CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 22 septembre 2009

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font-size:14pt }       FOURTH SECTION         CASE OF ANDREOU PAPI v. TURKEY   (Application no. 16094/90)               JUDGMENT (merits)     STRASBOURG   22 September 2009     FINAL   01/03/2010   This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article   44 §   2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Andreou Papi v. Turkey, The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Nicolas Bratza, President,   Giovanni Bonello,   David Thór Björgvinsson,   Ján Šikuta,   Päivi Hirvelä,   Ledi Bianku,   Işıl Karakaş, judges, and Fatoş Aracı, Deputy Section Registrar , Having deliberated in private on 1 September 2009, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 16094/90) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Cypriot national, Mrs Despo Andreou Papi (“the applicant”), on 16 January 1990. 2.     The applicant was represented by Mr L. Clerides and Mr C. Clerides, two lawyers practising in Nicosia. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr   Z.M.   Necatigil. 3.     The applicant alleged, in particular, that the Turkish occupation of the northern part of Cyprus had deprived her of her home and properties and that she had been subjected to treatment contrary to the Convention during a demonstration. 4.     The application was transmitted to the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11). 5.     By a decision of 26 September 2002 the Court declared the application partly admissible. 6.     The applicant and the Government each filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). In addition, third-party comments were received from the Government of Cyprus, which had exercised its right to intervene (Article 36 § 1 of the Convention and Rule 44 § 1 (b)). THE FACTS 7.     The applicant was born in 1933 and lives in Limassol. I.     PROPERTY ISSUES 8.     The applicant claimed that in 1952, when she was 19 years' old, she had permanently settled in Famagusta (northern Cyprus), where she got married and had two sons. She had her home and other immovable property there. In order to substantiate her claim to ownership, the applicant produced an “affirmation of ownership of Turkish-occupied immovable property” issued by the Republic of Cyprus, according to which her properties could be described as follows: - Famagusta, Chrysi Akti, plot no.   778, block C, sheet/plan 33/21.1.IV, description: buildings with house, yard and shop on ground floor and house on the first floor; use: residence; area of the houses: 115 m² each; share: ¾. 9.     The applicant submitted that the property described above had been transferred to her by way of gift from her husband, Mr   Andreas Papis, on 28   June 2000 (Declaration of transfer no.   D-971). The latter had acquired it on 8 July 1994 by way of gift (Declaration of transfer no.   D-1044) from his mother, who had become the owner of the whole property in 1971. The applicant produced a copy of the two above-mentioned declarations of transfer. 10.     The applicant also claimed to have a “possession” within the meaning of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 with regard to the following property: -   Kato Dherynia, provisional no. 19, D/959; description: building site under subdivision; share: whole. 11.     In particular, the applicant declared that she had entered into a contract to purchase the site on 24 December 1971 and had paid the purchase price in monthly instalments. The sale price was CYP   2,750 (approximately EUR 4,613) and the applicant had given a lump-sum of CYP 200 (approximately EUR 341) as an advance payment. The remaining sum of CYP 2,550 should have been paid as follows: CYP 500 on 31   January 1972, plus 48 monthly instalments of not less than CYP 45 (approximately EUR 76). All the instalments had been paid off, with the final one being paid on 2 July 1974. In accordance with the contract, the transfer was to be effected on payment of the full sale price. However, the applicant's title to the land was not registered owing to the Turkish intervention. The applicant produced the contract of sale and copies of the receipts of payment. 12.     The applicant submitted that since the 1974 Turkish intervention she had been deprived of her property rights, since her property was located in the area that was under the occupation and control of the Turkish military authorities. She had made an attempt to return to her home and property on 19   July 1989, but had not been allowed to do so by the Turkish military authorities. They had prevented her from having access to and using her house and properties. II.     THE DEMONSTRATION OF 19 JULY 1989 13.     On 19 July 1989, the applicant joined an anti-Turkish demonstration in the Ayios Kassianos area in Nicosia in which the applicants in the Chrysostomos and Papachrysostomou v.   Turkey and Loizidou v.   Turkey cases (see below) also took part. A.     