CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 18 septembre 2008

.s800EAC49 { font-size:12pt } .sFE10DC93 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center } .sBB9EE52A { font-family:Arial } .s29100277 { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold } .sA36B60A1 { font-family:Arial; font-style:italic } .s598389F8 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:11pt } .s598389FF { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:18pt } .sF5E1C6CF { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline; color:#ff0000 } .sE208486F { font-family:Arial; color:#ff0000 } .s491F5244 { font-family:Arial; font-style:italic; color:#ff0000 } .s4ACA9207 { page-break-before:always; clear:both; mso-break-type:section-break } .s32563E28 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .s10950C61 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sB9D5CABB { width:28.35pt; display:inline-block } .sEC177689 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:36pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s967D43C6 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .s87F05BA2 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sC443675D { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:30pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .sD2857263 { margin-top:30pt; margin-left:17.85pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.85pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s11869A80 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s684F2214 { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:29.2pt; margin-bottom:24pt; text-indent:-17.6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s25BD2B45 { margin-top:24pt; margin-left:36.6pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-15.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s1913A4C6 { margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s8378218E { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:48.75pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s984A15CA { margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sD5DF731 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sC702907E { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:36.6pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-15.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s8F4EE4B8 { margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s9F223FEE { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:17.85pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.85pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s3CA22BA { font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s93EDF1FF { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:17.85pt; margin-bottom:30pt; text-indent:-17.85pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s3C0142D3 { margin-top:30pt; margin-left:29.2pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s72F8249F { font-family:Arial; display:none } .s7EE1C8F0 { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:29.2pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s7447673C { margin-top:24pt; margin-left:48.75pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s507703F { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sA1CDB767 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s281358E1 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s8A9F351B { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:24pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s804EF768 { margin-top:24pt; margin-left:29.2pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sB6F98828 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:36.6pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:-15.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s360DA689 { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:48.75pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .sB1BD30C0 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:24pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .sFD4D42B6 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s9D48DD53 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s8E011338 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s56E27C8 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:24pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s3B3A5DE9 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:36pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sAB173E38 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .s127C7598 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .sD66C1369 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17.3pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify } .s60723A49 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:39.7pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify } .s308FBE0C { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17.3pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify } .s7CB9076 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s82D7B801 { width:22.93pt; display:inline-block } .sF9287AF { width:174.97pt; display:inline-block } .sF2E32F9B { width:36.61pt; display:inline-block } .s5F32E900 { width:208.31pt; display:inline-block }       FIRST SECTION         CASE OF TAKHAYEVA AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA   (Application no. 23286/04)                 JUDGMENT       STRASBOURG   18 September 2008       FINAL   26/01/2009     This judgment may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Takhayeva and Others v. Russia, The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Christos Rozakis, President,   Anatoly Kovler,   Elisabeth Steiner,   Dean Spielmann,   Sverre Erik Jebens,   Giorgio Malinverni,   George Nicolaou, judges,   and Søren Nielsen, Section Registrar , Having deliberated in private on 28 August 2008, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 23286/04) against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by five Russian nationals (“the applicants”), on 26   April   2004. 