CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 3 novembre 2009

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display:inline-block } .s5F32E900 { width:208.31pt; display:inline-block } .sF6A12959 { width:33%; height:1px; text-align:left } .s85226119 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s653E6C45 { font-family:Arial; font-size:6.67pt; vertical-align:super; color:#0069d6 } .s8EB5F569 { font-family:Arial; font-size:6.67pt; vertical-align:super }       FOURTH SECTION             CASE OF SIERPIŃSKI v. POLAND   (Application no. 38016/07)               JUDGMENT (Merits)     STRASBOURG   3 November 2009   FINAL   03/02/2010   This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article   44 §   2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Sierpiński v. Poland , The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Nicolas Bratza, President,   Lech Garlicki,   Ljiljana Mijović,   David Thór Björgvinsson,   Ján Šikuta,   Päivi Hirvelä,   Mihai Poalelungi, judges, and Lawrence Early, Section Registrar , Having deliberated in private on 13 October 2009, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 38016/07) against the Republic of Poland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Polish national, Mr Wojciech Sierpiński (“the applicant”), on 21 August 2007. 2.     The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Ms M. Gąsiorowska, a lawyer practising in Warszawa. The Polish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr J. Wołąsiewicz of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 3.     The applicant alleged, in particular, that he was deprived of a fair trial on account of the Supreme Court's refusal to examine his cassation complaint (Article 6); he also complained about the alleged breach of his property rights (Article 1 of Protocol No. 1). 4.     On 11 December 2007 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It also decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility (Article 29 § 3). 5.     The applicant, but not the Government, filed observations on the admissibility and merits of the application (Rule 59 § 1). THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 1.     Background to the case 6.     The applicant was born in 1933 and lives in Warszawa. 7.     The applicant's family owned a plot of land situated in Warsaw. The applicant is the heir of the owners of that property. 8.     By virtue of the Decree of 26 October 1945 on the Ownership and Use of Land in Warsaw (“the 1945 Decree”) the ownership of all private land was transferred to the City of Warsaw. 9.     The applicant's predecessors requested to be granted the right of temporary ownership ( własność czasowa ) of the plot of land pursuant to section 7 of the 1945 Decree. On 27 December 1966 the Board of the Warsaw National Council ( Prezydium Rady Narodowej ) refused the request on the basis that the plot of land had been designated for public use (namely, an agricultural co-operative). 10.     On 27 June 1967 the Warsaw-Mokotów District National Council ( Prezydium Dzielnicowej Rady Narodowej) issued a decision granting the right of perpetual use of the plot of land to T. K. 11.     On 23 January 1992 the applicant's predecessor Z.S. lodged an application with the Minister of Planning and Construction (Minister Gospodarki Przestrzennej i Budownictwa ) for annulment of the administrative decision of 27 December 1966. On 10 February 1993 the Minister declared the decision null and void. 2.     Proceedings in which the applicant sought to have the expropriation decision declared null and void 12.     On 14 June 2000 the Local Government Board of Appeal ( Samorządowe Kolegium Odwoławcze) declared that the decision of 27 June 1967 had been issued in breach of law. However, the Board refused to declare the decision null and void in view of its irreversible legal consequences – on the basis of the 1967 decision a civil contract had been concluded with the perpetual user of the land who, in 1990, had transferred the rights to the estate to his son. 13.     On 3 March 2003 the Local Government Board of Appeal dismissed the applicant's claim for compensation in respect of the 1967 decision on the grounds that he had not proved “an actual loss” (see domestic law part below). 14.     On 8 April 2003 the applicant lodged a compensation claim with the Warsaw Regional Court. 15.     On 10 November 2004 the Regional Court delivered a judgment and awarded the applicant PLN 604,000. The court found that as a consequence of the unlawful 1967 decision the applicant had lost his property right and thus had suffered loss amounting to the value of that right. The court further considered that the State Treasury had the legal capacity to be sued for damages in this case. 16.     The State Treasury, represented by the Mayor of Warsaw, appealed against the judgment, arguing that the municipality ( gmina ) should have been sued in this case. 17.     On 14 July 2005 the Warsaw Court of Appeal allowed the appeal and dismissed the applicant's claim. The court, although it observed that the case-law had been divergent on the issue, inclined to the view expressed in a Supreme Court resolution of 16 November 2004, that the municipality – and not the State Treasury – had the legal capacity to be sued for damages resulting from an administrative decision issued before 27 May 1990, provided that the decision had been annulled or declared unlawful after that date (see domestic law part below). 