CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;GRANDCHAMBER;ENG — 23 juin 2008

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margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sD66C1369 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17.3pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify } .s81CCF55C { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .s48DB3670 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:36pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s31E56244 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:12pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s42BB8A89 { width:191.61pt; display:inline-block } .s9B338FB8 { width:219.98pt; display:inline-block } .s379BC09C { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:right } .s94C7D24D { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; line-height:150%; font-size:14pt } .sCA1147F8 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid }     GRAND CHAMBER             CASE OF MASLOV v. AUSTRIA   (Application no. 1638/03)                     JUDGMENT     STRASBOURG   23 June 2008       In the case of Maslov v. Austria, The European Court of Human Rights, sitting as a Grand Chamber composed of:   Jean-Paul Costa, President ,   Nicolas Bratza,   Peer Lorenzen,   Françoise Tulkens,   Josep Casadevall,   Ireneu Cabral Barreto,   Karel Jungwiert,   Elisabeth Steiner,   Alvina Gyulumyan,   Ineta Ziemele,   Isabelle Berro-Lefèvre,   Päivi Hirvelä,   Giorgio Malinverni,   András Sajó,   Mirjana Lazarova Trajkovska,   Ledi Bianku,   Nona Tsotsoria, judges , and Vincent Berger, Jurisconsult , Having deliberated in private on 6 February and on 28 May 2008, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the last-mentioned date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 1638/03) against the Republic of Austria lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Bulgarian national, Mr Juri Maslov (“the applicant”), on 20 December 2002. 2.     The applicant was represented by Mr M. Deuretsbacher, a lawyer practising in Vienna. The Austrian Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Ambassador F. Trauttmansdorff, Head of the International Law Department at the Federal Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 3.     Under Article 8 of the Convention, the applicant alleged, in particular, that the imposition of an exclusion order on him and his expulsion to Bulgaria violated his right to respect for private and family life. 4.     The application was allocated to the First Section of the Court (Rule   52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). On 2 June 2005 it was declared partly admissible by a Chamber of that Section, composed of Christos Rozakis, Snejana Botoucharova, Anatoli Kovler, Elisabeth Steiner, Khanlar Hajiyev, Dean Spielmann, Sverre Erik Jebens, judges, and of Søren Nielsen, Section Registrar. On 22 March 2007 a Chamber of that Section, composed of Christos Rozakis, Loukis Loucaides, Nina Vajić, Elisabeth Steiner, Khanlar Hajiyev, Dean Spielmann, Sverre Erik Jebens, judges, and Søren Nielsen, Section Registrar, delivered a judgment in which it held, by four votes to three, that there had been a violation of Article 8 of the Convention and that the respondent Government should pay the applicant 5,759.96 euros in respect of costs and expenses. 5.     On 24 September 2007, pursuant to a request by the respondent Government, the panel of the Grand Chamber decided to refer the case to the Grand Chamber in accordance with Article 43 of the Convention. 6.     The composition of the Grand Chamber was determined according to the provisions of Article 27 §§ 2 and 3 of the Convention and Rule 24. 7.     The applicant and the Government each filed a memorial. The Bulgarian Government did not make use of their right to intervene (Article   36 § 1 of the Convention). 8.     A hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 6 February 2008 (Rule 59 § 3).   There appeared before the Court: (a)     for the Government Mr   F. Trauttmansdorff ,   Agent , Ms   B. O hms ,   Adviser , Mr   C. S chmalzl ,   Adviser ; (b)     for the applicant Mr   M. Deuretsbacher ,   Counsel .   The Court heard addresses by Mr Deuretsbacher and Mr   Trauttmansdorff, as well as their answers to questions put by a number of judges. 9.     Subsequently, András Sajó, substitute judge, replaced Riza Türmen, who was unable to take part in the further consideration of the case (Rule 24 § 1). THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 10.     The applicant was born in October 1984 and currently lives in Bulgaria. 11.     In November 1990, at the age of six, the applicant lawfully entered Austria together with his parents and two siblings. Subsequently, he was legally resident in Austria. His parents, who were lawfully employed, acquired Austrian nationality. The applicant attended school in Austria. 12.     In late 1998 criminal proceedings were instituted against the applicant. He was suspected of, inter alia , having broken into cars, shops and vending machines; having stolen empties from a stock ground; having forced another boy to steal 1,000 Austrian schillings from the latter’s mother; having pushed, kicked and bruised this boy; and of having used a motor vehicle without the owner’s authorisation. 13.     On 8 March 1999 the applicant was granted an unlimited settlement permit ( Niederlassungsbewilligung ). 14.     