 28 March 2000 the District Court dismissed the applicant’s appeal as it found that his detention had not exceeded the statutory maximum period of pre-trial detention because this did not include the time during which the case was pending before the courts. In addition, it considered that there was still a danger that the applicant might abscond or reoffend but did not cite any specific evidence in that respect. 6.     The appeal of 29 September 2000 42.     On 29 September 2000 the applicant lodged another appeal with the District Court against his detention and requested that it order his release due to the expiration of the statutory maximum period of pre-trial detention. He maintained that his continued detention was unlawful, that the set bail was unreasonably high – as evidenced by his inability to deposit it for more than six months – and that there was a danger that his detention could, as a result, continue indefinitely. 43.     On 5 October 2000 the District Court rejected the applicant’s appeal. It found that his appeal lacked legal grounds in so far as there was no longer an order for the applicant’s detention, but bail had been set. The court argued, therefore, that the applicant had nothing to appeal against and considered his continued detention as irrelevant to the proceedings before it. 44.     On 9 October 2000 the applicant appealed against the decision of the District Court. He relied, inter alia , on Article 5 § 4 of the Convention and argued that the courts had an obligation to rule on his appeal against his continued detention. 45.     On 12 October 2000 the Regional Court rejected the appeal on grounds similar to those of the District Court, whereby it found that in so far as the applicant’s pre-trial detention had been changed to bail it could no longer examine an appeal against his detention. It considered that only the public prosecutor’s office was competent to rule on the question of his continued detention. 46.     On 3 November 2000 the applicant was released on bail after entering into the required recognizance. C.     The conditions of detention 47.     Between 10 December 1998 and 4 March 1999 the applicant was detained at the Pazardzhik Regional Investigation Service detention facility. From 4 March 1999 to his release on 3 November 2000 he was detained at the Pazardzhik Prison. 1.     Pazardzhik Regional Investigation Service detention facility 48.     The applicant contended that he was held in four different cells during his detention in the Pazardzhik Regional Investigation Service detention facility. The first, in which he spent two days, measured ten square metres and had four wooden beds, only one of which was occupied. The second, where the applicant was held for about fifteen days, was the same size but had only three wooden beds. In both cells there was insufficient fresh air and natural light. The third and fourth cells measured approximately six square metres. The applicant remained in the third cell until approximately twenty days before his transfer to the Pazardzhik Prison, when he was moved to the fourth cell. Both of these cells were without windows and lacked fresh air. 49.     The bed sheets in the cells were dirty, old and torn. There were no mattresses. Often there were lice, fleas, cockroaches and mice. 50.     The applicant had to use a bucket for his sanitary needs, the contents of which were thrown away each morning and evening. As a result, the air was stale and there was a strong stench. 51.     The applicant was allowed to wash for five minutes in the morning and evening. He bathed and shaved once a week, usually with cold water. 52.     Every twenty-four hours the applicant was given five hundred grams of bread which was often gnawed by mice. The food was insufficient and substandard. No cutlery was provided and the food was served in dirty plastic dishes. 53.     The applicant was not allowed out of his cell for exercise, nor could he read newspapers, books, magazines, listen to the radio or maintain active correspondence. 2.     Pazardzhik Prison 54.     Following his transfer to the Pazardzhik Prison, the applicant was placed in a cell with seven wooden beds, measuring twenty-four square metres. There were electric radiators in the cell, but it was still very cold in winter because the two windows, each fifty centimetres by a hundred centimetres, were badly insulated. Sometimes there were mice and cockroaches in the cell. There was a separate toilet in the cell with running water, but its windows were broken and it was very cold in winter. 55.     Initially, the food was of the same inferior quality as that in the Pazardzhik Regional Investigation Service detention facility. Sometime in 2000 the food improved somewhat even though the daily bread ration remained the same, which the applicant considered insufficient. At the same time, the daily exercise in the prison yard was increased from an hour and fifteen minutes to two hours. 56.     The applicant had access to newspapers, but not to radio or television. Access to a phone was provided and the applicant could maintain active correspondence. Visits by relatives of the applicant were permitted twice a month and he could meet with his lawyer. 57.     The applicant maintained that the medical services provided in the Pazardzhik Prison were inadequate; that he had heart-related complaints which were incorrectly treated by a psychiatrist rather than being referred to a specialist; and that he suffered from a broken arm which was improperly diagnosed and treated. 58.     Following his release on 3 November 2000 the applicant was hospitalised between 6 and 11 November 2000 with heart-related complaints. He was diagnosed with an “ischemic heart condition”. 