18.     The applicant lodged a cassation complaint. He submitted that the judgment was in breach of relevant substantive law on account of an erroneous interpretation of the Local Self-Government Act of 10 May 1990. He also invoked Articles 398 4 § 1 (3) and 398 9 of the Civil Procedure Code arguing that the examination of the cassation complaint was justified because there was a significant legal issue in the case and a need for an authoritative interpretation of provisions which had been interpreted differently in the courts' case-law. The applicant gave examples of divergent case-law of the Supreme Court and Courts of Appeal. He further pointed to the fact that the resolution invoked by the Warsaw Court of Appeal, amending the hitherto prevailing jurisprudence, had been delivered six days after the judgment of the Regional Court. 19.     On 10 January 2006 the Supreme Court refused to entertain the cassation complaint. The decision was taken by a single judge sitting in camera and was not reasoned. 3.     Proceedings in which the applicant sought to have the judgment of the Court of Appeal declared to be contrary to law 20.     On 7 December 2006 a panel of seven judges of the Supreme Court adopted a resolution in other proceedings in which it concluded that the State Treasury had the legal capacity to be sued for damages caused by an administrative decision delivered before 27 May 1990, even if the decision had been annulled or declared null and void after that date. 21.     On 5 February 2007 the applicant lodged a complaint with the Supreme Court seeking to have the judgment of the Court of Appeal of 14   July 2005 declared contrary to law (see the domestic law part). 22.     On 15 June 2007 the Supreme Court rejected the complaint. The court concluded that the notion of the judgment “appealed from” within the meaning of Article 424 1 § 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure (preventing the examination of the complaint – see the domestic law part) required that a cassation complaint against a judgment had been lodged “effectively”, meaning it had not been rejected. In the court's view a cassation complaint which the Supreme Court had refused to entertain should be understood, for the purpose of this Article, as an “effectively lodged cassation complaint”, as well as a cassation complaint which had been examined on the merits. The Supreme Court in its decision of 10 January 2006 refused to examine the applicant's cassation complaint. The Supreme Court thus concluded that the judgment of the Court of Appeal had been appealed against effectively and the complaint under Article 424 1 was not available. [1] II.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE 1.     Relevant provisions concerning a cassation complaint 23.     On 6 February 2005 new provisions on a “cassation complaint” came into effect, replacing the provisions concerning the cassation appeal. 24.     Article 398 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that a party may lodge a cassation complaint against a final and valid judgment of a second-instance court. A party must be represented by an advocate or a legal adviser. 25.     The relevant part of Article 398 3 reads as follows: “The cassation complaint may be based on the following grounds: 1)     a breach of substantive law caused by its erroneous interpretation or wrongful application; 2)     a breach of procedural provisions, if that defect could significantly affect the outcome of the case.” 26.     Article 398 4 specifies the requirements of a cassation complaint. It reads in its relevant part: “§ 1.     A cassation complaint should include: 1)     an indication of the decision under appeal together with information as to whether the appeal is lodged against this decision in its entirety or in part only; 2)     an indication of the grounds for the cassation complaint; 3)     arguments showing that its examination would be justified; 4)     a motion to have the decision under appeal quashed or amended, specifying also the scope of the motion.” 27.     Article 398 9 provides: 1. The Supreme Court shall entertain the cassation complaint if: 1) there is a significant legal issue in the case, 2) there is a need for the interpretation of provisions raising serious doubts or causing discrepancies in the courts' case-law, 3) the proceedings are invalid at law, 4) the complaint is manifestly well-founded. 2. The Supreme Court shall decide to accept or refuse to entertain the cassation complaint during a sitting in camera; the decision shall not require written reasons. 28.     According to Article 398 10 a cassation is examined by a panel of three judges and in all other cases the Supreme Court takes decisions sitting in a single judge formation. As a rule, the cassation complaint is examined at a sitting in camera unless there is a significant legal issue in the case and the party lodging a complaint requested a hearing to be held, or the Supreme Court finds it appropriate to hold a hearing ( Article 398 11 ). 29.     