2.     The applicants, who had been granted legal aid, were represented by lawyers of the Stichting Russian Justice Initiative (“the SRJI”), an NGO based in the Netherlands with a representative office in Moscow. The Russian Government (“the Government”) were represented by Mr   P.   Laptev, the Representative of the Russian Federation at the European Court of Human Rights, and subsequently by their Representative, Mrs   V.   Milinchuk. 3.     On 1 September 2005 the Court decided to apply Rule 41 of the Rules of Court. 4.     On 9 March 2007 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility. 5.     The Government objected to the joint examination of the admissibility and merits of the application. Having considered the Government’s objection, the Court dismissed it. THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 6.     The applicants are: 1) Ms Rabu Mutushovna Takhayeva, who was born in 1959; 2) Mr Khashim Nurdinovich Takhayev, who was born in 1952; 3) Ms Zaira Khashimovna Takhayeva, who was born in 1977; 4) Mr Islam Sultanovich Tumanov, who was born in 1998, and 5) Ms Razet Zayndiyevna Terkibayeva, who was born in 1934. The applicants live in the village of Mesker-Yurt, in the Shalinskiy District of the Chechen Republic. 7.     The first and second applicants are married. They are the parents of Mr Ayub Khashidovich Takhayev, born in 1982, and the third applicant. The fourth applicant is the third applicant’s son and Ayub Takhayev’s nephew. The fifth applicant is Ayub Takhayev’s grandmother. A.     Disappearance of Ayub Takhayev 1.     The applicants’ account 8.     On the night of 13 November 2002 the first, second, third and fourth applicants, Ayub Takhayev and his grandfather slept in their family home at 42 Shkolnaya Street, Mesker-Yurt. The house had a common courtyard with three other houses inhabited by the applicants’ relatives. The fifth applicant slept in one of those houses. (a)     Abduction of Ayub Takhayev 9.     At about 2.40 a.m. on 13 November 2002 the first applicant heard a noise coming from the courtyard. She looked out of the window and saw about ten to fifteen men wearing camouflage uniforms. A group of about five men headed towards the applicants’ house and entered without identifying themselves. They were armed with machine guns and grenades. All but one of them wore masks. The unmasked man had Slavic features. The first applicant assumed that the men belonged to the Russian military. 10.     The servicemen ordered the second applicant to rise, took him into the corridor, forced him down onto the floor, tied his arms behind his back and hit him several times. In the meantime they locked Ayub Takhayev’s grandfather in one of the rooms. 11.     Then the men entered the room where Ayub Takhayev and the third applicant were sleeping and woke them up with torch lights. They shouted at Ayub Takhayev to get up and kicked him; then they took him to the kitchen and forced him down onto the floor. 12.     The intruders kept the first and third applicants locked in their rooms. When the first applicant tried to break through the door, one of the servicemen entered her room and pushed her in the chest so that she fell down. Then the servicemen locked the first, third and fourth applicants in one room. The women cried and begged them not to take Ayub Takhayev away. The fourth applicant was scared and cried. The servicemen ordered the third applicant to calm the child down and demanded the identity papers of the second applicant and Ayub Takhayev. The unmasked man with Slavic features shouted at the women and gave orders to the other men in Russian. The first applicant gave the men two internal passports; they took away the one belonging to Ayub Takhayev. 13.     As the servicemen were leaving, they ordered everyone to stay indoors, threatening to blow up the house, and took Ayub Takhayev with them. The second applicant enquired as to where his son would be taken, but received no answer. Instead he was told he should thank the armed men for not taking him as well. 14.     When the first and third applicants managed to open the locked door and leave their room, they ran out into the street and saw that the armed men had left. Then they went back inside and untied the second applicant. 15.     Early in the morning on 13 November 2002 the second applicant found tracks left by an armoured personnel carrier (“APC”) about 100   metres from his house. Some neighbours confirmed that they had seen an APC on the night of 13 November 2002. (b)     The fifth applicant’s account 16.     On the night of 13 November 2002 the fifth applicant heard a noise outside and went out into the courtyard. Two men pointed machine guns at her and ordered her to stand still and keep quiet. She realised that the noise had been caused by the men’s attempts to break the door down. The armed men did not allow the fifth applicant to go back inside the house although it was cold outside and she was wearing only a nightgown. The fifth applicant heard the armed men speaking Russian without an accent. One of them stood behind the fifth applicant’s back with his machine gun pointed at her. After ten or fifteen minutes the armed men ordered the fifth applicant to go back inside the house. She did so and then watched through the window as the men ran out of the courtyard into the street. (c)     Subsequent events 17 .     At about 4 a.m. on 14 November 2002 the first and second applicants saw four APCs driving down their street. Then they heard screaming coming from their neighbours’ house. In the morning of 14   November 2002 the applicants learnt that two men, Mr V.M. and Mr   Kh.M., had been taken away from their neighbours’ home by armed men in APCs. Mr V.M. and Mr Kh.M. went missing. 