CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 27 janvier 2009

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page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .sCA1147F8 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sE7A0A3F4 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.25pt; text-align:justify }       FOURTH SECTION           CASE OF IOANNOU v. TURKEY   (Application no. 18364/91)                   JUDGMENT       STRASBOURG   27 January 2009     FINAL   06/07/2009   This judgment may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Ioannou v. Turkey, The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Nicolas Bratza, President,   Lech Garlicki,   Ljiljana Mijović,   David Thór Björgvinsson,   Ján Šikuta,   Päivi Hirvelä,   Işıl Karakaş, judges, and Fatoş Aracı, Deputy Section Registrar , Having deliberated in private on 6 January 2009, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 18364/91) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Cypriot national, Mr Andreas Ioannou (“the applicant”), on 7 June 1991. 2.     The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Mr   K. Chrysostomides, a lawyer practising in Nicosia. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr   Z.M.   Necatigil. 3.     The applicant alleged that the Turkish occupation of the northern part of Cyprus had deprived him of his home and properties. 4.     The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). 5.     By a decision of 28 March 2000 the Court declared the application admissible. 6.     The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). In addition, third-party comments were received from the Government of Cyprus, which had exercised its right to intervene (Article 36 § 1 of the Convention and Rule 44 § 1 (b)). THE FACTS 7.     The applicant was born in 1935 and lives in Nicosia. 8.     The applicant was born and grew up in Ayios Amvrosios, a village in the District of Kyrenia. In 1973 he moved his residence to Kyrenia. During the military intervention of July 1974, Turkish troops evicted the applicant and his family from their home and forced them to leave Kyrenia and flee to the south. 9.     The applicant claimed that he had real properties in northern Cyprus. He produced affirmations of ownership issued by the Department of Lands and Surveys of the Republic of Cyprus, according to which he was the owner of the following properties: (a)     Kyrenia, Klepini, Boumbourka, field with trees, sheet/plan 13/33, plot no. 72, area: 2,784 sq. m, share: whole; (b)     Kyrenia, Ayios Epiktitos, Karamanou Quarter, field with trees, sheet/plan 12/32, plot no. 235, area: 539 sq. m, share: whole; (c)     Kyrenia, Ayios Amvrosios, Alakati tou Platymati, field with trees, sheet/plan 13/19, plot no. 220/2, area: 7,078 sq. m, share: whole; (d)     Kyrenia, Ayios Amvrosios, Vasilion, field with trees, sheet/plan 13/20, plot no. 63, area: 3,365 sq. m, share: whole; (e)     Kyrenia, Ayios Amvrosios, Vasilion, field with trees, sheet/plan 13/20, plot no. 130, area: 3,301 sq. m, share: whole; (f)     Kyrenia, Ayios Amvrosios, Vasilion, field with trees, sheet/plan 13/20, plot no. 151, area: 365 sq. m, share: whole; (g)     Kyrenia, Ayios Amvrosios, Platanos, garden and cultivated field, sheet/plan 13/22, plot no. 524, area: 55 sq. m, share: whole; (h)     Kyrenia, Ayios Amvrosios, Vrysi tou Potamou, freshwater spring, sheet/plan 13/22, plot no. 608/1, share: whole; (i)     Kyrenia, Ayios Amvrosios, Mangou, field with trees, sheet/plan   13/31, plot no. 34, area: 3,819 sq. m, share: whole; (j)     Kyrenia, Pano Kyrenia, house with yard (ground level), No. 7, Demosthenous Street, sheet/plan 12/20, plot no. 34, area: 785 sq. m, share: whole. 10.     The applicant alleged that the house described under paragraph 9 (j) above had been his permanent residence. He lived there with his wife Sophia Andreou Ioannou (the applicant in application no.   18360/91), his son Michael Michael (the applicant in application no.   18361/91) and his daughter Christina Michael. 11.     Following the 1974 intervention and the ensuing Turkish military occupation, the applicant was deprived of access to and the use of his property. He participated in various peaceful demonstrations and marches towards his village. On all occasions he was prevented from walking home by the Turkish troops. 12.     On 9 December 1990 the applicant made one further attempt to return to his home and property in Kyrenia and Ayios Amvrosios by participating in a convoy of cars of fellow refugees intending to return home. 13.     The applicant and his fellow refugees, who had informed the Commander of the United Nations (UN) forces in Cyprus of their intentions, arrived at the check point in the "buffer zone", on the main road which links Nicosia with Ayios Amvrosios and Kyrenia. There, they asked the UN officer on duty to be allowed to return to their homes, property and villages. They requested the same officer to forward their demand to the Turkish military authorities. The officer replied that the latter had refused their request. THE LAW I.     THE GOVERNMENT’S PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS 14.     In their further observations of 23 October 2003, the Government raised preliminary objections concerning non-exhaustion of domestic remedies and lack of victim status in the light of the Law on compensation for immovable properties located within the boundaries of the “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” (the “TRNC”). The Court observes that these objections are identical to those raised in the case of Alexandrou v. Turkey (no. 16162/90, §§ 13-14 and 21, ... 