Pursuant to Article 398 15 the Supreme Court, having allowed a cassation complaint, may quash the challenged judgment in its entirety or in part and remit the case for re-examination. Where the Supreme Court fails to find non-conformity with the law, it dismisses the cassation complaint ( Article 398 14 ). 2.     The complaint to declare a final and binding ruling to be contrary to law 30.     An amendment of 22 December 2004 to the Code of Civil Procedure, which entered into force on 6 February 2005, introduced a new extraordinary remedy against a final judicial decision – a complaint to declare a final and binding ruling to be contrary to law ( skarga o stwierdzenie niezgodności z prawem prawomocnego orzeczenia ). 31.     According to Article 424 1 , a party to the proceedings may request the Supreme Court to declare a final decision of a second-instance court to be contrary to law, provided that the party has suffered damage as a result of that decision and it has been impossible to have the decision reversed or quashed by way of remedies available to the party. 32.     Pursuant to § 3 of that Article a party cannot lodge a complaint against a second-instance decision which had already been challenged by way of a cassation, or against a decision issued by the Supreme Court. 3.     The judgment of the Constitutional Court 33.     The new regulations have been challenged before the Constitutional Court. In a judgment of 30 May 2007 (SK 68/06) the Constitutional Court found the new Article 398 9 incompatible with the Constitution, but only insofar as it allowed the Supreme Court to refrain from giving reasons for its decisions. 34.     In this respect the Constitutional Court referred, inter alia , to its judgment of 16 January 2006 (SK 30/05), in which it had already examined the possibility of the Supreme Court under the Criminal Procedure Code (Article 535 § 2) to dismiss an “evidently groundless” cassation appeal in a criminal case at a sitting without the participation of the parties and without giving written reasons for the judgment. The court found in this respect that “there is the accumulation at a single trial of three factors excluding the court's obligations as regards the provision of information (i.e. the informational obligation of the court). These are: secrecy of the proceedings; the use of the ambiguous term “evidently groundless” by the legislator; and the absence of an obligation that reasons be provided.” 4.     The individual constitutional complaint 35.     Article 79 § 1 of the Constitution, which entered into force on 17   October 1997, provides as follows: “In accordance with principles specified by statute, everyone whose constitutional freedoms or rights have been infringed, shall have the right to appeal to the Constitutional Court for a judgment on the conformity with the Constitution of a statute or another normative act on the basis of which a court or an administrative authority has issued a final decision on his freedoms or rights or on his obligations specified in the Constitution.” 36.     Article 190 of the Constitution, insofar as relevant, provides as follows: “1.     Judgments of the Constitutional Court shall be universally binding and final. 2.     Judgments of the Constitutional Court, ... shall be published without delay. 3.     A judgment of the Constitutional Court shall take effect from the day of its publication; however, the Constitutional Court may specify another date for the end of the binding force of a normative act. Such time-limit may not exceed 18 months in relation to a statute or 12 months in relation to any other normative act. ... 4.     A judgment of the Constitutional Court on the non-conformity with the Constitution, an international agreement or statute, of a normative act on the basis of which a final and enforceable judicial decision or a final administrative decision ... was given, shall be a basis for re-opening of the proceedings, or for quashing the decision ... in a manner and on principles specified in provisions applicable to the given proceedings.” 37.     Article 39 of the Constitutional Court Act reads: “1. The Court shall, at a sitting in camera, discontinue the proceedings: 1) if the pronouncement of a judicial decision would not serve any purpose or is inadmissible; 2) in consequence of the withdrawal of the application, question of law or constitutional complaint; 3) if the normative act has ceased to have effect ... prior to the delivery of a judicial decision by the Tribunal. 2. If these circumstances come to light at the hearing, the Tribunal shall take a decision to discontinue the proceedings. 3. Item 1 (3) of the present Article does not apply if giving a decision on the compatibility with the Constitution of a normative act which has already lost its validity is necessary for the protection of the constitutional freedoms and rights.” 5.     Re-opening of civil proceedings following a judgment of the Constitutional Court 38.     Article 401 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides that a party to civil proceedings which have ended with a final judgment on the merits can request that these proceedings be re-opened, if the Constitutional Court has found that the legal provision on the basis of which the judgment was given was incompatible with the Constitution. Such a request can be lodged with the competent court within one month from the date of the judgment of the Constitutional Court. 