18 .     At 6.15 a.m. on 15 November 2002 the fifth applicant saw four APCs arriving in Mesker-Yurt. Later the applicants found out that on that night another villager, Mr A.I., had been abducted. Mr A.I. went missing. 2.     Information submitted by the Government 19.     At about 2.45 a.m. on 13 November 2002 unidentified persons armed with machine guns and wearing camouflage uniforms entered the house at 42 Shkolnaya Street, Mesker-Yurt, the Shali District, in the Chechen Republic, kidnapped Ayub Takhayev and took him away in an unknown direction. B.     The search for Ayub Takhayev and the investigation 1.     The applicants’ account 20.     From 13 November 2002 onwards the applicants contacted, both in person and in writing, various official bodies. They described in detail the circumstances of their relative’s disappearance and asked for assistance in establishing his whereabouts and fate. In particular, they applied to the prosecutors’ offices at different levels, the military commander’s office of the Shali District, the Shali District Department of the Interior, the Russian State Duma, the Special Envoy of the Russian President in Chechnya for Rights and Freedoms, the Russian President’s Commission on Human Rights and the Administration of the Chechen Republic. Most of the complaints were filed by the first applicant, apparently on behalf of the whole family. The applicants retained copies of some of these complaints and submitted them to the Court. The official bodies forwarded the majority of the complaints to the prosecutors’ offices for investigation. 21.     On the morning of 13 November 2002 the applicants wrote to the prosecutor’s office of the Shali District (“the district prosecutor’s office”). They complained about their relative’s abduction but did not challenge, as such, the intrusion into their home. 22.     On 21 November 2002 the district prosecutor’s office instituted an investigation into Ayub Takhayev’s disappearance under Article 126 § 2 of the Russian Criminal Code (aggravated kidnapping). The case file was given number 59259. 23.     On 22 November 2002 the first applicant requested the district prosecutor’s office to help her to establish her son’s whereabouts. 24.     On 23 November 2002 the first applicant was granted victim status in case no. 59259. 25.     On 29 December 2002 the prosecutor’s office of the Chechen Republic forwarded the first applicant’s complaint to the district prosecutor’s office. 26.     On 21 January 2003 the investigation in case no. 59259 was suspended for failure to identify the alleged perpetrators. 27.     On 25 March 2003 the military prosecutor’s office of military unit no.   20116 informed the first applicant of the outcome of the inquiry conducted at her request. The inquiry had established that military personnel had not been implicated in Ayub Takhayev’s disappearance. 28.     On 8 April 2003 the first applicant wrote to the district prosecutor’s office and the prosecutor’s office of the Chechen Republic enquiring about progress in the investigation into her son’s disappearance and requesting to be granted victim status. On 11   April 2003 the district prosecutor’s office acknowledged receipt of her letter but did not reply as to the substance. 29.     On 30 July 2003 the first applicant again wrote to the district prosecutor’s office repeating the request of 8 April 2003. 30.     On 15 August 2003 the prosecutor’s office of the Chechen Republic ordered the district prosecutor’s office to rescind the decision of 21   January 2003 on suspension of the investigation and informed the first applicant that the investigation had been opened on 21 November 2002 and then suspended on 21   January 2003. 31.     On 20 August 2003 the South Federal Circuit Department of the Prosecutor General’s Office informed the first applicant that her complaint had been forwarded to the prosecutor’s office of the Chechen Republic. 32.     On 22 August 2003 the district prosecutor’s office rescinded the decision of 21 January 2003 and resumed the proceedings in case no.   59259. 33 .     In a letter of 25 August 2003 the district prosecutor’s office informed the first applicant that the investigation in case no. 59259 had been resumed and that the search for Ayub Takhayev was currently under way. They further stated that the investigating authorities had checked detention centres and had requested various law enforcement agencies to establish the identities of those responsible for the kidnapping and those in charge of the special operation conducted in Mesker-Yurt on 13 November 2002, but those requests had remained unanswered and had been repeated. The first applicant was also asked to ensure that witnesses of the kidnapping visit the district prosecutor’s office and make statements. 34.     On 18 September 2003 the prosecutor’s office of the Chechen Republic informed the first applicant that the district prosecutor’s office had resumed the investigation on 22 August 2003. 35.     On 19 September 2003 the military prosecutor of the United Group Alignment informed the first applicant that there were no grounds to presume any kind of implication of Russian federal troops in her son’s kidnapping. 36.     On 21 February 2005 the first applicant requested the district prosecutor’s office to update her on progress in the investigation into her son’s kidnapping. 37.     On 14 April 2006 the district prosecutor’s office informed the first applicant that her complaint to the prosecutor’s office of the Chechen Republic had been included in the case file and that the investigation had been suspended on 3 July 2005. 38.     