On 7 September 1999 the Vienna Juvenile Court ( Jugendgerichtshof ) convicted the applicant on twenty-two counts of aggravated gang burglary and attempted aggravated gang burglary ( gewerbsmäßiger Bandendiebstahl ), forming a gang ( Bandenbildung ), extortion ( Erpressung ), assault ( Körperverletzung ), and unauthorised use of a vehicle ( unbefugter Gebrauch eines Fahrzeugs ), offences committed between November 1998 and June 1999. He was sentenced to eighteen months’ imprisonment, thirteen of which were suspended on probation. The sentence was accompanied by an order to undergo drug therapy. 15.     On 11 February 2000 the applicant was arrested and further criminal proceedings were opened against him relating to a series of burglaries committed between June 1999 and January 2000. The applicant and his accomplices were suspected of having broken into shops or restaurants, where they stole cash and goods. On 11 February 2000 the Vienna Juvenile Court remanded him in custody. 16.     On 25 May 2000 the Vienna Juvenile Court convicted the applicant on eighteen counts of aggravated burglary and attempted aggravated burglary, and sentenced him to fifteen months’ imprisonment. When fixing the sentence the court noted the applicant’s confession as a mitigating circumstance, and the number of offences committed and the rapid relapse into crime after the last conviction as aggravating circumstances. It also observed that the applicant, though still living with his parents, had completely escaped their educational influence, had repeatedly been absent from home and had dropped out of school. It further noted that the applicant had failed to comply with the order to undergo drug therapy. Consequently, the suspension of the prison term imposed by the judgment of 7 September 1999 was revoked. Following the Vienna Juvenile Court’s judgment, the applicant served his prison term. 17.     On 3 January 2001 the Vienna Federal Police Authority ( Bundespolizeidirektion ), relying on section 36(1) and 2(1) of the Aliens Act 1997 ( Fremdengesetz ), imposed a ten-year exclusion order on the applicant. Having regard to the applicant’s convictions, it found that it was contrary to the public interest to allow him to stay in Austria any longer. Considering the applicant’s relapse into crime after his first conviction, the public interest in the prevention of disorder and crime outweighed the applicant’s interest in staying in Austria. 18.     The applicant, assisted by counsel, appealed. He submitted that the exclusion order violated his rights under Article 8 of the Convention as he was a minor who had come to Austria at the age of six, his entire family lived in Austria and he had no relatives in Bulgaria. He also referred to section 38(1)(4) of the Aliens Act 1997, pursuant to which an exclusion order could not be issued against an alien who had been lawfully residing in Austria from an early age. 19.     By a decision of 19 July 2001, the Vienna Public Security Authority ( Sicherheitsdirektion ) dismissed the appeal. It confirmed the Federal Police Authority’s finding. 20.     On 17 August 2001 the applicant lodged complaints both with the Administrative Court ( Verwaltungsgerichtshof ) and the Constitutional Court ( Verfassungsgerichthof ). He stressed that he had come to Austria at the age of six, had attended school in Austria and could not speak Bulgarian. He had no relatives or other social contacts in Bulgaria. He also stressed the fact that he was still a minor. 21.     On 18 September 2001 the Administrative Court dismissed the complaint and found that the exclusion order was justified under Article 8 §   2 of the Convention. It observed that the applicant had come to Austria only at the age of six, whereas – according to its constant case-law – section   38(1)(4) of the Aliens Act 1997 prohibited an exclusion order only in respect of aliens who had been legally resident from the age of three or younger. Considering the gravity and number of offences committed by the applicant, the fact that the first conviction had rapidly been followed by a second one and the severity of the penalties imposed, it found that the exclusion order did not constitute a disproportionate interference with the applicant’s rights under Article 8, despite his lengthy residence and family ties in Austria. 22.     By a decision of 19 September 2001, the Constitutional Court suspended the effects of the exclusion order pending its decision. 23.     The applicant was released from prison on 24 May 2002 not having benefited from early release. According to the information given by counsel at the hearing, the applicant finished school during his prison term and helped in his father’s transport business after his release. 24.     On 25 November 2002 the Constitutional Court declined to deal with the applicant’s complaint for lack of prospects of success. 25.     In December 2002 a number of unsuccessful attempts were made to serve an order on the applicant to leave Austria. 26.     On 18 August 2003 the Vienna Federal Police Authority issued a fresh order requiring the applicant to leave Austria. 27.     On 14 October 2003 the order was served on the applicant at his parents’ address and subsequently the Vienna Federal Police Authority ordered his detention with a view to his expulsion. He was arrested on 27   November 2003. 28.     On 22 December 2003 the applicant was deported to Sofia. According to information given by counsel at the hearing, the applicant did not commit any further offences in Bulgaria and has found employment there. 