2008), and should be dismissed for the same reasons, notably the fact that they had been raised after the application was declared admissible (see also Demades v. Turkey (merits), no.   16219/90, § 20, 31   July 2003). II.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 1 OF PROTOCOL NO. 1 TO THE CONVENTION 15.     The applicant complained of a violation of his right to peaceful enjoyment of his possessions under Article   1 of Protocol No.   1. This provision reads as follows: “Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law. The preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair the right of a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure the payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.” 16.     The Government disputed this claim. A.     The arguments of the parties 1.     The Government 17.     The Government submitted that the applicant had produced no evidence that at the time of the 1974 Turkish intervention he had been the owner of immovable property either in Kyrenia or in Ayios Amvrosios. The documents produced in support of his application had been obtained from the Greek Cypriot Land Authority on 7 November 1992, at the applicant’s request and on the basis of information supplied by him. 18.     Moreover, the applicant had not applied through the proper channels to visit his alleged properties. He had not attempted to enter the northern part of Cyprus at an approved crossing point, and had not been prevented from doing so by Turkish or Turkish Cypriot forces. He had been stopped on the southern side of the buffer zone by UNFICYP, in the vicinity of the Greek Cypriot cease-fire line. The Turkish forces had not been in any way involved in the incident. It was clear that the scenario staged by the applicant and others on 9 December 1990 had been contrary to the undertakings of the two sides relating to the status of the UN buffer zone, and had been constituted a violation of that status, so closely maintained by UNFICYP in order to keep the peace on the island. 19.     It had been necessary, due to the relocation of populations, to facilitate the re-habilitation of Turkish Cypriot refugees and put abandoned Greek Cypriot properties into better use. Deprivation of and/or extensive control of the use of property had been necessary in the public interest, also because Turkish Cypriots had left their property in the south with the intention of never going back. Moreover, due to the agreed principles of bi-communality and bi-zonality, property rights and reciprocal compensation had to be regulated and the exercise thereof restricted. 20.     In conclusion and in view of the political situation on the island and the separation of the two conflicting communities into two sectors, it would be highly unrealistic to recognise for individual applicants the right of access to property and consequent property rights in isolation of the political situation. Otherwise, the inter-communal negotiation process could be strained to the point of collapse, with the risk of turmoil on the island. 2.     The applicant 21.     The applicant maintained that the evidence which he had submitted was conclusive as to his rights of ownership of the properties at issue. Certainly the old records captured in Kyrenia relating to land registration would confirm his ownership, provided they were produced unaltered by the respondent Government. 22.     The applicant submitted that the respondent Government had solely relied upon arguments which the Court had already rejected in the case of Loizidou v. Turkey ((merits) of 18   December 1996, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996-VI) , which was similar to the present application. What was at issue in the present case was not the freedom of movement across the buffer zone on a particular occasion but the entire framework of acts by which owners of property in northern Cyprus, such as the applicant, had been deprived of their property. It was the presence of the Turkish forces in northern Cyprus which had prevented him since July 1974, and not just on 9   December 1990, from having access to his property. 23.     The applicant argued that the interference with his property rights could not be justified under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. The policies of the “TRNC” could not furnish a legitimate aim since the establishment of the “TRNC” was an illegitimate act condemned by the Security Council. For the same reason, the interference could not be found to be in accordance with the law and the general principles of international law. Nor had the interference been proportionate. The need to re-house displaced Turkish Cypriots could not justify the complete negation of the applicant’s property rights. This conclusion was reinforced by evidence showing that much of the property taken from Greek Cypriots had been used to house settlers from mainland Turkey. B.     The third-party intervener’s arguments 24.     The Government of Cyprus observed that their Department of Lands and Surveys had provided certificates confirming ownership to those persons who did not have title deeds in their possession but whose title was entered in the District Land Offices registers in the Turkish-occupied area. These certificates were prima facie evidence of their right of property. The “TRNC” authorities were in possession of all the records of the Department of Lands and Surveys relating to the title to properties. It was therefore the duty of the respondent Government to produce them. 25.     