On 31 May 2007 the prosecutor’s office of the Chechen Republic informed the first applicant that Ayub Takhayev had been kidnapped by “unidentified men armed with machine guns and wearing camouflage uniforms who had arrived in APCs”. They also noted that the investigation in case no. 59259, suspended on 3 July 2005, had been resumed on 8   May 2007 and was under way. 39.     After the investigation resumed in May 2007, the investigators visited the applicants’ house and questioned the first, second, third and fifth applicants, as well as the applicants’ neighbours. According to the first applicant, it was the first time the investigators had visited the village of Mesker-Yurt since the summer of 2003. 2.     Information submitted by the Government 40.     The investigation in case no. 59259 did not establish any involvement of special units of law enforcement and security forces in the kidnapping of Ayub Takhayev. 41.     The law enforcement agencies of the Chechen Republic did not institute any criminal proceedings against Ayub Takhayev. 42.     According to the district department of the interior and the military commander’s office, Ayub Takhayev was not arrested; none of the detachments of the military commander’s office had left their premises at the time of his abduction. 43.     The investigators sent requests for information to the Department of the Federal Security Service of the Chechen Republic and the military prosecutor’s office of the United Group Alignment. The information received in reply confirmed that Ayub Takhayev had not been arrested or charged with any crime. 44.     Requests for information were also sent to remand prisons in the Chechen Republic, the Stavropol Region and other adjacent regions of Russia. 45.     In numerous letters of recommendation Ayub Takhayev was described in a positive manner, which proved that the institution of criminal proceedings against him was improbable. 46.     Ayub Takhayev was not admitted to the Central Hospital of the Shali District. 47.     The investigation had not identified the perpetrators and was currently under way. Investigative measures aimed at resolving Ayub Takhayev’s kidnapping were being taken. 48.     Despite specific requests by the Court the Government did not disclose any documents from the investigation file in case no. 59259. Relying on the information obtained from the Prosecutor General’s Office, the Government stated that the investigation was in progress and that disclosure of the documents would be in violation of Article 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, since the file contained information of a military nature and personal data concerning the witnesses or other participants in the criminal proceedings.   II.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW 49.     Article 125 of the Russian Code of Criminal Procedure 2001 (“CCP”) provides that the decision of an investigator or prosecutor to dispense with or terminate criminal proceedings, and other decisions and acts or omissions which are liable to infringe the constitutional rights and freedoms of the parties to criminal proceedings or to impede citizens’ access to justice, may be appealed against to a district court, which is empowered to examine the lawfulness and grounds of the impugned decisions. 50.   Article 161 of the CCP establishes the rule that data from the preliminary investigation cannot be disclosed. Part   3 of the same Article provides that information from the investigation file may be divulged with the permission of a prosecutor or investigator and only in so far as it does not infringe the rights and lawful interests of participants in the criminal proceedings and does not prejudice the investigation. It is prohibited to divulge information about the private life of participants in criminal proceedings without their permission. 51.     Article 1069 of the Russian Civil Code provides that damage sustained by an individual because of unlawful actions or inaction of State and municipal agencies or their officials is to be indemnified by a State or municipal treasury. THE LAW I.     The government’s objection AS TO ABUSE OF PETITION 52.     The Government submitted that the application had not been lodged in order to restore the allegedly violated rights of the applicants. The actual object and purpose of the application was clearly of a political nature as the applicants wanted to “incriminate the Russian Federation of allegedly adopting a policy of violating human rights in the Chechen Republic”. They concluded that the application should be dismissed pursuant to Article   35   §   3 of the Convention. 53.     The Court considers that the Government may be understood to be suggesting that there was an abuse of the right of petition on the part of the applicants. It observes in this respect that the complaints the applicants brought to its attention concerned genuine grievances. Nothing in the case file reveals any appearance of abuse of their right of individual petition. Accordingly, the Government’s objection must be dismissed. II.     The government’s objection AS TO non-exhaustion of domestic remedies A.     The parties’ submissions 54.     The Government contended that the application should be declared inadmissible for non-exhaustion of domestic remedies. They submitted that the investigation into the disappearance of Ayub Takhayev had not yet been completed. They further argued that it had been open to the applicants to lodge court complaints about the allegedly unlawful detention of their relative or to challenge in court any actions or omissions of the investigating or other law enforcement authorities, but that the applicants had not availed themselves of that remedy. They also argued that it had been open to the applicants to bring civil claims for damages pursuant to Article 1069 of the Civil Code which they but they had failed to do so. 55.     The applicants stated that the criminal investigation had proved to be ineffective. B.     