29.     At the hearing, the Government informed the Court that the exclusion order will expire on 3 January 2011, that is ten years after its issue (see paragraph 17 above). II.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE A.     Aliens Act 1997 30.     At the material time the Aliens Act 1997 ( Fremdengesetz ) was in force. Sections 36 to 38, in so far as relevant, read as follows: Section 36 “(1)     An exclusion order can be issued against an alien if it can justifiably be supposed, on the basis of specific facts, that his residence 1.     endangers public peace, order and security; or 2.     runs counter to other public interests specified in Article 8 § 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights. (2)     The existence of specific facts within the meaning of paragraph 1 shall be made out, in particular, if an alien 1.     has been sentenced by a domestic court to an unsuspended term of imprisonment of more than three months; to a term of imprisonment partly suspended on probation; or to a term of imprisonment of more than six months suspended on probation; or has been convicted by final judgment more than once for the same pernicious tendency to commit criminal acts.” Section 37 “(1)     Should there be an interference with the alien’s private or family life on account of ... an exclusion order, such a deprivation of the right of residence shall be permissible only if necessary as a matter of urgency in furtherance of one of the aims set out in Article 8 § 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights. (2)     ... an exclusion order shall not in any case be issued if its effects on the alien and his family’s situation outweigh the adverse consequences of not taking such a measure. In weighing the above factors, regard shall be had in particular to the following circumstances: 1.     the period of residence and the extent to which the alien or members of his family have integrated; 2.     the strength of family or other ties.” Section 38 “(1)     An exclusion order shall not be issued if ... 4.     the alien has grown up in the host country from early childhood and has been lawfully settled there for many years.” 31.     The Administrative Court held that only aliens who had grown up in Austria from the age of three or younger had grown up there “from early childhood” within the meaning of section 38(1)(4) of the Aliens Act (see, for instance, decision of 17 September 2001, no. 96/18/0150; judgment of 2   March 1999, no. 98/18/0244; and judgment of 21 September 2000, no.   2000/18/0135). B.     Civil Code 32.     Article 21 § 2 of the Civil Code ( Allgemeines Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ) provides: “Minors are persons who have not yet reached the age of 18 years. ...” This version of Article 21 of the Civil Code entered into force on 1   July 2001. Before that date the age of majority was 19 years. III.     RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS A.     Instruments of the Council of Europe 33.     The following two Recommendations of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe are of particular interest in the context of the present case. 34.     The first one is Committee of Ministers Recommendation Rec(2000)15 concerning the security of residence of long-term migrants, adopted on 13 September 2000, which states, inter alia : “4.     As regards the protection against expulsion (a)     Any decision on expulsion of a long-term immigrant should take account, having due regard to the principle of proportionality and in the light of the European Court of Human Rights’ constant case-law, of the following criteria: –     the personal behaviour of the immigrant; –     the duration of residence; –     the consequences for both the immigrant and his or her family; –     existing links of the immigrant and his or her family to his or her country of origin. (b)     In application of the principle of proportionality as stated in paragraph 4 (a), member States should duly take into consideration the length or type of residence in relation to the seriousness of the crime committed by the long-term immigrant. More particularly, member States may provide that a long-term immigrant should not be expelled –     after five years of residence, except in the case of a conviction for a criminal offence where sentenced to in excess of two years’ imprisonment without suspension; and –     after ten years of residence, except in the case of a conviction for a criminal offence where sentenced to in excess of five years’ imprisonment without suspension. After twenty years of residence, a long-term immigrant should no longer be expellable. (c)     Long-term immigrants born on the territory of the member State or admitted to the member State before the age of ten, who have been lawfully and habitually resident, should not be expellable once they have reached the age of 18. Long-term immigrants who are minors may in principle not be expelled. (d)     In any case, each member State should have the option to provide in its internal law that a long-term immigrant may be expelled if he or she constitutes a serious threat to national security or public safety.” 35.     