The applicant's version of events 14.     According to an affidavit sworn by the applicant before the Nicosia District Court on 4 August 2000, the demonstration of 19 July 1989 was peaceful and was held on the fifteenth anniversary of the Turkish intervention in Cyprus, in support of the missing persons and to protest against human rights violations. 15.     The applicant and other women had gathered in the Ayios Georgios church, where a service was in progress. While she was in the chapel, she heard cries coming from outside and at the same time saw Turkish policemen entering the church, indiscriminately grasping women, beating them and pulling them out. 16.     A policeman had seized the applicant by one hand and twisted the other backwards. He started to push her out of the church and to hit her fiercely with a baton and with his knee in the lower part of her head and on the back of her neck as well as on other parts of her body. She felt electricity passing through her body and realised that the baton was electric. The applicant and other women were forcefully dragged into the area controlled by the authorities of the “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” (the “TRNC”). 17.     She was then arrested and taken by bus to the so-called “Pavlides Garage”. During the journey she was subjected to assaults, beatings and gestures of a sexual nature by the officers who had detained her. The crowd outside the garage was swearing, shouting abuse and threats and throwing stones at the garage, some of which came through the roof. Some of the Turkish policemen threatened to open the doors and let the crowd lynch the detainees. At the garage there were also two UN men who merely acted as observers. One of the women detainees (Mrs Vrahimi – see application no.   16078/90) was seriously beaten. At about midnight the applicant was interrogated. Her interrogation took place in Greek. The applicant lied when asked for details concerning the members of her family. She was told to sign a statement in Turkish but did not do so as she did not understand Turkish and considered that signing the statement would have been tantamount to recognising the “TRNC”. On the morning of 20 July 1989 she was given some food and water and then taken to court where she was remanded in custody for forty-eight hours. At the hearing, an interpreter explained the procedure to the accused. The applicant understood that she was accused of having violated the borders of the “TRNC”. 18.     She was subsequently transferred to a prison outside Nicosia, where she was kept in a cell with another two women. Since there were not enough mattresses she and the other detainees in her cell took turns to lie down; however, she could not sleep due to the severe pain from the blows she had received. During the night the applicant and the other detainees were harassed by the guards and told that the long-term prisoners would rape them. The toilets and showers were filthy and had no doors so the guards could see the detainees bathing. Essential means of hygiene were lacking. At night, the guards continually picked out individual detainees for checks. 19.     At around midnight on 21 July 1989, the applicant was taken to court. She had no legal representation and the quality of the interpretation was poor; the applicant felt that the interpreter was not translating all of what was being said. The judge asked whether the accused wanted legal representation; they replied that they would only accept as defence counsel a lawyer registered with the bar association of the Republic of Cyprus. As a result, they were not assisted by a lawyer. One of the accused spoke on behalf of the others. 20.     Some prosecution witnesses were interrogated. They lied about the basic facts surrounding the demonstration and the circumstances of the arrest and the accused tried to protest. However, they were told to stay quiet if they did not want to be handed over to the vociferous crowd that had gathered outside the courtroom. 21.     At around midnight on 22 July 1989 the court sentenced the applicant to three days' imprisonment and to a fine of 50 Cyprus pounds (CYP) – approximately 85   euros (EUR) – with five additional days in prison in default of payment within 24 hours. She was brought back to prison where she was given some personal hygiene items that had been sent by the Red Cross. 22.     On 24 July 1989 the applicant was released. At the time of her release she was examined by UN doctors, who took some notes, and then transferred to southern Cyprus. On 28 July 1989 she made a statement to Limassol police and was also examined by a Government doctor at Limassol Hospital. The applicant produced a medical report issued on that same day by Dr. Charalambos Michael, a medical officer. This document reads as follows: “On 28.7.1989 and at approximately 23.00 hours I was requested by the Limassol District Police to examine Mrs Despo Andreou Papi from Famagusta and presently living at 16 Chrysanthou Mylona Street in Limassol. Mrs Papi alleges that on 19.7.1989 she was hit (kicks, fists and use of police baton) on various parts of her body by Turkish pseudo-policemen in the area of Ayios Kassianos in Nicosia. At the examination the following were found: 1.   