The Government of Cyprus further noted that the present case was similar to that of Loizidou ((merits), cited above), where the Court had found that the loss of control of property by displaced persons arose as a consequence of the occupation of the northern part of Cyprus by Turkish troops and the establishment of the “TRNC”, and that the denial of access to property in occupied northern Cyprus constituted a continuing violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. C.     The Court’s assessment 26.     The Court first notes that the documents submitted by the applicant (see paragraph 9 above) provide prima facie evidence that he had a title of ownership over the properties at issue. As the respondent Government failed to produce convincing evidence in rebuttal, the Court considers that the applicant had a “possession” within the meaning of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. 27.     The Court recalls that in the aforementioned Loizidou case ((merits), cited above, §§ 63-64), it reasoned as follows: “63.     ... as a consequence of the fact that the applicant has been refused access to the land since 1974, she has effectively lost all control over, as well as all possibilities to use and enjoy, her property. The continuous denial of access must therefore be regarded as an interference with her rights under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. Such an interference cannot, in the exceptional circumstances of the present case to which the applicant and the Cypriot Government have referred, be regarded as either a deprivation of property or a control of use within the meaning of the first and second paragraphs of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. However, it clearly falls within the meaning of the first sentence of that provision as an interference with the peaceful enjoyment of possessions. In this respect the Court observes that hindrance can amount to a violation of the Convention just like a legal impediment. 64.     Apart from a passing reference to the doctrine of necessity as a justification for the acts of the ‘TRNC’ and to the fact that property rights were the subject of intercommunal talks, the Turkish Government have not sought to make submissions justifying the above interference with the applicant’s property rights which is imputable to Turkey. It has not, however, been explained how the need to rehouse displaced Turkish Cypriot refugees in the years following the Turkish intervention in the island in 1974 could justify the complete negation of the applicant’s property rights in the form of a total and continuous denial of access and a purported expropriation without compensation. Nor can the fact that property rights were the subject of intercommunal talks involving both communities in Cyprus provide a justification for this situation under the Convention. In such circumstances, the Court concludes that there has been and continues to be a breach of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1.” 28.     In the case of Cyprus v.   Turkey ([GC], no.   25781/94, ECHR   2001 ‑ IV) the Court confirmed the above conclusions (§§ 187 and 189): “187.     The Court is persuaded that both its reasoning and its conclusion in the Loizidou judgment ( merits ) apply with equal force to displaced Greek Cypriots who, like Mrs Loizidou, are unable to have access to their property in northern Cyprus by reason of the restrictions placed by the “TRNC” authorities on their physical access to that property. The continuing and total denial of access to their property is a clear interference with the right of the displaced Greek Cypriots to the peaceful enjoyment of possessions within the meaning of the first sentence of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. ... 189.     .. there has been a continuing violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 by virtue of the fact that Greek-Cypriot owners of property in northern Cyprus are being denied access to and control, use and enjoyment of their property as well as any compensation for the interference with their property rights.” 29.     The Court sees no reason in the instant case to depart from the conclusions which it reached in the Loizidou and Cyprus v. Turkey cases ( op. cit. ; see also Demades (merits), cited above, § 46). 30.     Accordingly, it concludes that there has been and continues to be a violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 by virtue of the fact that the applicant is denied access to and control, use and enjoyment of his property as well as any compensation for the interference with his property rights. III.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 8 OF THE CONVENTION 31.     The applicant submitted that in 1974 he had had his home in Kyrenia. As he had been unable to return there, he was the victim of a violation of Article   8 of the Convention. This provision reads as follows: “1.     Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. 2.     There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.” 32.     The Government disputed this claim 33.     The applicant submitted that, contrary to the applicant in the Loizidou case, himself, his wife and his daughter and son had had their principal residence in the town of Kyrenia. He claimed to be a displaced person under Article 8 of the Convention and argued that the respondent Government had implicitly admitted the lack of any legal justification for the interference at issue. 34.     The Government of Cyprus submitted that where the applicant’s properties constituted the person’s home, there was a violation of Article   8 of the Convention. 35.     