The second one is Committee of Ministers Recommendation Rec(2002)4 on the legal status of persons admitted for family reunification, adopted on 26 March 2002. It states that where the withdrawal of or the refusal to renew a residence permit, or the expulsion of a family member, is being considered: “... member States should have proper regard to criteria such as the person’s place of birth, his age of entry on the territory, the length of residence, his family relationships, the existence of family ties in the country of origin and the solidity of social and cultural ties with the country of origin. Special consideration should be paid to the best interest and well-being of children.” B.     Instruments of the United Nations 36.     The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child of 20   November 1989, to which Austria is a State Party, provides: Article 1 “For the purposes of the present Convention, a child means every human being below the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.” Article 3 § 1 “In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.” Article 40 § 1 “States Parties recognise the right of every child alleged as, accused of, or recognised as having infringed the penal law to be treated in a manner consistent with the promotion of the child’s sense of dignity and worth, which reinforces the child’s respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of others and takes into account the child’s age and the desirability of promoting the child’s reintegration and the child’s assuming a constructive role in society.” 37.     The Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its concluding observations on the second periodic report of Austria (see CRC/C/15/Add.   251, 31 March 2005, §§ 53 and 54), expressed its concern about the increasing number of persons below the age of 18 placed in detention, a measure disproportionately affecting those of foreign origin, and recommended with regard to Article 40 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child that appropriate measures to promote the recovery and social integration of children involved in the juvenile justice system be taken. 38.     In its General Comment no. 10 (2007) on children’s rights in juvenile justice (see CRC/C/GC/10, 25 April 2007, § 71), the Committee on the Rights of the Child emphasised with regard to measures in the sphere of juvenile justice: “... that the reaction to an offence should always be in proportion not only to the circumstances and the gravity of the offence, but also to the age, lesser culpability, circumstances and needs of the child, as well as to the various and particularly long-term needs of the society. A strictly punitive approach is not in accordance with the leading principles for juvenile justice spelled out in Article 40 § 1 of CRC [Convention on the Rights of the Child] ... In cases of severe offences by children, measures proportionate to the circumstances of the offender and to the gravity of the offence may be considered, including considerations of the need of public safety and sanctions. In the case of children, such considerations must always be outweighed by the need to safeguard the well-being and the best interests of the child and to promote his/her reintegration”. C.     European Union law and practice 39.     Given the membership of Austria to the European Union (as from 1   January 1995) and of Bulgaria (as from 1 January 2007) the following two directives should be noted among those dealing with matters of migration, including the requirements for expulsion of nationals of another member State and third-country nationals. 40.     The first one is Council Directive 2003/109/EC of 25 November 2003 concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents. It provides: Article 12 – Protection against explusion “1.     Member States may take a decision to expel a long-term resident solely where he/she constitutes an actual and sufficiently serious threat to public policy or public security. 2.     The decision referred to in paragraph 1 shall not be founded on economic considerations. 3.     Before taking a decision to expel a long-term resident, member States shall have regard to the following factors: (a)     the duration of residence in their territory; (b)     the age of the person concerned; (c)     the consequences for the person concerned and family members; (d)     links with the country of residence or the absence of links with the country of origin. ...” 41.     The second one is Council Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the member States. It provides:   Article 27 – General principles “1.     Subject to the provisions of this chapter, member States may restrict the freedom of movement and residence of Union citizens and their family members, irrespective of nationality, on grounds of public policy, public security or public health. These grounds shall not be invoked to serve economic ends. 2.     Measures taken on grounds of public policy or public security shall comply with the principle of proportionality and shall be based exclusively on the personal conduct of the individual concerned. Previous criminal convictions shall not in themselves constitute grounds for taking such measures. The personal conduct of the individual concerned must represent a genuine, present and sufficiently serious threat affecting one of the fundamental interests of society. Justifications that are isolated from the particulars of the case or that rely on considerations of general prevention shall not be accepted. ...” Article 28 – Protection against expulsion “1.     