Multiple and extensive bruises on various parts of the body, particularly obvious and serious in the areas of the right buttock and the posterior surface of the left hip. 2.   Haematoma and swelling on the left elbow joint. 3.   Pain at various parts of the body particularly in the region of the ribs (both sides), the neck, the left elbow, both buttocks, the coccyx and the waist. X-ray examination was requested.” 23.     The applicant alleged that she continued to suffer from the effects of the beatings inflicted on her. B.     The Government's version of events 24.     The Government alleged that the applicant had participated in a violent demonstration with the aim of enflaming anti-Turkish sentiment. The demonstrators, supported by the Greek-Cypriot administration, were demanding that the “Green Line” in Nicosia should be dismantled. Some carried Greek flags, clubs, knives and wire-cutters. They were acting in a provocative manner and shouting abuse. The demonstrators were warned in Greek and English that unless they dispersed they would be arrested in accordance with the laws of the “TRNC”. The applicant was arrested by the Turkish-Cypriot police after crossing the UN buffer zone and entering the area under Turkish-Cypriot control. The Turkish-Cypriot police intervened in the face of the manifest inability of the Greek-Cypriot authorities and the UN Force in Cyprus to contain the incursion and its possible consequences. 25.     No force was used against demonstrators who did not intrude into the “TRNC” border area and, in the case of demonstrators who were arrested for violating the border, no more force was used than was reasonably necessary in the circumstances in order to arrest and detain the persons concerned. No one was ill-treated. It was possible that some of the demonstrators had hurt themselves in the confusion or in attempting to scale barbed wire or other fencing. Had the Turkish police, or anyone else, assaulted or beaten any of the demonstrators, the UN Secretary General would no doubt have referred to this in his report to the Security Council. 26.     The applicant was charged, tried, found guilty and sentenced to a short term of imprisonment. She pleaded not guilty, but did not give evidence and declined to use the available judicial remedies. She was asked if she required assistance from a lawyer registered in the “TRNC”, but refused and did not ask for legal representation. Interpretation services were provided at the trial by qualified interpreters. All the proceedings were translated into Greek. C.     The UN Secretary General's report 27.     In his report of 7 December 1989 on the UN operations in Cyprus, the UN Secretary General stated, inter alia : “A serious situation, however, arose in July as a result of a demonstration by Greek Cypriots in Nicosia. The details are as follows: (a) In the evening of 19 July, some 1,000 Greek Cypriot demonstrators, mostly women, forced their way into the UN buffer zone in the Ayios Kassianos area of Nicosia. The demonstrators broke through a wire barrier maintained by UNFICYP and destroyed an UNFICYP observation post. They then broke through the line formed by UNFICYP soldiers and entered a former school complex where UNFICYP reinforcements regrouped to prevent them from proceeding further. A short while later, Turkish-Cypriot police and security forces elements forced their way into the area and apprehended 111 persons, 101 of them women; (b)   The Ayios Kassianos school complex is situated in the UN buffer zone. However, the Turkish forces claim it to be on their side of the cease-fire line. Under working arrangements with UNFICYP, the Turkish-Cypriot security forces have patrolled the school grounds for several years within specific restrictions. This patrolling ceased altogether as part of the unmanning agreement implemented last May; (c) In the afternoon of 21 July, some 300 Greek Cypriots gathered at the main entrance to the UN protected area in Nicosia, in which the UN headquarters is located, to protest the continuing detention by the Turkish-Cypriot authorities of those apprehended at Ayios Kassianos. The demonstrators, whose number fluctuated between 200 and 2,000, blocked all UN traffic through this entrance until 30 July, when the Turkish-Cypriot authorities released the last two detainees; (d) The events described above created considerable tension in the island and intensive efforts were made, both at the UN headquarters and at Nicosia, to contain and resolve the situation. On 21 July, I expressed my concern at the events that have taken place and stressed that it was vital that all parties keep in mind the purpose of the UN buffer zone as well as their responsibility to ensure that that area was not violated. I also urged the Turkish-Cypriot authorities to release without delay all those who had been detained. On 24 July, the President of the Security Council announced that he had conveyed to the representatives of all the parties, on behalf of the members of the Council, the Council's deep concern at the tense situation created by the incidents of 19 July. He also stressed the need strictly to respect the UN buffer zone and appealed for the immediate release of all persons still detained. He asked all concerned to show maximum restraint and to take urgent steps that would bring about a relaxation of tension and contribute to the creation of an atmosphere favourable to the negotiations.” D.   