6.     The 1945 Decree on real property in Warsaw and the Local Self ‑ Government Act of 10 May 1990 39.     The Decree of 26 October 1945 on real property in Warsaw expropriated real property situated in Warsaw and transferred ownership to the municipality of Warsaw. 40.     Pursuant to section 33(2) of the Local State Administration Act of 20   March 1950, ownership of property situated in Warsaw was assigned to the State Treasury. 41.     A very significant reduction in the State Treasury's land resources was brought about by legislative measures aimed at reforming the administrative structure of the State. 42.     The Local Self-Government Act (introductory provisions) of 10   May   1990 ( Przepisy wprowadzające ustawę o samorządzie terytorialnym i ustawę o pracownikach samorządowych – “the 1990 Act”), which came into force on 27 May 1990, and other related statutes enacted at that time, re-established local self-government and municipalities and transferred to them powers that had previously been exercised solely by the local State administration. Pursuant to section 5(1), ownership of land which had previously been held by the State Treasury and which had been within the administrative territory of municipalities at the relevant time was transferred to the municipality. 43.     Section 36 § 3 (3) of the Act provides: “The State Treasury takes over: 3) obligations and receivables of local bodies of state administration   (...) resulting from final and binding court rulings and administrative decisions delivered before 27   May 1990 (...).” 7.     Temporary ownership and perpetual use 44.     Under Article 7 of the 1945 Decree, former owners had the right to lodge an application for temporary ownership of his plots ( własność czasowa ). The authorities competent to deal with such applications first had to examine whether the plots concerned had not been designated for public use. If he considered that granting temporary ownership to former owners would not be incompatible with public use, a decision could be made in favour of the former owner. 45.     Article 40 of the Law of 14 July 1961 on Administration of Land in Towns and Estates ( ustawa o gospodarce terenami w miastach i osiedlach ) replaced temporary ownership with perpetual use ( użytkowanie wieczyste ). 46.     The right to perpetual use is regulated by the Civil Code. An individual or a legal entity may be granted such a right over land owned by the State or a local authority. The right comprises a right to use the land to the exclusion of others for ninety-nine years, on payment of a yearly fee. The person entitled to the right can dispose of it. 8.     Compensation for damages caused by an administrative decision subsequently annulled or declared null and void 47.     Article 155 of the Code of Administrative Procedure permits the amendment or annulment of any final administrative decision at any time where necessary in the general or individual interest, if this is not prohibited by specific legal provisions. In particular, pursuant to Article 156, a final administrative decision is subject to annulment if it has been issued by an authority which had no jurisdiction, or if it is without a legal basis or contrary to the applicable laws. 48.     Article 160 of the Code of Administrative Procedure, as applicable at the material time, read in its relevant part: “A person who has suffered loss on account of the issuing of a decision in a manner contrary to Article 156 § 1 or on account of the annulment of such a decision shall have a claim for compensation for actual loss, unless he has been responsible for the circumstances mentioned in this provision.” 49.     An administrative decision in respect of the compensation claim could be appealed against in a civil court. 9.     Resolutions of the Supreme Court concerning the capacity to be sued for damages caused by an administrative decision 50.     Section 36 § 3 (3) of the 1990 Act raised doubts as to which legal entity was liable for damages caused by an unlawful administrative decision issued before the administrative reform. The problem was subject to divergent judicial interpretation. 51.     On 16 November 2004 a panel of three judges of the Supreme Court adopted a resolution (no. III CZP 64/04), finding that the municipality – and not the State Treasury – had the legal capacity to be sued for damages resulting from an administrative decision issued before 27 May 1990, provided that the decision had been annulled or declared unlawful after that date. 52.     In its resolution of 7 December 2006 (no. III CZP 99/06), adopted by a panel of seven judges, the Supreme Court concluded that the State Treasury had the capacity to be sued for damages caused by an administrative decision delivered before 27 May 1990, even if the decision had been annulled or declared null and void after that date. The resolution was adopted following a legal question referred to the Supreme Court by another Court of Appeal having a similar case before it. 53.     The Supreme Court confirmed this stance in several subsequent judgments, delivered in cases similar to the present one (see below). 