The Court notes that the Government failed to produce any evidence capable of casting doubt upon the applicant’s statement that, at the time of the Turkish invasion, he was regularly residing in Kyrenia and that this house was treated by the applicant and his family as a home. 36.     Accordingly, the Court considers that in the circumstances of the present case, the house of the applicant qualified as “home” within the meaning of Article 8 of the Convention at the time when the acts complained of took place. 37.     The Court observes that the present case differs from the Loizidou case ((merits) , cited above) since, unlike Mrs Loizidou, the applicant actually had a home in Kyrenia. 38.     The Court notes that since 1974 the applicant has been unable to gain access to and to use that home. In this connection the Court recalls that, in its judgment in the case of Cyprus v. Turkey (cited above, §§   172-175), it concluded that the complete denial of the right of Greek-Cypriot displaced persons to respect for their homes in northern Cyprus since 1974 constituted a continuing violation of Article 8 of the Convention. The Court reasoned as follows: “172.     The Court observes that the official policy of the ‘TRNC’ authorities to deny the right of the displaced persons to return to their homes is reinforced by the very tight restrictions operated by the same authorities on visits to the north by Greek Cypriots living in the south. Accordingly, not only are displaced persons unable to apply to the authorities to reoccupy the homes which they left behind, they are physically prevented from even visiting them. 173.     The Court further notes that the situation impugned by the applicant Government has obtained since the events of 1974 in northern Cyprus. It would appear that it has never been reflected in ‘legislation’ and is enforced as a matter of policy in furtherance of a bi-zonal arrangement designed, it is claimed, to minimise the risk of conflict which the intermingling of the Greek and Turkish-Cypriot communities in the north might engender. That bi-zonal arrangement is being pursued within the framework of the inter-communal talks sponsored by the United Nations Secretary-General ... 174.     The Court would make the following observations in this connection: firstly, the complete denial of the right of displaced persons to respect for their homes has no basis in law within the meaning of Article 8 §   2 of the Convention (see paragraph 173 above); secondly, the inter-communal talks cannot be invoked in order to legitimate a violation of the Convention; thirdly, the violation at issue has endured as a matter of policy since 1974 and must be considered continuing. 175.     In view of these considerations, the Court concludes that there has been a continuing violation of Article 8 of the Convention by reason of the refusal to allow the return of any Greek-Cypriot displaced persons to their homes in northern Cyprus.” 39.     The Court sees no reason in the instant case to depart from the above reasoning and findings (see also Demades (merits), cited above, §§ 36-37). 40.     Accordingly, it concludes that there has been a continuing violation of Article 8 of the Convention on account of the complete denial of the applicant’s right to respect for his home. IV.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 14 OF THE CONVENTION TAKEN IN CONJUNCTION WITH ARTICLE 8 OF THE CONVENTION AND ARTICLE 1 OF PROTOCOL NO. 1 41.     The applicant complained of a violation under Article   14 of the Convention on account of discriminatory treatment against him in the enjoyment of his rights under Article 8 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. He alleged that this discrimination had been based on his national origin and religious beliefs. Article 14 reads as follows: “The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in [the] Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.” 42.     The Government disputed this claim. 43.     The Court recalls that in the above-mentioned Alexandrou case (cited above, §§ 38-39) it has found that it was not necessary to carry out a separate examination of the complaint under Article 14 of the Convention. The Court does not see any reason to depart from that approach in the present case (see also, mutatis mutandis , Eugenia Michaelidou Ltd and Michael Tymvios v. Turkey , no. 16163/90, §§ 37-38, 31 July 2003). V.     APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION 44.     Article 41 of the Convention provides: “If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.” A.     Pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage 1.     The parties’ submissions (a)     The applicant 45.     In his just satisfaction claims of 3 June 2000, the applicant requested 266,251 Cypriot pounds (CYP – approximately 454,916 euros (EUR)) for pecuniary damage. He relied on an expert’s report assessing the value of his losses which included the loss of annual rent collected or expected to be collected from renting out his properties, plus interest from the date on which such rents were due until the day of payment. The rent claimed was for the period dating back to January 1987, when the respondent Government accepted the right of individual petition, until 31 December 2000. The applicant did not claim compensation for any purported expropriation since he was still the legal owner of the properties. The valuation report contained a description of the applicant’s house in Kyrenia, which comprised six rooms, a kitchen and a bathroom and had a total area of approximately 200   m². It had been built in 1973 at a distance of 600 metres from the seaside with reinforced concrete frame, plastered brick walls and pitched roof with imported tiles. In addition to that, the applicant was the owner of eight pieces of land scattered at various localities of Ayios Amvrosios, Klepini and Ayios Epiktitos villages. 