Photographs of the demonstration 28.     The applicant produced 21 photographs taken at different times during the demonstration on 19 July 1989. Photographs 1 to 7 were intended to show that, notwithstanding the deployment of the Turkish-Cypriot police, the demonstration was peaceful. In photographs 8 to 10 members of the Turkish-Cypriot police are seen breaking up the UNFICYP cordon. The final set of photographs shows members of the Turkish-Cypriot police using force to arrest some of the women demonstrators. III.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW A.     The Cypriot Criminal Code 29.     Section 70 of the Cypriot Criminal Code reads as follows: “Where five or more persons assemble with intent to commit an offence, or, being assembled with intent to carry out some common purpose, conduct themselves in such a manner as to cause persons in the neighbourhood to fear that the persons so assembled will commit a breach of the peace, or will by such assembly needlessly and without any reasonable occasion provoke other persons to commit a breach of the peace they are an unlawful assembly. It is immaterial that the original assembly was lawful if, being assembled, they conduct themselves with a common purpose in such a manner as aforesaid. When an unlawful assembly has begun to execute the purpose, whether of a public or of a private nature, for which it assembled by a breach of the peace and to the terror of the public, the assembly is called a riot, and the persons assembled are said to be riotously assembled.” 30.     According to section 71 of the Criminal Code, any person who takes part in an unlawful assembly is guilty of a misdemeanour and liable to imprisonment for one year. 31.     Section 80 of the Criminal Code provides: “Any person who carries in public without lawful occasion any offensive arm or weapon in such a manner as to cause terror to any person is guilty of a misdemeanour, and is liable to imprisonment for two years, and his arms or weapons shall be forfeited.” 32.     According to section 82 of the Criminal Code, it is an offence to carry a knife outside the home. B.     Police officers' powers of arrest 33.     The relevant part of Chapter 155, section 14 of the Criminal Procedure Law states: "(1) Any officer may, without warrant, arrest any person - ... (b) who commits in his presence any offence punishable with imprisonment; (c) who obstructs a police officer, while in the execution of his duty ..." C.     Offence of illegal entry into “TRNC” territory 34.     Section 9 of Law No. 5/72 states: "... Any person who enters a prohibited military area without authorisation, or by stealth, or fraudulently, shall be tried by a military court in accordance with the Military Offences Act; those found guilty shall be punished." 35.     Subsections 12 (1) and (5) of the Aliens and Immigration Law read as follows: “1.   No person shall enter or leave the Colony except through an approved port. ... 5.   Any person who contravenes or fails to observe any of the provisions of subsections (1), (2), (3) or (4) of this section shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to a fine not exceeding one hundred pounds or to both such imprisonment and fine.” THE LAW I.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 1 OF PROTOCOL NO. 1 TO THE CONVENTION 36.     The applicant complained that since 1974, Turkey had prevented her from exercising her right to the peaceful enjoyment of her possessions. She invoked Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, which reads as follows: “Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law. The preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair the right of a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure the payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.” 37.     The Government disputed this claim. A.     The Government's preliminary objections 38.     The Government raised preliminary objections of inadmissibility for non-exhaustion of domestic remedies and lack of victim status. The Court observes that these objections are identical to those raised in the case of Alexandrou v. Turkey (no. 16162/90, §§ 11-22, 20   January 2009), and should be dismissed for the same reasons. B.     The merits 1.     Arguments of the parties (a)     The Government 39.     