3.     Statement of Mr B.B. 59.     The applicant’s contentions in respect of the conditions of detention at the above detention facilities are corroborated by a signed statement from another detainee, Mr B.B. The latter was detained at the Pazardzhik Regional Investigation Service detention facility during February 1999 in a cell separate from that of the applicant. He was later transferred, on an unspecified date, to the Pazardzhik Prison where he shared a cell with the applicant. II.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE A.     Grounds for detention 60.     The relevant provisions of the CCP and the Bulgarian courts’ practice before 1 January 2000 are summarised in the Court’s judgments in several similar cases (see, among others, Nikolova v. Bulgaria [GC], no.   31195/96, §§ 25-36, ECHR 1999-II, Ilijkov v. Bulgaria , no. 33977/96, §§   55-59, 26 July 2001; and Yankov v. Bulgaria , no. 39084/97, §§ 79-88, ECHR 2003-XII (extracts)). 61.     After 1 January 2000 the legal detention regime under the CCP was amended with the aim of ensuring compliance with the Convention (TR   1-02 Supreme Court of Cassation (“the SCC”)). The effected amendments and the resulting practice of the Bulgarian courts are summarised in the Court’s judgments in the cases of Dobrev v. Bulgaria (no. 55389/00, §§ 32-35, 10   August 2006) and Yordanov v. Bulgaria (no. 56856/00, §§ 21-24, 10   August 2006). 62.     The CCP was replaced in 2006 by a new code of the same name. B.     Scope of judicial control of pre-trial detention 63.     On the basis of the relevant law before 1 January 2000, when ruling on applications for release of a person charged with having committed a “serious” offence, the domestic courts generally disregarded facts and arguments concerning the existence or absence of a danger of the accused person’s absconding or committing offences and stated that every person accused of having committed a serious offence must be remanded in custody unless exceptional circumstances dictated otherwise (see decisions of the domestic authorities criticised by the Court in the cases of Nikolova and Ilijkov , both cited above, and Zaprianov v. Bulgaria , no. 41171/98, 30   September 2004). 64.     As of 1 January 2000 the legal detention regime under the CCP was amended with the aim of ensuring its compliance with the Convention (TR   1-02 SCC). The relevant part of the amended Article 152 provided: “(1)     Detention pending trial shall be ordered [in cases concerning] offences punishable by imprisonment..., where the material in the case discloses a real danger that the accused person may abscond or commit an offence. (2)     In the following circumstances it shall be considered that [such] a danger exists, unless established otherwise on the basis of the evidence in the case: 1.     in cases of special recidivism or repetition; 2.     where the charges concern a serious offence and the accused person has a previous conviction for a serious offence and a non-suspended sentence of not less than one year’s imprisonment; 3.     where the charges concern an offence punishable by not less than ten years’ imprisonment or a heavier punishment. (3)     Detention shall be replaced by a more lenient measure of control where there is no longer a danger that the accused person may abscond or commit an offence.” 65.     Divergent interpretations of the above provisions were observed in the initial period of their application, upon their entry into force on 1   January 2000. 66.     In June 2002, interpreting the amended provisions on pre-trial detention, the SCC stated that when examining an appeal against pre-trial detention the courts’ task was not only to verify whether the initial decision on remand in custody had been lawful but also to establish whether continued detention was still lawful and justified. In such proceedings the courts had to examine all available evidence on all relevant aspects, including the amount of the recognizance as the case may be (TR   1 ‑ 02   SCC). C.     Statutory maximum period of detention 67.     Statutory maximum periods of pre-trial detention, whose duration depended on the gravity of the charges, were introduced with effect from 12   August 1997 (paragraph 3 of Article 152 as in force between 12 August 1997 and 1 January 2000 and paragraph 4 of the same Article from 1   January 2000 to 29 April 2006). 68.     They concerned only detention during the investigation. Detention at the trial stage was not limited by a statutory maximum period. 69.     In June 2002 the SCC, clarifying that the statutory maximum periods of detention were aimed at protecting the accused person’s rights and exerting pressure on the investigation authorities for a “disciplined approach” on their part, stated that where a case was referred back by the trial court for further investigation, the relevant statutory time ‑ limit was not renewed but resumed, the period during which the case was pending before the courts not being counted (TR 1-02 SCC). 70.     The maximum period of pre-trial detention in the applicant’s case was one year, in view of the gravity of the charges against him. 71.     Article 152 § 5 of the CCP, as in force from 1 January 2000 to 29   April 2006, provided: “On expiration of the [statutory maximum period of pre-trial detention] the detainee shall be immediately released by order of the [competent] prosecutor.” D.     Release on bail Article 150 § 5 of the CCP, as in force at the relevant time, provided: “When the measure for securing [a person’s appearance in court] is changed from a more [restrictive] one to bail, the [person] shall be released following provision of a recognizance.” E.     