46.     The starting point of the valuation report was the classification of the applicant’s properties in three categories: (a) the house in Kyrenia; (b) lands with prospects and potentialities for immediate development; (c) lands for which the immediate or foreseeable prospects were limited to agricultural use. According to the expert, for the properties under categories (a) and (b), the ground rent was a percentage of 4 to 6 percent of the market value of the properties, while for agricultural land, in 1974, the rent was between CYP 2 and 35 per decare per annum. In particular, in 1974 the applicant’s house in Kyrenia had an approximate market value of CYP 20,000 (approximately EUR 34,172), which meant an annual rent of CYP 800 (approximately EUR   1,366). The applicant’s fields had, in 1974, an approximate total market value of CYP   17,152 (approximately EUR   29,305) and a total annual rent of CYP 1,039 (approximately EUR   1,775) could have been obtained from them. The expert took into account the nature of the area under study and the trends in rent increase (an average of 12% per annum for ground rents, 7% per annum for dry agricultural properties and 5% per annum for gardens and houses). Compound interest for delayed payment was applied at a rate of 8% per annum. 47.     On 25 January 2008, following request from the Court for an update on developments in the case, the applicant submitted updated claims for just satisfaction, which were meant to cover the period of loss of use of the property from 1 January 1987 to 31 December 2007. He produced a revised valuation report which, on the basis of the criteria adopted in the previous report, concluded that the whole sum due for the loss of use was CYP   406,334 plus CYP 321,509 for interests (the interests applied from 2001 onwards were 6 percent per annum). The total sum claimed under this head was thus CYP 727,844 (approximately EUR   1,243,594). 48.     In his just satisfaction claims of 3 June 2000, the applicant further claimed CYP 300,000 (approximately EUR   512,580) in respect of non-pecuniary damage. This sum had been calculated on the basis of the sum awarded by the Court in the Loizidou case ((just satisfaction), 28 July 1998, Reports 1998-IV), taking into account, however, that the period of time for which the damage was claimed in the instant case was longer and that there had also been a violation of Article 8 of the Convention. (b)     The Government 49.     The Government filed comments on the applicant’s updated claims for just satisfaction on 30 June 2008 and 15 October 2008. They pointed out that the present application was part of a cluster of similar cases raising a number of problematic issues and maintained that the claims for just satisfaction were not ready for examination. The Government had in fact encountered serious problems in identifying the properties and their present owners. The information provided by the applicants in this regard was not based on reliable evidence. Moreover, owing to the lapse of time since the lodging of the applications, new situations might have arisen: the properties could have been transferred, donated or inherited within the legal system of southern Cyprus. These facts would not have been known to the respondent Government and could be certified only by the Greek Cypriot authorities, who, since 1974, had reconstructed the registers and records of all properties in northern Cyprus. Applicants should be required to provide search certificates issued by the Department of Lands and Surveys of the Republic of Cyprus. Moreover, in cases where the original applicant had passed away or the property had changed hands, questions might arise as to whether the new owners had a legal interest in the property and whether they were entitled to pecuniary and/or non-pecuniary damages. 50.     The Government further noted that some applicants had shared properties and that it was not proven that their co-owners had agreed to the partition of the possessions. Nor, when claiming damages based on the assumption that the properties had been rented after 1974, had the applicants shown that the rights of the said co-owners under domestic law had been respected. 51.     The Government further submitted that as an annual increase of the value of the properties had been applied, it would be unfair to add compound interest for delayed payment, and that Turkey had recognised the jurisdiction of the Court on 21 January 1990, and not in January 1987. In any event, the alleged 1974 market value of the properties was exorbitant, highly excessive and speculative; it was not based on any real data with which to make a comparison and made insufficient allowance for the volatility of the property market and its susceptibility to influences both domestic and international. The report submitted by the applicant had instead proceeded on the assumption that the property market would have continued to flourish with sustained growth during the whole period under consideration. 52.     The Government produced a valuation report prepared by the Turkish-Cypriot authorities, which they considered to be based on a “realistic assessment of the 1974 market values, having regard to the relevant land records and comparative sales in the areas where the properties [were] situated”. This report contained two proposals, assessing, respectively, the sum due for the loss of use of the properties and their present value. The second proposal was made in order to give the applicant the option to sell the properties to the State, thereby relinquishing title to and claims in respect of them. 53.     