The Government submitted that the receipts produced by the applicant showed the payment made for the purchase of building land in Kato Derynia. There was no evidence, however, that the property in question had been transferred to the applicant, and even assuming that it had, there was no evidence that she was still its owner. It would be unlikely that the transfer could have been done after the Turkish intervention, as the applicant would not have been able to access the land in view of the political situation on the island. Moreover, the applicant had acquired the properties described in paragraph 8 above only on 28 June 2000 and could not therefore have an interest in them under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. 40.     In the Government's view, the aim of the demonstration of 19 July 1989 had been to make political propaganda. The applicant had not genuinely intended to go to her alleged property, which she knew to be inaccessible in the existing political situation. In any event, even assuming that a question could arise under Article   1 of Protocol No.   1, the control of the use of property by the “TRNC” authorities had been justified in the general interest. 2.     The applicant 41.     The applicant, who essentially adopted the observations submitted by the Government of Cyprus (see below), stressed that she was the rightful owner of the properties at issue. She had been the “possessor” of the building land described in paragraph 10 above since the date she made the advance payment of CYP 200 and had been the beneficial owner since the payment of the last instalment on 2 July 1974 (see paragraph 11 above). As from that date she had had a claim against the company which had sold the building land to her and had been entitled to possession as the purchaser of the land. She argued that Article   1 of Protocol No.   1 did not only protect registered rights but all types of property rights. B.     The third-party intervener 42.     According to the Government of Cyprus, purchase of property was sufficient to give rise to a “claim” that would constitute a “possession” under Article   1 of Protocol No.   1 (see Pressos Compania Naviera S.A. and others v.   Belgium , 20 November 1995, §§   31-32, Series A no.   332). In any event, it was the duty of the respondent Government to prove that the applicant did not own the relevant land and buildings. C.     The Court's assessment 43.     The Court first observes that the Government did not contest the applicant's statement that in 1974 her husband's mother was the owner of the property described in paragraph 8 above. They stressed, however, that the property had been acquired by the applicant only in 2000, that is, after the Turkish intervention of 1974. 44.     The Court notes that the applicant has produced written proof that her husband acquired the property at issue from his mother and that he subsequently transferred it to her by way of gift on 28   June 2000 (see paragraph 9 above). Together with the other documents submitted by the applicant (see paragraph 8 above), this material provides prima facie evidence that, from June 2000 onwards, she had title to the property in question, which had previously belonged to her husband's family. As held by the Court in the Loizidou v.   Turkey case ((merits), 18   December 1996, §§   44 and 46, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996-VI), the latter could not be deemed to have lost title to his property by virtue of subsequent acts of expropriation of the “TRNC” authorities. 45.     As to the building land described in paragraph 10 above, the applicant has produced written proof that she had entered into a contract to purchase it and that, by 2 July 1974, she had paid the whole price agreed with the seller. She had therefore had a legitimate and lawful expectation of becoming the registered owner of the land. 46.     In view of the above, and having regard to the fact that the respondent Government have failed to produce convincing evidence in rebuttal, the Court considers that the applicant had a “possession” within the meaning of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 in relation to the properties described in paragraphs 8 and 10 above. 47.     The Court further observes that in the case of Loizidou ((merits), cited above, §§ 63-64), it reasoned as follows: “63.     ... as a consequence of the fact that the applicant has been refused access to the land since 1974, she has effectively lost all control over, as well as all possibilities to use and enjoy, her property. The continuous denial of access must therefore be regarded as an interference with her rights under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. Such an interference cannot, in the exceptional circumstances of the present case to which the applicant and the Cypriot Government have referred, be regarded as either a deprivation of property or a control of use within the meaning of the first and second paragraphs of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. However, it clearly falls within the meaning of the first sentence of that provision as an interference with the peaceful enjoyment of possessions. In this respect the Court observes that hindrance can amount to a violation of the Convention just like a legal impediment. 