Request to have a case examined by a court 72.     By an amendment of June 2003 the new Article 239a of the CCP introduced the possibility for an accused person to request to have his case examined by a court if the preliminary investigation had not been completed within the statutory time-limit (two years in investigations concerning serious crimes and one year in all other investigations). In such instances the courts would remit the case to the prosecutor’s office with instructions to either enter an indictment against the accused within two months or discontinue the criminal proceedings. If the prosecutor’s office failed to take action, the courts would then terminate the criminal proceedings themselves. F.     State and Municipalities Responsibility for Damage Act 1988 73.     The State and Municipalities Responsibility for Damage Act 1988 (the “SMRDA” – renamed in 2006) provided at the relevant time that the State was liable for damage caused to private persons by (a) the illegal orders, actions or omissions of government bodies and officials acting within the scope of, or in connection with, their administrative duties and (b) the investigation bodies, the prosecution and the courts for unlawful pre ‑ trial detention if the detention order had been set aside for lack of lawful grounds (sections 1-2). 74.     In respect of the detention regime and conditions of detention, the relevant domestic law and practice under sections 1 and 2 of the SMRDA have been summarised in the cases of Iovchev v. Bulgaria (no. 41211/98 , §§   76-80, 2 February 2006) and Hamanov v. Bulgaria (no. 44062/98, §§   56 ‑ 60, 8 April 2004). III.     REPORTS OF THE EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR THE PREVENTION OF TORTURE AND INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT (“THE CPT”) 75.     The CPT visited Bulgaria in 1995, 1999, 2002, 2003 and 2006. All but its most recent visit report have since been made public. 76.     The Pazardzhik Regional Investigation Service detention facility and Pazardzhik Prison were visited in 1995. A.     Relevant findings of the 1995 report (made public in 1997) 1.     General observations 77.     The CPT found that most, albeit not all, of the Investigation Service detention facilities were overcrowded. With the exception of one detention facility where conditions were slightly better, the conditions were as follows: cells did not have access to natural light; the artificial lighting was too weak to read by and was left on permanently; ventilation was inadequate; the cleanliness of the bedding and the cells as a whole left much to be desired; detainees could access a sanitary facility twice a day (morning and evening) for a few minutes and could take a weekly shower; outside of the two daily visits to the toilets, detainees had to satisfy the needs of nature in buckets inside the cells; although according to the establishments’ internal regulations detainees were entitled to a “daily walk” of up to thirty minutes, it was often reduced to five to ten minutes or not allowed at all; no other form of out-of-cell activity was provided to persons detained. 78.     The CPT further noted that food was of poor quality and in insufficient quantity. In particular, the day’s “hot meal” generally consisted of a watery soup (often lukewarm) and inadequate quantities of bread. At the other meals, detainees only received bread and a little cheese or halva. Meat and fruit were rarely included on the menu. Detainees had to eat from bowls without cutlery – not even a spoon was provided. 79.     The CPT also noted that family visits and correspondence were only possible with express permission by a public prosecutor and that, as a result, detainees’ contacts with the outside world were very limited. There was no radio or television. 80.     The CPT concluded that the Bulgarian authorities had failed in their obligation to provide detention conditions which were consistent with the inherent dignity of the human person and that “almost without exception, the conditions in the Investigation Service detention facilities visited could fairly be described as inhuman and degrading”. In reaction, the Bulgarian authorities agreed that the CPT delegation’s assessment had been “objective and correctly presented” but indicated that the options for improvement were limited by the country’s difficult financial circumstances. 81.     In 1995 the CPT recommended to the Bulgarian authorities, inter alia , that sufficient food and drink and safe eating utensils be provided, that mattresses and blankets be cleaned regularly, that detainees be provided with personal hygiene products (soap, toothpaste, etc.), that custodial staff be instructed that detainees should be allowed to leave their cells during the day for the purpose of using a toilet facility unless overriding security considerations required otherwise, that the regulation providing for thirty minutes’ exercise per day be fully respected in practice, that cell lighting and ventilation be improved, that the regime of family visits be revised and that pre-trial detainees be more often transferred to prison even before the preliminary investigation was completed. The possibility of offering detainees at least one hour’s outdoor exercise per day was to be examined as a matter of urgency. 2.     Pazardzhik Regional Investigation Service detention facility 82.     The CPT established that the Pazardzhik Regional Investigation Service detention facility had fifteen cells, situated in the basement, and at the time of the visit accommodated thirty detainees, including two women in a separate cell. 83.     