10.     Examples of subsequent jurisprudence of the domestic courts a.     Judgment of the Supreme Court of 25 January 2007, ref no. V CSK 425/06 54.     On 21 March 2001 the Opolskie Governor declared that the decision of 1983 of the Head of municipality D. had been adopted in breach of law. The plaintiff's claim for compensation against the State Treasury (Opolskie Governor) was dismissed by the first- and second-instance courts. In particular, the Court of Appeal, invoking the resolution of the Supreme Court of 16 November 2004 (ref no. Ill CZP 64/04), considered that the State Treasury did not have the legal capacity to be sued in that case since municipality D. had taken over its obligations under Article 36 § 1 of the 1990 Introductory Provisions Act. The Supreme Court quashed the appellate judgment and remitted the case, relying on the above-mentioned resolution of 7 December 2006. b.     Judgment of the Supreme Court of 14 March 2007, ref no. I CSK 247/06 55.     In 1951 the Presidium of the Warsaw National Council refused to grant the right of perpetual use of land covered by the operation of the 1945 Decree. Subsequently, the State Treasury sold three flats in the building. On 22 September 1994 the Minister of Construction declared that the decision of 1951 had been adopted in breach of law. The plaintiffs lodged a civil action for compensation against the State Treasury. The Warsaw Regional Court allowed his claim in part and awarded compensation from the State Treasury. On 31 January 2006 the Warsaw Court of Appeal amended the first ‑ instance judgment and dismissed the claim against the State Treasury finding that it lacked legal capacity to be sued in the case. On 14 March 2007 the Supreme Court quashed the appellate judgment and remitted the case, invoking the resolution of 7 December 2006. 11.     Resolution and judgment of the Supreme Court concerning the character of the compensation claim 56.     In its judgment of 27 November 2002 (no. I CKN 1215/00), the Supreme Court ruled that there was a causal link between an administrative decision, taken under the 1945 Decree, refusing to grant the previous owner of a real property (a land with a building) the right of temporary ownership (perpetual use) of that property and the sale of apartments in the building by the State Treasury. 57.     On 21 March 2003 the Supreme Court adopted a resolution (no. III CZP 6/03) in which it found that financial loss resulting from a decision under the 1945 Decree refusing to grant the right of perpetual use, which had been issued in breach of law, constituted a loss within the meaning of Article 361 § 2 of the Civil Code and an actual damage within the meaning of Article 160 of CAP. THE LAW I.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 1 OF PROTOCOL NO. 1 TO THE CONVENTION AND ARTICLES 6 AND 13 OF THE CONVENTION WITH REGARD TO THE PROCEEDINGS FOR COMPENSATION 58.     The applicant complained under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 and under Article 6 of the Convention that as a result of the shortcomings in the decisions of the domestic courts and the lack of legal certainty, he was deprived of compensation for damage caused by an unlawful administrative decision. 59.     The applicant also complained under Articles 6 and 13 of Convention that he was deprived of a fair hearing (in particular that he was denied access to a court) and an effective remedy in respect of his allegations under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 in that the Supreme Court had refused to entertain his cassation complaint without giving reasons. 60.     These provisions provide in the relevant part: Article 6 “In the determination of his civil rights and obligations ... everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ... by [a] ... tribunal ...” Article 13 “Everyone whose rights and freedoms as set forth in [the] Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national authority notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity.” Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 “Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law. The preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair the right of a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure the payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.” 61.     The Government refrained from submitting observations on the admissibility and merits of these complaints. A.     Admissibility 62.     The Court notes that these complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. It further notes that they are not inadmissible on any other grounds. They must therefore be declared admissible. B.     Merits 1.     Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 a.     The parties' submissions 63.     The applicant complained that as a result of the shortcomings in the decisions of the domestic courts and the lack of legal certainty, he was deprived of compensation to which he was entitled under domestic law. He alleged that the Court of Appeal unfairly dismissed his claim on the grounds that he had not sued the right legal entity, without giving proper consideration to the case-law invoked by him and despite a favourable judgment of the first-instance court. The applicant further submitted that the Supreme Court had refused to entertain his cassation complaint although the applicant had indicated that all statutory requirements justifying the examination of the cassation complaint on the merits had been met, in particular that there was a need for interpretation of a significant legal issue causing discrepancies in the courts' case-law. 64.     