64.     Apart from a passing reference to the doctrine of necessity as a justification for the acts of the 'TRNC' and to the fact that property rights were the subject of intercommunal talks, the Turkish Government have not sought to make submissions justifying the above interference with the applicant's property rights which is imputable to Turkey. It has not, however, been explained how the need to rehouse displaced Turkish Cypriot refugees in the years following the Turkish intervention in the island in 1974 could justify the complete negation of the applicant's property rights in the form of a total and continuous denial of access and a purported expropriation without compensation. Nor can the fact that property rights were the subject of intercommunal talks involving both communities in Cyprus provide a justification for this situation under the Convention. In such circumstances, the Court concludes that there has been and continues to be a breach of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1.” 48.     In the case of Cyprus v.   Turkey ([GC], no.   25781/94, ECHR 2001-IV) the Court confirmed the above conclusions (§§ 187 and 189): “187.     The Court is persuaded that both its reasoning and its conclusion in the Loizidou judgment ( merits ) apply with equal force to displaced Greek Cypriots who, like Mrs Loizidou, are unable to have access to their property in northern Cyprus by reason of the restrictions placed by the 'TRNC' authorities on their physical access to that property. The continuing and total denial of access to their property is a clear interference with the right of the displaced Greek Cypriots to the peaceful enjoyment of possessions within the meaning of the first sentence of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. ... 189.     .. there has been a continuing violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 by virtue of the fact that Greek-Cypriot owners of property in northern Cyprus are being denied access to and control, use and enjoyment of their property as well as any compensation for the interference with their property rights.” 49.     The Court sees no reason in the instant case to depart from the conclusions which it reached in the Loizidou and Cyprus v. Turkey cases (op. cit.; see also Demades v. Turkey (merits), no.   16219/90, § 46, 31   July 2003). 50.     Accordingly, it concludes that there has been a violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention by virtue of the fact that from the dates referred to in paragraphs 44 and 45 above the applicant was denied access to and the control, use and enjoyment of her properties as well as any compensation for the interference with her property rights. II.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 8 OF THE CONVENTION 51.     The applicant submitted that in 1974 she had her home in Famagusta. As she had been unable to return there, she was the victim of a violation of Article   8 of the Convention. This provision reads as follows: “1.     Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. 2.     There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.” 52.     The Government disputed this claim. 53.     The Government of Cyprus submitted that the applicant had been driven from her home by the Turkish invasion and had been consistently refused the right to return ever since, in violation of Article   8 of the Convention. This interference could not be justified under the second paragraph of this provision. 54.     The Court observes that the applicant was not the owner of the house where she was allegedly residing at the time of the Turkish invasion. This house was belonging to her husband's mother and was transferred to the applicant only on 28 June 2000, which is approximately twenty-six years after the Turkish invasion (see paragraph 9 above). Under these circumstances, the Court is not convinced that a separate issue may arise under Article 8 of the Convention. It therefore considers that it is not necessary to examine whether there has been a continuing violation of this provision. III.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 14 OF THE CONVENTION, READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH ARTICLE 8 OF THE CONVENTION AND ARTICLE 1 OF PROTOCOL NO. 1 55.     The applicant complained of a violation under Article   14 of the Convention on account of discriminatory treatment against her in the enjoyment of her rights under Article 8 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. She alleged that this discrimination had been based on her national origin. Article 14 of the Convention reads as follows: “The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in [the] Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.” 56.     