Before taking an expulsion decision on grounds of public policy or public security, the host member State shall take account of considerations such as how long the individual concerned has resided in its territory, his/her age, state of health, family and economic situation, social and cultural integration into the host member State and the extent of his/her links with the country of origin. 2.     The host member State may not take an expulsion decision against Union citizens or their family members, irrespective of nationality, who have the right of permanent residence on its territory, except on serious grounds of public policy or public security. 3.     An expulsion decision may not be taken against Union citizens, except if the decision is based on imperative grounds of public security, as defined by member States, if they: (a)     have resided in the host member State for the previous ten years; or (b)     are a minor, except if the expulsion is necessary for the best interests of the child, as provided for in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child of 20 November 1989.” 42.     The case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Communities (ECJ) shows that measures of non-admission or expulsion have to rely on the individual conduct of the person concerned and on an assessment of whether the person concerned presents a genuine, present and sufficiently serious threat to public policy, public security or public health. 43.     In its Georgios Orfanopoulos and Others and Raffaele Oliveri v. Land Baden-Württemberg judgment of 29 April 2004 (Joined Cases C–482/01 and C ‑ 493/01, operative part, points 3-5) the ECJ stated: “3.     Article 3 of Directive 64/221 precludes a national practice whereby the national courts may not take into consideration, in reviewing the lawfulness of the expulsion of a national of another member State, factual matters which occurred after the final decision of the competent authorities which may point to the cessation or the substantial diminution of the present threat which the conduct of the person concerned constitutes to the requirements of public policy. That is so, above all, if a lengthy period has elapsed between the date of the expulsion order and that of the review of that decision by the competent court. 4.     Article 39 EC and Article 3 of Directive 64/221 preclude legislation and national practices whereby a national of another member State who has received a particular sentence for specific offences is ordered to be expelled, in spite of family considerations being taken into account, on the basis of a presumption that that person must be expelled, without proper account being taken of his personal conduct or of the danger which he represents for the requirements of public policy. 5.     Article 39 EC and Directive 64/221 do not preclude the expulsion of a national of another member State who has received a particular sentence for specific offences and who, on the one hand, constitutes a present threat to the requirements of public policy and, on the other hand, has resided for many years in the host member State and can plead family circumstances against that expulsion, provided that the assessment made on a case-by-case basis by the national authorities of where the fair balance lies between the legitimate interests at issue is made in compliance with the general principles of Community law and, in particular, by taking proper account of respect for fundamental rights, such as the protection of family life.” 44.     In its Commission of the European Communities v. Spain judgment of 31 January 2006 (Case C-503/03, operative part, point 1) the CJEU stated: “... by refusing entry into the territory of the States Parties to the Agreement on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders, signed on 14 June 1985 at Schengen, to Mr Farid, and by refusing to issue a visa for the purpose of the entry into that territory to Mr Farid and Mr Bouchair, nationals of a third country who are the spouses of member-State nationals, on the sole ground that they were persons for whom alerts were entered in the Schengen Information System for the purposes of refusing them entry, without first verifying whether the presence of those persons constituted a genuine, present and sufficiently serious threat affecting one of the fundamental interests of society, the Kingdom of Spain has failed to fulfil its obligations under Articles 1 to 3 of Council Directive 64/221 of 25 February 1964 on the coordination of special measures concerning the movement and residence of foreign nationals which are justified on grounds of public policy, public security or public health.” THE LAW I.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 8 OF THE CONVENTION 45.     The applicant complained about the exclusion order against him and about his subsequent expulsion to Bulgaria. He relied on Article 8 of the Convention which, so far as relevant, provides as follows: “1.     Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, ... 2.     There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.” A.     The Chamber judgment 46.     The Chamber noted that it was not in dispute that there was an interference with the applicant’s private and family life. 47.     It accepted that the impugned measure had a basis in domestic law, namely section 36(1) of the Aliens Act 1997 and that there was nothing arbitrary in the refusal to apply section 38(1)(4) of that Act, which, according to the Administrative Court’s constant case-law, prohibited the imposition of an exclusion order only in respect of aliens who had been legally resident in Austria from the age of three or younger. Furthermore, the Chamber noted that it was not in dispute that the interference served a legitimate aim, namely the prevention of disorder and crime. 