The report prepared by the Turkish-Cypriot authorities specified that it would be possible to envisage, either immediately or after the resolution of the Cyprus problem, restitution of the properties described in paragraph   9 (a), (b), (c), (f) and (j) above. The other immovable properties referred to in the application were possessed by refugees; they could not form the object of restitution but could give entitlement to financial compensation, to be calculated on the basis of the loss of income (by applying a 5% rent on the 1974 market values) and increase in value of the properties between 1974 and the date of payment. Had the applicant applied to the Immovable Property Commission, the latter would have offered CYP   39,115.93 (approximately EUR 66,833) to compensate the loss of use and CYP   41,663.75 (approximately EUR 71,186) for the value of the properties. According to an expert appointed by the “TRNC” authorities, the 1974 open-market value of the properties described in paragraph 9 above was CYP 6,808 (approximately EUR 11,632). Upon fulfilment of certain conditions, the Immovable Property Commission could also have offered the applicant exchange of his properties with Turkish-Cypriot properties located in the south of the island. 54.     Finally, the Government did not comment on the applicant’s submissions under the head of non-pecuniary damage. 2.     The third-party intervener 55.     The Government of Cyprus fully supported the applicant’s updated claims for just satisfaction. 3.     The Court’s assessment 56.     The Court first notes that the Government’s submission that doubts might arise as to the applicant’s title of ownership over the properties at issue (see paragraph 49 above) is, in substance, an objection of incompatibility ratione materiae with the provisions of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. Such an objection should have been raised before the application was declared admissible or, at the latest, in the context of the parties’ observations on the merits. In any event, the Court cannot but confirm its finding that the applicant had a “possession” over the properties at issue within the meaning of Article 1 of Protocol No.   1 (see paragraph   26 above). 57.     In the circumstances of the case, the Court considers that the question of the application of Article 41 in respect of pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage is not ready for decision. It observes, in particular, that the parties have failed to provide reliable and objective data pertaining to the prices of land and real estate in Cyprus at the date of the Turkish intervention. This failure renders it difficult for the Court to assess whether the estimate furnished by the applicant of the 1974 market value of his properties is reasonable. The question must accordingly be reserved and the subsequent procedure fixed with due regard to any agreement which might be reached between the respondent Government and the applicant (Rule   75   §   1 of the Rules of Court). B.     Costs and expenses 58.     In his just satisfaction claims of 3 June 2000, relying on bills from his representative, the applicant sought CYP 3,093.89 (approximately 5,286   EUR) for the cost and expenses incurred before the Court. This sum included CYP 700 (approximately EUR 1,196) for the cost of the expert report assessing the value of his properties. The sum of EUR   356.11, which the applicant had received by way of aid, was deducted from the amount claimed. In his updated claims for just satisfaction of 25   January 2008 the applicant submitted additional bills of costs for the new valuation report and for legal fees amounting to EUR 402.5 and EUR   2,000 respectively.   The total sum sought for cost and expenses was thus EUR   7,688.5. 59.     The Government did not comment on this point. 60.     In the circumstances of the case, the Court considers that the question of the application of Article 41 in respect of costs and expenses is not ready for decision. The question must accordingly be reserved and the subsequent procedure fixed with due regard to any agreement which might be reached between the respondent Government and the applicant. FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT 1.     Dismisses by six votes to one the Government’s preliminary objections;   2.     Holds by six votes to one that there has been a violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1;   3.     Holds by six votes to one that there has been a violation of Article 8 of the Convention;   4.     Holds unanimously that it is not necessary to examine whether there has been a violation of Article 14 of the Convention;   5.     Holds unanimously that the question of the application of Article 41 is not ready for decision;             accordingly, (a)     reserves the said question in whole; (b)     invites the Government and the applicant to submit, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article   44   §   2 of the Convention, their written observations on the matter and, in particular, to notify the Court of any agreement that they may reach;   (c)     reserves the further procedure and delegates to the President of the Chamber the power to fix the same if need be. Done in English, and notified in writing on 27 January 2009, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.   