Six cells measuring approximately twelve square metres were designed to accommodate two detainees; the other nine, intended for three occupants, measured some sixteen-and-a-half square metres. This occupancy rate was being complied with at the time of the visit and from the living space standpoint was deemed acceptable by the CPT. However, all the remaining shortcomings observed in the other Investigation Service detention facilities   – dirty and tattered bedding, no access to natural light, absence of activities, limited access to sanitary facilities, etc. – also applied there. Even the thirty-minute exercise rule, provided for in the internal regulations and actually posted on cell doors, was not observed. 3.     Pazardzhik Prison 84.     In this report the CPT found, inter alia , that the prison was seriously overcrowded and that prisoners were obliged to spend most of the day in their dormitories, mostly confined to their beds because of lack of space. It also found the central heating to be inadequate and that only some of the dormitories were fitted with sanitary facilities. B.     Relevant findings of the 1999 report (made public in 2002) 85.     The CPT noted that new rules providing for better conditions had been enacted but had not yet resulted in significant improvements. 86.     In most investigation detention facilities visited in 1999, with the exception of a newly opened detention facility in Sofia, conditions of detention were generally the same as those observed during the CPT’s 1995 visit, as regards poor hygiene, overcrowding, problematic access to toilet/shower facilities and a total absence of outdoor exercise and out ‑ of ‑ cell activities. In some places, the situation had even deteriorated. 87.     In the Plovdiv regional investigation detention facility, as well as in two other places, detainees “had to eat with their fingers, not having been provided with appropriate cutlery”. C.     Relevant findings of the 2002 report (made public in 2004) 88.     During the 2002 visit some improvements were noted in the country’s investigation detention facilities, severely criticised in previous reports. However, a great deal remained to be done: most detainees continued to spend months on end locked up in overcrowded cells twenty ‑ four hours a day. 89.     Concerning prisons, the CPT drew attention to the problem of overcrowding and to the shortage of work and other activities for inmates. THE LAW I.     ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLES 3 AND 13 OF THE CONVENTION 90.     The applicant complained under Articles 3 and 13 of the Convention that he had been subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment while being detained at the Pazardzhik Regional Investigation Service detention facility and the Pazardzhik Prison and that he had lacked an effective remedy in that connection. Article 3 of the Convention provides: “No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” Article 13 of the Convention provides: “Everyone whose rights and freedoms as set forth in [the] Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national authority notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity.” 91.     The Government did not submit observations on the merits of the applicant’s complaints and, in particular, failed to respond to the Court’s questions of 15 May 2006 (see paragraph 5 above). 92.     The applicant restated his complaints and referred to other similar cases against Bulgaria where the Court found that there had been violations. A.     Complaints under Article 3 of the Convention 1.     Establishment of the facts 93.     The Court reiterates that allegations of ill-treatment must be supported by appropriate evidence. In assessing evidence, it has generally applied the standard of proof “beyond reasonable doubt”. However, such proof may follow from the coexistence of sufficiently strong, clear and concordant inferences or of similar unrebutted presumptions of fact (see Salman v. Turkey [GC], no. 21986/93, § 100, ECHR 2000 ‑ VII, and Fedotov v. Russia , no. 5140/02, § 59, 25 October 2005). 94.     The Court notes that the primary account of the conditions of the applicant’s detention at the two detention facilities is that furnished by him, which is corroborated by the statement of Mr B.B. (see paragraph 59 above). 95.     The Court reiterates that Convention proceedings, such as the present application, do not in all cases lend themselves to a rigorous application of the principle affirmanti incumbit probatio (he who alleges something must prove that allegation) because in certain instances the respondent Government alone have access to information capable of corroborating or refuting these allegations. The failure on a Government’s part to submit such information without a satisfactory explanation may give rise to the drawing of inferences as to the well-foundedness of the applicant’s allegations (see Ahmet Özkan and Others v. Turkey , no.   21689/93, § 426, 6 April 2004, and Fedotov , cited above, § 61). 96.     In the present case the Government did not submit observations on the admissibility and merits of the applicant’s complaints regarding the conditions of detention in the Pazardzhik Regional Investigation Service detention facility and the Pazardzhik Prison (see paragraph 91 above). Moreover, they did not offer a convincing explanation for their failure to submit relevant information regarding the two detention facilities (see Fedotov , cited above, § 61). 97.     In these circumstances the Court will examine the merits of the applicant’s complaints in respect of the conditions of detention at these facilities solely on the basis of his submissions (see Fedotov , cited above, §   61, and Staykov v. Bulgaria , no. 49438/99, § 75, 12 October 2006). 