The Court’s assessment 56.     The Court reiterates that the rule of exhaustion of domestic remedies under Article 35 § 1 of the Convention obliges applicants to use first the remedies which are available and sufficient in the domestic legal system to enable them to obtain redress for the breaches alleged. The existence of the remedies must be sufficiently certain both in theory and in practice, failing which they will lack the requisite accessibility and effectiveness. Article   35   § 1 also requires that complaints intended to be brought subsequently before the Court should have been made to the appropriate domestic body, at least in substance and in compliance with the formal requirements and time-limits laid down in domestic law and, further, that any procedural means that might prevent a breach of the Convention should have been used. However, there is no obligation to have recourse to remedies which are inadequate or ineffective (see Aksoy v. Turkey , judgment of 18 December 1996, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996 ‑ VI, pp. 2275-76, §§ 51-52; Akdivar and Others v. Turkey , judgment of 16 September 1996, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996 ‑ IV, p.   1210,   §§ 65-67; and Cennet Ayhan and Mehmet Salih Ayhan v. Turkey , no. 41964/98, § 64, 27   June 2006). 57.     It is incumbent on the respondent Government claiming non-exhaustion to indicate to the Court with sufficient clarity the remedies to which the applicants have not had recourse and to satisfy the Court that the remedies were effective and available in theory and in practice at the relevant time, that is to say that they were accessible, were capable of providing redress in respect of the applicant’s complaints and offered reasonable prospects of success (see Akdivar and Others , cited above, p.   1211, § 68, or Cennet Ayhan and Mehmet Salih Ayhan , cited above,   §   65). 58.     The Court first notes, having regard to the Government’s objection concerning the applicants’ failure to complain of their relative’s unlawful detention to the domestic authorities, that after Ayub Takhayev had been taken away by armed men, the applicants actively attempted to establish his whereabouts and applied to various official bodies, whereas the authorities denied responsibility for the detention of the missing person. In such circumstances, and in particular in the absence of any proof to confirm the very fact of the detention, even assuming that the remedy referred to by the Government was accessible to the applicants, it is more than questionable whether a court complaint about the unacknowledged detention of Ayub Takhayev by the authorities would have had any prospects of success. Moreover, the Government have not demonstrated that the remedy indicated by them would have been capable of providing redress in the applicants’ situation, namely that it would have led to the release of Ayub Takhayev and the identification and punishment of those responsible (see Musayeva and Others v. Russia , no. 74239/01, § 69, 26 July 2007). Accordingly, the Government’s objection concerning non-exhaustion of domestic remedies in respect of Ayub Takhayev’s unlawful deprivation of liberty must be dismissed. 59.     As to the alleged violation of Ayub Takhayev’s right to life, the Court notes that the Russian legal system provides, in principle, two avenues of recourse for the victims of illegal and criminal acts attributable to the State or its agents, namely civil and criminal remedies. 60.     As regards a civil action to obtain redress for damage sustained through alleged illegal acts or unlawful conduct of State agents, the Court has already found in a number of similar cases that this procedure alone cannot be regarded as an effective remedy in the context of claims brought under Article 2 of the Convention. A civil court is unable to pursue any independent investigation and is incapable, without the benefit of the conclusions of a criminal investigation, of making any meaningful findings regarding the identity of the perpetrators of fatal assaults or disappearances, still less of establishing their responsibility (see Khashiyev and Akayeva v.   Russia , nos.   57942/00 and 57945/00, §§   119-121, 24 February 2005, and Estamirov and Others v. Russia , no.   60272/00, §   77, 12 October 2006). In the light of the above, the Court confirms that the applicants were not obliged to pursue civil remedies. The Government’s objection in this regard is thus dismissed. 61.     As regards criminal criminal law remedies provided for by the Russian legal system, the Court observes that the applicants complained to the law law enforcement authorities immediately after the abduction of their relative and that the criminal proceedings have been pending since 21   November 2002. The applicants and the Government disagree about the effectiveness of the investigation of the kidnapping. 62 .     Furthermore, the Court considers that the Government’s objection raises issues concerning the effectiveness of the investigation which are closely linked to the merits of the applicants’ complaints under Article 2. Thus, it considers that these matters fall to be examined below under that provision of the Convention. III.     THE COURT’S ASSESSMENT OF THE EVIDENCE AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FACTS A.     The parties’ submissions 63.     The applicants maintained that it was beyond reasonable doubt that the men who had taken away Ayub Takhayev had been State agents. In support of that affirmation they referred to the following facts. The armed men who had abducted Ayub Takhayev had moved freely around the village in APCs, vehicles that were only in the possession of the military. They had spoken Russian without an accent, which proved that they were not of Chechen origin. The applicants also pointed out that the ground given for the Government’s refusal to submit the file in criminal case no. 59259 was that it contained “information of a military nature disclosing the location and nature of actions by military and special security forces”. 