The Court recalls that in the Alexandrou case (cited above, §§ 38-39) it found that it was not necessary to carry out a separate examination of the complaint under Article 14 of the Convention. The Court does not see any reason to depart from that approach in the present case (see also, mutatis mutandis , Eugenia Michaelidou Ltd and Michael Tymvios v.   Turkey , no.   16163/90, §§ 37-38, 31 July 2003). IV.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION 57.     The applicant complained about the treatment administered to her during both the demonstration of 19 July 1989 and the proceedings against her in the “TRNC”. She invoked Article 3 of the Convention, which reads as follows: “No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” 58.     The Government disputed her claim. A.     Arguments of the parties 1.     The Government 59.     Relying on their version of the events (see paragraphs 24-26 above), the Government submitted that this part of the application should be determined on the basis of the Commission's findings in the case of Chrysostomos and Papachrysostomou v. Turkey (applications nos.   15299/89 and 15300/89, Commission's report of 8 June 1993, Decisions and Reports (DR) 86, p. 4), as the factual and legal bases of the present application were the same as in that pilot case. They argued that the third-party intervener should be considered estopped from challenging the Commission's findings. 2.     The applicant 60.     The applicant essentially adopted the observations submitted by the Government of Cyprus (see below). B.     The third-party intervener's arguments 61.     The Government of Cyprus submitted that the findings of the Commission in the case of Chrysostomos and Papachrysostomou (cited above) were not applicable to the present case. Whether the treatment suffered by the applicant violated Article   3 had to be examined and determined in light of the facts of the case and on the basis of the evidence provided. 62.     The treatment endured by the applicant during her arrest and subsequent imprisonment and trial had been of a very severe nature, including inter alia physical violence and punishment, exposure to violent and abusive crowds, inhuman and degrading conditions of detention (including solitary confinement and sleep deprivation) and humiliating and frightening treatment in court. Whether such treatment was viewed cumulatively or separately, it had caused severe physical and psychological suffering amounting to inhuman and degrading treatment within the meaning of Article   3 of the Convention. C.     The Court's assessment 63.     The general principles concerning the prohibition of torture and of inhuman or degrading treatment are set out in Protopapa v. Turkey , no.   16084/90, §§ 39-45, 24 February 2009. 64.     As to the application of these principles to the present case, the Court observes that it is undisputed that the applicant was arrested during a demonstration which gave rise to an extremely tense situation. It will be recalled that in the case of Chrysostomos and Papachrysostomou , the Commission found that a number of demonstrators had resisted arrest, that the police forces had broken their resistance and that in that context there was a high risk that the demonstrators would be treated roughly, and even suffer injuries, in the course of the arrest operation (see the Commission's report, cited above, §§ 113-15). The Court does not see any reason to depart from these findings and will take due account of the state of heightened tension at the time of the applicant's arrest. 65.     It further observes that the applicant submitted that in the course of her arrest she was seized by one hand, pushed and beaten all over her body (in particular on the lower part of her head and on the back of her neck) with an electric baton. She moreover alleged that her hand had been twisted forcefully (see paragraph   16 above). However, the Court has at its disposal little evidence to corroborate the applicant's version of events. According to the medical certificate issued on 28 July 1989, four days after the applicant's release, medical examination disclosed “multiple and extensive bruises on various parts of the body” and “haematoma and swelling on the left elbow joint”. The patient declared she was suffering pain in different regions of her body (see paragraph 22 above). X-rays were requested, but their result is not known by the Court. 66.     The Court considers that it has not been established that the applicant's injuries were deliberately caused by the Turkish or Turkish-Cypriot police. In any event, having regard to the fact that no evidence of a serious traumatic episode has been produced by the applicant, it cannot be ruled out that the bruises and the haematoma described in the certificate of 28 July 1989 are consistent with a minor physical confrontation between her and the police officers. There is nothing to show that the police used excessive force when, as they alleged, they were confronted in the course of their duties with resistance to arrest by the demonstrators, including the applicant (see, mutatis mutandis , Protopapa , cited above, §§ 47-48). 