98.     While not directly relevant, because the CPT visited the Pazardzhik Regional Investigation Service detention facility and Pazardzhik Prison three and four years, respectively, prior to the period of detention complained of by the applicant (see paragraphs 47 and 76 above), the Court considers that the relevant observations of the CPT in respect of the conditions of detention at these facilities during its visits may also inform it in its assessment (see paragraphs 75-89 above and, for a similar approach, Iovchev , § 130, and Staykov , §§ 75 and 79, both cited above). 2.     General principles 99.     The Court reiterates at the outset that Article 3 of the Convention enshrines one of the most fundamental values of democratic society. It prohibits in absolute terms torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, irrespective of the circumstances and the victim’s behaviour (see, among others, Kud ła v. Poland [GC], no. 30210/96, § 90, ECHR   2000 ‑ XI, and Poltoratskiy v. Ukraine , no. 38812/97, § 130, ECHR   2003 ‑ V). 100.     To fall within the scope of Article   3, ill-treatment must attain a minimum level of severity. The assessment of this minimum is relative; it depends on all the circumstances of the case, such as the duration of the treatment, its physical and mental effects and, in some cases, the sex, age and state of health of the victim (see Kudła , § 91, and Poltoratskiy , § 131, both cited above). 101.     Treatment has been held by the Court to be “inhuman” because, inter alia , it was premeditated, was applied for hours at a stretch and caused either actual bodily injury or intense physical and mental suffering. It has deemed treatment to be “degrading” because it was such as to arouse in the victims feelings of fear, anguish and inferiority capable of humiliating and debasing them (see Kudła , cited above, § 92). The question whether the purpose of the treatment was to humiliate or debase the victim is a further factor to be taken into account, but the absence of any such purpose cannot conclusively rule out a violation of Article 3 (see Kalashnikov v. Russia , no.   47095/99, §§ 95 and 101, ECHR 2002 ‑ VI). 102.     The suffering and humiliation involved must go beyond that inevitable element of suffering or humiliation connected with a given form of legitimate treatment or punishment. Measures depriving a person of his liberty may often involve such an element. Yet it cannot be said that detention in itself raises an issue under Article 3. Nevertheless, under this provision the State must ensure that a person is detained in conditions which are compatible with the respect for his human dignity, that the manner and method of the execution of the measure do not subject him to distress or hardship of an intensity exceeding the unavoidable level of suffering inherent in detention and that, given the practical demands of imprisonment, his health and well-being are adequately secured by, among other things, providing him with the requisite medical assistance (see Kudła , cited above, §   92-94). 103.     When assessing conditions of detention, account has to be taken of the cumulative effects of those conditions and the duration of the detention (see Kalashnikov , cited above, §§ 95 and 102; Kehayov v. Bulgaria , no.   41035/98, § 64, 18 January 2005; and Iovchev , cited above, § 127). In particular, the Court must have regard to the state of health of the detained person (see Assenov and Others v. Bulgaria , judgment of 28 October 1998, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998 ‑ VIII, p. 3296, § 135). 104.     An important factor, together with the material conditions, is the detention regime. In assessing whether a restrictive regime may amount to treatment contrary to Article 3 in a given case, regard must be had to the particular conditions, the stringency of the regime, its duration, the objective pursued and its effects on the person concerned (see Kehayov , § 65, and Iovchev , § 128, both cited above; and, mutatis mutandis , Van der Ven v.   the   Netherlands , no. 50901/99, § 51, ECHR 2003 ‑ II). 3.     Application of these principles to the present case (a)     Pazardzhik Regional Investigation Service detention facility 105.     The Court observes that the applicant was detained on the premises of the Pazardzhik Regional Investigation Service detention facility between 10 December 1998 and 4 March 1999, that is, a period of two months and twenty-three days. 106.     The applicant contended that he had been held in four different cells during his detention at this facility. The first two cells had measured ten square metres each. In both of them, there had been insufficient fresh air and natural light. The first cell, in which the applicant spent two days, had had four wooden beds only one of which had been occupied by another detainee. The second cell, in which he had been held alone for about fifteen days, had had three wooden beds. The third and fourth cells had measured some six square metres each. Both of these cells had been without windows and had lacked fresh air. The applicant had remained in the third cell until approximately twenty days before his transfer to the Pazardzhik Prison when he had been moved to the fourth cell. 107.     The Court further notes that the applicant contended that the material conditions in the cells had been unsatisfactory – no mattresses had been provided; the bed sheets had been dirty, old and torn; and often there had been lice, fleas, cockroaches and mice. 108.     The applicant further submitted that he had been allowed to wash for five minutes in the morning and even