48.     Having referred to the Court’s established case-law under Article 8 on the expulsion of foreigners convicted of criminal offences, including the recent Grand Chamber judgment in Üner v. the Netherlands ([GC], no.   46410/99, §§ 57-58, ECHR 2006-XII), the Chamber indicated the relevant criteria to be taken into account, namely: –     the nature and gravity of the offences committed by the applicant; –     the length of his stay in the host country; –     the period which elapsed between the commission of the offences and the impugned measure and the applicant’s conduct during that period; –     the solidity of social, cultural and family ties with the host country and the country of destination. 49.     In applying these criteria to the present case, the Chamber had regard to the fact that the applicant had come to Austria with his family at the age of six, spoke German and had received his entire schooling in Austria, that the offences committed by him, although of a certain gravity, were rather typical examples of juvenile delinquency and, with one exception, did not involve any acts of violence and had not concerned drug dealing. Moreover, the Chamber attached weight to the period of good conduct between the applicant’s release from prison in May 2002 and his deportation in December 2003, the solidity of his social, cultural and family ties in Austria and the lack of ties with Bulgaria, his country of origin. In view of these elements it found that, despite its limited duration, the ten-year exclusion order was disproportionate to the legitimate aim pursued. It therefore found that there had been a violation of Article 8 of the Convention. B.     The parties’ submissions 1.     The applicant 50.     The applicant emphasised that he had still been a minor when the exclusion order was imposed and that the measure had therefore first and foremost affected his “family life”. 51.     The applicant agreed with the Chamber’s judgment and emphasised that the Chamber had rightly attached particular weight to the fact that he had committed the offences as a juvenile and that – with one exception – they were non-violent offences. Furthermore, he contested the Government’s argument that offences committed by a drug addict, such as burglary, were to be compared to drug dealing in gravity. In addition, he relied on the solidity of his family ties, arguing that following his release from prison he had lived with his parents and that his mother had even accompanied him to Bulgaria when he was expelled to help him during the first weeks. He also underlined the fact that he had received his entire schooling in Austria and added that, after having dropped out of school at the time of the commission of the offences, he had completed his schooling during his prison term. 52.     Lastly, the applicant asserted that he had no family or social ties with Bulgaria. As regards his knowledge of Bulgarian, the applicant asserted at the hearing that his family belonged to the Turkish minority in Bulgaria. He therefore had no knowledge of Bulgarian. 2.     The Government 53.     The Government did not dispute that the exclusion order constituted an interference with the applicant’s private and family life. However, they noted that, while the applicant had been a minor when the exclusion order was imposed, he had reached the age of majority in the course of the proceedings. They added that the relationship between an adult and his parents did not necessarily qualify as “family life”. 54.     Their further observations concentrated on the necessity of the interference. They argued that the Chamber’s judgment disregarded the State’s margin of appreciation as in fact the Court had not limited itself to examining whether the guiding principles established by its case-law had been taken into account but had actually replaced the domestic authorities’ weighing of interests by its own assessment. The Court had thus acted as a Court of Appeal or, as was sometimes said, as a “fourth-instance” court. 55.     The Government criticised the lack of clarity of the Court’s case-law and argued that the dynamics of the Court’s case-law and differences in approach or emphasis of the different Chambers made it difficult for the domestic authorities to avoid decisions which violated Article 8 of the Convention. 56.     The Government argued that the Chamber’s judgment did not correctly apply the criteria as set out in Boultif v. Switzerland (no. 54273/00, § 48, ECHR 2001 ‑ IX) and Üner (cited above, § 57). They asserted that the offences committed by the applicant were of considerable gravity. What was at stake were offences committed by a drug addict to which similar weight should be attached as to drugs offences. Moreover, the sentence was particularly severe, given that, pursuant to section 5(4) of the Juvenile Court Act, the maximum penalty that could otherwise be imposed was reduced by one half. The Government also emphasised the weakness of family ties in that the applicant had escaped the educational influence of his parents and, contrary to Boultif and Üner (both cited above), had not yet founded a family of his own, the weakness of social ties and the lack of integration in that the applicant had dropped out of school, had not pursued any vocational or professional training and had never taken up employment in Austria. 