67.     The applicant's remaining allegations, concerning the conditions of her detention at the “Pavlides garage” and at the prison outside Nicosia, are unsubstantiated. Nor has it been proved that the applicant's injuries required immediate medical assistance. The Court considers, moreover, that the degree of intimidation which the applicant might have felt while being deprived of her liberty did not attain the minimum level of severity required to come within the scope of Article 3 (see Protopapa , cited above, § 49). 68.     Under these circumstances, the Court cannot consider it established beyond reasonable doubt that the applicant was subjected to treatment contrary to Article 3 or that the authorities had recourse to physical force which had not been rendered strictly necessary by the applicant's own behaviour (see, mutatis mutandis , Foka v. Turkey , no. 28940/95, § 62, 24   June 2008). 69.     It follows that there has been no violation of Article 3 of the Convention. V.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 OF THE CONVENTION 70.     The applicant alleged that her deprivation of liberty had been contrary to Article 5 of the Convention which, in so far as relevant, reads as follows: “1.     Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: (a)     the lawful detention of a person after conviction by a competent court; ... (c)     the lawful arrest or detention of a person effected for the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority on reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence or when it is reasonably considered necessary to prevent his committing an offence or fleeing after having done so; ... 2.     Everyone who is arrested shall be informed promptly, in a language which he understands, of the reasons for his arrest and of any charge against him. ...” 71.     The Government disputed this claim. A.     Arguments of the parties 1.     The Government 72.     The Government submitted that, given its violent character, the demonstration constituted an unlawful assembly. The Government referred, on this point, to sections 70, 71, 80 and 82 of the Cypriot Criminal Code, which was applicable in the “TRNC” (see paragraphs 29-32 above) and noted that under Chapter 155 of the Criminal Procedure Law (see paragraph   33 above), the police had power to arrest persons involved in violent demonstrations. 2.     The applicant 73.     The applicant essentially adopted the observations submitted by the Government of Cyprus (see below). B.     The third-party intervener's arguments 74.     The Government of Cyprus observed that during the applicant's initial arrest, subsequent detention and prison sentence following the court conviction, the applicant was denied her liberty in circumstances which did not follow a procedure prescribed by law and which were not lawful under Article 5 §   1 (a) and   (c) of the Convention. Moreover,   the authorities' failure to inform the applicant of all the reasons for her arrest constituted a violation of Article   5 §   2. C.     The Court's assessment 75.     It is not disputed that the applicant, who was arrested and remanded in custody by the “TRNC” Nicosia District Court, was deprived of her liberty within the meaning of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention. 76.     As to the question of compliance with the requirements of Article 5 § 1, the Court reiterates that this provision requires in the first place that the detention be “lawful”, which includes the condition of compliance with a procedure prescribed by law. The Convention here essentially refers back to national law and states the obligation to conform to the substantive and procedural rules thereof, but it requires in addition that any deprivation of liberty should be consistent with the purpose of Article 5, namely to protect individuals from arbitrariness (see Benham v. the United Kingdom , 10 June 1996, §§ 40 and 42, Reports 1996-III). 77.     The Court further notes that in the case of Foka v. Turkey (cited above, §§ 82-84) it held that the “TRNC” was exercising de facto authority over northern Cyprus and that the responsibility of Turkey for the acts of the “TRNC” was inconsistent with the applicant's view that the measures adopted by it should always be regarded as lacking a “lawful” basis in terms of the Convention. The Court therefore concluded that when, as in the Foka case, an act of the “TRNC” authorities was in compliance with laws in force within the territory of northern Cyprus, it should in principle be regarded as having a legal basis in domestic law for the purposes of the Convention. It does not see any reason to depart, in the instant case, from that finding, which is not in any way inconsistent with the view adopted by the international community regarding the establishment of the “TRNC” or the fact that the Government of