64.     The Government submitted that unidentified armed men had kidnapped Ayub Takhayev. They further contended that the investigation of the incident was pending, that there was no evidence that the men had been State agents and that there were therefore no grounds for holding the State liable for the alleged violations of the applicants’ rights. They further argued that there was no convincing evidence that the applicants’ relative was dead. B.     The Court’s evaluation of the facts (a)     General principles 65.     In cases in which there are conflicting accounts of events, the Court is inevitably confronted when establishing the facts with the same difficulties as those faced by any first-instance court. When, as in the instant case, the respondent Government have exclusive access to information able to corroborate or refute the applicants’ allegations, any lack of cooperation by the Government without a satisfactory explanation may give rise to the drawing of inferences as to the well-foundedness of the applicant’s allegations (see Taniş and Others v. Turkey , no. 65899/01, § 160, ECHR   2005 ‑ ...). 66.     The Court points out that a number of principles have been developed in its case-law when it is faced with the task of establishing facts on which the parties disagree. As to the facts that are in dispute, the Court reiterates its jurisprudence confirming the standard of proof “beyond reasonable doubt” in its assessment of evidence (see Avşar v. Turkey , no.   25657/94, §   282, ECHR 2001 ‑ VII (extracts)). Such proof may follow from the coexistence of sufficiently strong, clear and concordant inferences or of similar unrebutted presumptions of fact. In this context, the conduct of the parties when evidence is being obtained has to be taken into account (see Taniş and Others , cited above, §   160). 67.     The Court is sensitive to the subsidiary nature of its role and recognises that it must be cautious in taking on the role of a first-instance tribunal of fact where this is not rendered unavoidable by the circumstances of a particular case (see, for example, McKerr v. the United Kingdom (dec.), no. 28883/95, 4 April 2000). Nonetheless, where allegations are made under Articles 2 and 3 of the Convention the Court must apply a particularly thorough scrutiny (see, mutatis mutandis , Ribitsch v. Austria , 4   December 1995, Series A no. 336, § 32; and Avşar v. Turkey , cited above, § 283) even if certain domestic proceedings and investigations have already taken place. 68.     Where the events in issue lie wholly, or in large part, within the exclusive knowledge of the authorities, such as in cases where persons are under their control in custody, strong presumptions of fact will arise in respect of injuries and death occurring during that detention. Indeed, the burden of proof may be regarded as resting on the authorities to provide a satisfactory and convincing explanation (see Tomasi v. France , 27   August 1992, Series A no. 241-A, pp. 40-41, §§ 108-11; Ribitsch , cited above, § 34; and Selmouni v. France [GC], no. 25803/94, § 87, ECHR 1999-V). 69.     These principles apply also to cases in which, although it has not been proved that a person has been taken into custody by the authorities, it is possible to establish that he or she entered a place under their control and has not been seen since. In such circumstances, the onus is on the Government to provide a plausible explanation of what happened on the premises and to show that the person concerned was not detained by the authorities, but left the premises without subsequently being deprived of his or her liberty (see Taniş and Others, cited above, § 160). 70.     Finally, when there have been criminal proceedings in the domestic courts concerning those same allegations, it must be borne in mind that criminal-law liability is distinct from international-law responsibility under the Convention. The Court’s competence is confined to the latter. Responsibility under the Convention is based on its own provisions, which are to be interpreted and applied on the basis of the objectives of the Convention and in light of the relevant principles of international law. The responsibility of a State under the Convention, for the acts of its organs, agents and servants, is not to be confused with the domestic legal issues of individual criminal responsibility under examination in the national criminal courts. The Court is not concerned with reaching any findings as to guilt or innocence in that sense (see Avsar , cited above, § 284). (b)     Establishment of the facts 71.     The Court notes that despite its requests for a copy of the investigation file into the abduction of Ayub Takhayev, the Government produced no documents from the case file. The Government referred to Article 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The Court observes that in previous cases it has already found this explanation insufficient to justify the withholding of key information requested by the Court (see Imakayeva   v. Russia , no. 7615/02, § 123, ECHR 2006 ‑ ... (extracts)). 72.     In view of this and bearing in mind the principles referred to above, the Court finds that it can draw inferences from the Government’s conduct in respect of the well-foundedness of the applicants’ allegations. The Court will thus proceed to examine crucial elements in the present case that should be taken into account when deciding whether the applicants’ relative can be presumed dead and whether his death can be attributed to the authorities. 73.     