57.     The Government had previously claimed that the applicant must have had some knowledge of Bulgarian since he had spent the first six years of his life in Bulgaria. However, at the hearing they did not dispute the explanation given by the applicant as to his lack of knowledge of Bulgarian (see paragraph 52 above). 58.     Moreover, a point of principle raised by the Government was that the Chamber judgment attached weight to facts which had occurred after the final domestic decision, namely the applicant’s good conduct after his release from prison in May 2002 until his deportation in December 2003. 59.     Referring to Kaya v. Germany (no. 31753/02, § 57, 28 June 2007), the Government argued that the time when the residence prohibition had become final in the domestic proceedings had to be taken as the relevant point in time, with the consequence that any later developments were not to be taken into account by the Court. Any other interpretation, which allowed circumstances that had occurred after the final domestic decision to be taken into account, would run counter to the rationale underlying the requirement of exhaustion of domestic remedies in Article 35 § 1 of the Convention, namely that a Contracting State was answerable only for alleged violations after having had an opportunity to put things right through its own legal system. In fact, domestic law provided a possibility for the exclusion order to be lifted, either on the applicant’s request or by the authorities of their own motion if the reasons underlying it no longer existed. 60.     The Government noted that the present case was unusual in that normally there was only a short lapse of time between the date when the exclusion order became final and the date of the expulsion. The considerable delay in the applicant’s case was explained by the fact that the authorities had waited for the applicant to reach the age of majority before they expelled him. C.     The Court’s assessment 1.     Whether there was an interference with the applicant’s right to respect for his private and family life 61.     The Court considers that the imposition and enforcement of the exclusion order against the applicant constituted an interference with his right to respect for his “private and family life”. It reiterates that the question whether the applicant had a family life within the meaning of Article 8 must be determined in the light of the position when the exclusion order became final (see El Boujaïdi v. France , 26 September 1997, § 33, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1997-VI; Ezzouhdi v. France , no.   47160/99, § 25, 13 February 2001; Yildiz v. Austria , no. 37295/97, § 34, 31 October 2002; Mokrani v. France , no. 52206/99, § 34, 15 July 2003; and Kaya , cited above, § 57). 62.     The applicant was a minor when the exclusion order was imposed. He had reached the age of majority, namely 18 years, when the exclusion order became final in November 2002 following the Constitutional Court’s decision, but he was still living with his parents. In any case, the Court has accepted in a number of cases concerning young adults who had not yet founded a family of their own that their relationship with their parents and other close family members also constituted “family life” (see Bouchelkia v. France , 29 January 1997, § 41, Reports 1997 ‑ I; El Boujaïdi , cited above, §   33; and Ezzouhdi , cited above, § 26). 63.     Furthermore, the Court observes that not all settled migrants, no matter how long they have been residing in the country from which they are to be expelled, necessarily enjoy “family life” there within the meaning of Article 8. However, as Article 8 also protects the right to establish and develop relationships with other human beings and the outside world and can sometimes embrace aspects of an individual’s social identity, it must be accepted that the totality of social ties between settled migrants and the community in which they are living constitutes part of the concept of “private life” within the meaning of Article 8. Regardless of the existence or otherwise of a “family life”, the expulsion of a settled migrant therefore constitutes an interference with his or her right to respect for private life. It will depend on the circumstances of the particular case whether it is appropriate for the Court to focus on the “family life” rather than the “private life” aspect (see Üner , cited above, § 59). 64.     Accordingly, the measures complained of interfered with both the applicant’s “private life” and his “family life”. 65.     Such interference will be in breach of Article 8 of the Convention unless it can be justified under paragraph 2 of Article 8 as being “in accordance with the law”, as pursuing one or more of the legitimate aims listed therein, and as being “necessary in a democratic society” in order to achieve the aim or aims concerned. 2.     “In accordance with the law” 66.     The impugned measure had a basis in domestic law, namely section   36(1) of the Aliens Act 1997. The applicant did not maintain the argument that the Administrative Court had arbitrarily refused to apply section 38(1)(4) of that Act. The Grand Chamber observes, like the Chamber, that, according to the Administrative Court’s constant case-law, section 38 (1)(4) only applied to aliens who had grown up in Austria from the age of three o