Fatoş Aracı   Nicolas Bratza   Deputy Registrar   President In accordance with Article 45 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 74 § 2 of the Rules of Court, the dissenting opinion of Judge Karakaş is annexed to this judgment. N.B. F.A. DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE KARAKAŞ (Translation) Unlike the majority, I consider that the objection of non-exhaustion of domestic remedies raised by the Government should not have been rejected. Consequently, I cannot agree with the finding of violations of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 and of Article 8 of the Convention. The rule of exhaustion of domestic remedies is intended to give Contracting States the opportunity to prevent or provide redress for violations alleged against them before such allegations are referred to the Court. That reflects the subsidiary nature of the Convention system. Faced with the scale of the problem of deprivations of title to property alleged by Greek Cypriots (approximately 1,400 applications of this type lodged against Turkey), the Court, in the operative part of its Xenides ‑ Arestis v. Turkey judgment of 22 December 2005, required the respondent State to provide a remedy guaranteeing the effective protection of the rights set forth in Article 8 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 in the context of all the similar cases pending before it. The State has a legal obligation not just to pay those concerned the sums awarded by way of just satisfaction under Article 41 of the Convention, but also to select the general or, if appropriate, individual measures to be adopted in its domestic legal order to put an end to the violation found by the Court and to redress so far as possible the effects. The Government submitted that by enacting the Law on Compensation for Immovable Properties (Law no. 67/2005) and setting up a Commission to deal with compensation claims it had discharged that obligation (see also Xenides ‑ Arestis v. Turkey (just satisfaction), no. 46347/99, §   37, 7   December 2006). It is that domestic remedy which, in their submission, the applicant failed to exercise in the present case. The exhaustion of domestic remedies is normally assessed at the time when an application is lodged with the Court. However, there are exceptions to the rule which may be justified by the particular circumstances of each case (see Baumann v. France , no. 33592/96, § 47, ECHR 2001-V (extracts)). Examples of such exceptions are to be found in the cases against Italy which raised similar questions and in which the Court found that certain specific facts justified departing from the general principle (see Brusco v. Italy , (dec.) no.   69789/01, ECHR 2001-IX). In other examples the Court also took the view, in the light of the specific facts of the cases concerned, and having regard to the subsidiary nature of the Convention mechanism, that new domestic remedies had not been exhausted (see the following decisions:   Nogolica v. Croatia , no.   77784/01, ECHR 2002-VIII; Slaviček v. Croatia , no. 20862/02, ECHR 2002-VII; Andrášik and Others v. Slovakia , nos. 57984/00, 60226/00, 60242/00, 60679/00, 60680/00 and 68563/01, ECHR 2002-IX; and Içyer v. Turkey , no.   18888/02, ECHR 2006-I). In situations where there is no effective remedy affording the opportunity to complain of alleged violations, individuals are systematically compelled to submit to the European Court of Human Rights applications which could have been investigated first of all within the domestic legal order. In that way, the functioning of the Convention system risks losing its effectiveness in the long term (the most pertinent example is the Broniowski v. Poland case ([GC], no.   31443/96, ECHR 2004-V). In my opinion the above examples provide an opportunity to review the conditions for admissibility in the event of a major change in the circumstances of the case. For the similar post- Loizidou cases, the Court can always reconsider its admissibility decision and examine the preliminary objection of failure to exhaust domestic remedies. Since the Court may reject “ at any stage of the proceedings ” (Article   35 § 4 of the Convention) an application which it considers inadmissible, new facts brought to its attention may lead it, even when examining the case on the merits, to reconsider the decision in which the application was declared admissible and ultimately declare it inadmissible pursuant to Article 35 § 4 of the Convention, taking due account of the context (see, for example, Medeanu v. Romania (dec.), no. 29958/96, 8   April 2003, and Azinas v. Cyprus [GC], no. 56679/00, §§ 37-43, ECHR 2004-III). The existence of a “ new fact ” which has come to light after the admissibility decision may prompt the Court to reconsider that decision. I consider that the Law on Compensation for Immovable Properties (Law no. 67/2005) and the Commission set up to deal with compensation claims, which are based on the guiding principles laid down by the Court in the Xenides-Arestis case, are capable of providing an opportunity for the State authorities to provide redress for breaches of the Convention’s provisions, including breaches alleged in applications already lodged with the Court before the Act’s entry into force (see Içyer , cited above, § 72). That consideration also applies to applications already declared admissible by the Court (see Azinas , cited above). In order to conclude whether there has or has not been a breach of the Convention, complainants must first exercise the new domestic remedy and then, if necessary, lodge an application with the European Court of Human Rights, the international court. Following that logic, I cannot in this case find any violation of the Convention’s provisions.