The applicants alleged that the persons who had apprehended Ayub Takhayev on 13 November 2002 had been State agents. 74.     The Court notes that this allegation is supported by the witness statements collected by the applicants. It finds that the fact that a large group of armed men in uniform, equipped with military armoured vehicles, was able to move freely around the village at night and proceeded to check identity papers and apprehend several persons at their homes strongly supports the applicants’ allegation that these were State servicemen. 75.     According to the applicants, three other villagers of Mesker-Yurt were abducted in circumstances similar to those of their relative’s kidnapping (see paragraphs 17 and 18 above). The Court considers that such a series of events bears strong resemblance to a special operation carried out by law enforcement agencies or the military. However, it cannot clarify whether the investigators have ever tried to establish any possible links between the abductions owing to the Government’s failure to produce a copy of the investigation file. 76.     The Court observes that where the applicant makes out a prima facie case and the Court is prevented from reaching factual conclusions owing to a lack of documents it is for the Government to argue conclusively why the documents in question cannot serve to corroborate the allegations made by the applicant, or to provide a satisfactory and convincing explanation of how the events in question occurred. The burden of proof is thus shifted to the Government and if they fail in their arguments issues will arise under Article 2 and/or Article 3 (see Toğcu v. Turkey , no. 27601/95, § 95, 31   May 2005, and Akkum and Others v. Turkey , no. 21894/93, § 211, ECHR 2005 ‑ II). 77.     Taking into account the above elements, the Court is satisfied that the applicants have made out a prima facie case that Ayub Takhayev was apprehended by State servicemen. The Government’s statement that the investigation did not find any evidence to support the involvement of the special forces in the kidnapping is insufficient to discharge them from the above-mentioned burden of proof. Drawing inferences from the Government’s failure to submit the documents which were in their exclusive possession or to provide another plausible explanation for the events in question, the Court considers that Ayub Takhayev was apprehended on 13   November 2002 by State servicemen during an unacknowledged security operation. 78.     There has been no reliable news of Ayub Takhayev since the date of the kidnapping. His name has not been found in any official detention facilities’ records. The Government have not submitted any explanation as to what happened to him after his abduction. 79.     Having regard to previous cases concerning disappearances of people in Chechnya which have come before the Court (see, among others, Bazorkina v. Russia , no. 69481/01, 27 July 2006; Imakayeva , cited above; Luluyev and Others v. Russia , no. 69480/01, ECHR 2006 ‑ ... (extracts); Baysayeva v. Russia , no. 74237/01, 5 April 2007; and Alikhadzhiyeva v.   Russia , no. 68007/01, 5 July 2007), the Court considers that, in the context of the conflict in the Chechen Republic, when a person is detained by unidentified servicemen without any subsequent acknowledgement of the detention, this can be regarded as life-threatening. The absence of Ayub Takhayev or of any news of him for more than five years supports this assumption. 80.     Accordingly, the Court finds that the evidence available permits it to establish to the requisite standard of proof that Ayub Takhayev must be presumed dead following his unacknowledged detention by State servicemen. IV.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 2 OF THE CONVENTION 81.     The applicants complained under Article 2 of the Convention that their relative had disappeared after having been detained by Russian servicemen and that the domestic authorities had failed to carry out an effective investigation into the matter. Article 2 reads: “1.     Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law. 2.     Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in contravention of this article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary: (a)     in defence of any person from unlawful violence; (b)     in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained; (c)     in action lawfully taken for the purpose of quelling a riot or insurrection.” A.     The parties’ submissions 82.     The Government contended that the domestic investigation had obtained no evidence to the effect that Ayub Takhayev was dead or that any servicemen of the federal law-enforcement agencies had been involved in his kidnapping or alleged killing. The Government noted that the applicants had reported Ayub Takhayev’s kidnapping to the district prosecutor’s office only on 20 November 2002 and that the investigation had been opened on the following day. They further claimed that the investigation into the kidnapping of the applicants’ relative met the Convention requirement of effectiveness, as all measures envisaged in national law were being taken to identify the perpetrators. 83.     The applicants argued that Ayub Takhayev had been detained by State servicemen and should be presumed dead in the absence of any reliable news of him for several years. The applicants also argued that the investigation had not met the requirements of effectiveness and adequacy as required by the Court’s case-law on Article 2. The applicants invited the Court to draw conclusions from the Government’s unjustified failure to submit the documents from the case file to them or to the Court. B.     The Court’s assessment 1.     Admissibility 84.     The Court considers, in the light of the parties’ submissions, that the complaint raises serious issues of fact and law under the Convention, the determination of which requires an examination of the merits. Further, the Court has already found that the Government’s objection concerning the alleged non-exhaustion of domestic remedies provided for by criminal law should be joined to the merits of the complaint (see paragraph 62 above). The complaint under Article 2 of the Convention must therefore be declared admissible. 2.     Merits (a)     The alleged violation of the right to life of Ayub Takhayev 85.     The Court reiterates that Article 2, which safeguards the right to life and sets out the circumstances when deprivation of life may be justified, ranks as one of the most fundamental provisions in the Convention, from which no derogation is permitted. In the light of the importance of the protection afforded by Article 2, the Court must subject deprivation of life to the most careful scrutiny, taking into consideration not only the actions of State agents but also all the surrounding circumstances (see, among other authorities, McCann and Others v. the United Kingdom , judgment of 27   September 1995, Series A no. 324, pp. 45-46, §§ 146-147, and Avşar , cited above, § 391). 86.     The Court has already found it established that Ayub Takhayev must be presumed dead following his unacknowledged detention by State servicemen and that his death can be attributed to the State. In the absence of any justification in respect of the use of lethal force by State agents, the Court finds that there has been a violation of Article 2 in respect of Ayub Takhayev. (b)     The alleged inadequacy of the investigation of the kidnapping 87.     The Court reiterates that the obligation to protect the right to life under Article 2 of the Convention, read in conjunction with the State’s general duty under Article   1 of the Convention to “secure to everyone within [its] jurisdiction the rights and freedoms defined in [the] Convention”, also requires by implication that there should be some form of effective official investigation when individuals have been killed as a result of the use of force (see, mutatis mutandis , McCann and Others, cited above, p. 49, § 161, and Kaya v. Turkey, judgment of 19 February 1998, Reports 1998-I, p. 324, § 86). The essential purpose of such investigation is to secure the effective implementation of the domestic laws which protect the right to life and, in those cases involving State agents or bodies, to ensure their accountability for deaths occurring under their responsibility. This investigation should be independent, accessible to the victim’s family, carried out with reasonable promptness and expedition, effective in the sense that it is capable of leading to a determination of whether the force used in such cases was or was not justified in the circumstances or otherwise unlawful, and afford a sufficient element of public scrutiny of the investigation or its results (see Hugh Jordan v. the United Kingdom , no.   24746/94, §§ 105-109, 4 May 2001, and Douglas-Williams v. the United Kingdom (dec.), no. 56413/00, 8 January 2002). 88.     In the present case the kidnapping of Ayub Takhayev was investigated. The Court must assess whether the investigation met the requirements of Article 2 of the Convention. 89.     The Court notes at the outset that all the documents from the investigation file were not disclosed by the Government. It therefore has to assess the effectiveness of the investigation on the basis of the few documents submitted by the applicants and the scarce information about its progress presented by the Government. 90.     The Court notes that the authorities were immediately made aware of the crime by the applicants’ submissions. The investigation in case no.   59259 was instituted eight days after Ayub Takhayev’s abduction. The Court is not persuaded by the Government’s argument that the delay in instituting the criminal proceedings was a result of the applicants’ failure to lodge a complaint with the district prosecutor’s office immediately after the incident. The Government did not dispute that the applicants had reported Ayub Takhayev’s abduction to the police in the morning of 13   November 2002. In such circumstances the Court considers that the applicants were not obliged to lodge their complaints directly with the district prosecutor’s office. Once the law enforcement authorities were duly and promptly made aware of the crime, it was incumbent on them to organise co-operation between the various State agencies in such a manner that would guarantee the effectiveness of a criminal investigation. Therefore, in the Court’s opinion, the investigating authorities failed to promptly commence the investigation of the kidnapping in life-threatening circumstances, where crucial action has to be taken in the first days after the event. 91. As it can be seen from the letter of the district prosecutor’s office of 25 August 2003, the investigators attempted to obtain information on the special operation carried out in Mesker-Yurt in November 2002 and the identities of those in charge of it from the military and law enforcement agencies (see paragraph 33 above). It appears that their attempt was futile. 92.     The Court notes that it appears that the applicants and their neighbours were questioned for the first time only in 2007, that is, five years after the incident. Furthermore, it appears that the investigating authorities have not questioned any servicemen of law enforcement agencies or the military at all. These failures alone compromised the effectiveness of the investigation and could not but have had a negative impact on the prospects of arriving at the truth. It appears that no real effort was made by the authorities to establish the whereabouts and fate of Ayub Takhayev. 93.     As to the manner in which the investigation was conducted, the Court notes that in a perio