The Government did not comment. b.     The Court's assessment i.     Existence of possessions within the meaning of Article 1 of Protocol No.   1 65.     The Court reiterates that the concept of “possessions” in the first part of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 has an autonomous meaning which is not limited to ownership of physical goods and is independent from the formal classification in domestic law. Accordingly, as well as physical goods, certain rights and interests constituting assets may also be regarded as “property rights”, and thus as “possessions” for the purposes of this provision (see Iatridis v. Greece [GC], no. 31107/96, § 54, ECHR 1999-II, and Beyeler v. Italy [GC], no. 33202/96, § 100, ECHR 2000-I). The concept of “possessions” is not limited to “existing possessions” but may also cover assets, including claims, in respect of which the applicant can argue that he has at least a “legitimate expectation” of obtaining effective enjoyment of a property right (see, for example, Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein v. Germany [GC], no. 42527/98, § 83, ECHR 2001-VIII). Where the proprietary interest is in the nature of a claim it may be regarded as an “asset” only where it has a sufficient basis in national law, for example where there is settled case-law of the domestic courts confirming it ( Kopecký v. Slovakia [GC], no. 44912/98, §§ 52, ECHR 2004 ‑ IX; Draon v. France [GC], no. 1513/03, § 68, 6 October 2005; Anheuser-Busch Inc. v. Portugal [GC], no. 73049/01, § 65, 11 January 2007). Where that has been established, the concept of “legitimate expectation” can come into play, which must be of a nature more concrete than a mere hope and be based on a legal provision or a legal act such as a final judicial decision (see Draon , cited above, §   65, and Gratzinger and Gratzingerova v. the Czech Republic (dec.), no.   39794/98, §   73, ECHR 2002-VII). 66.   Turning to the circumstances of the present case the Court observes that in the 2000 ruling the Local Government Board of Appeal established that the 1967 decision had been issued in breach of law and this fact entitled the applicant to seek compensation for damage. The Court notes that the entitlement was expressly provided for in domestic law and the domestic courts' established case-law confirmed the existence of a causal link between a flawed administrative decision and loss sustained in result thereof (see paragraphs 56-57 above). Only the extent of the alleged loss and the amount of compensation remained to be established in judicial proceedings. Furthermore, in its judgment of 10 November 2004 the Regional Court confirmed the applicant's entitlement and awarded him PLN 604,000. The court found that as a consequence of the unlawful 1967 decision the applicant had lost his property right and thus had suffered loss amounting to the value of that right. Therefore, in the Court's view, the applicant could be considered to have a “legitimate expectation” that his claim would be dealt with in accordance with the applicable laws and, consequently, upheld ( see Plechanow v. Poland , no. 22279/04, § 84-85, 7 July 2009 with references to Pres sos Compania Naviera S.A. and Others   v.   Belgium , judgment of 20 November 1995, Series   A no.   332, § 31 and S.A. Dangeville v. France , no. 36677/97, §   46-48, ECHR 2002 ‑ III). 67.     Accordingly, the applicant had a pecuniary interest which was recognised under Polish law and which was subject to the protection of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. ii.     Compliance with Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 68.     The Court reiterates that the genuine, effective exercise of the right protected by Article 1 of Protocol No.   1 does not depend merely on the State's duty not to interfere, but may give rise to positive obligations (see Öneryıldız v. Turkey [GC], no.   48939/99, §   134, ECHR 2004-XII, and Broniowski v. Poland [GC], no.   31443/96, §   143, ECHR 2004-V; Blumberga v. Latvia , no. 70930/01, § 65, 14 October 2008). 69.     Such positive obligations may entail the taking of measures necessary to protect the right to property, particularly where there is a direct link between the measures an applicant may legitimately expect from the authorities and his effective enjoyment of his possessions, even in cases involving litigation between private entities. This means, in particular, that States are under an obligation to provide a judicial mechanism for settling effectively property disputes and to ensure compliance of those mechanisms with the procedural and material safeguards enshrined in the Convention. This principle applies with all the more force when it is the State itself which is in dispute with an individual. Accordingly, serious deficiencies in the handling of such disputes may raise an issue under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. 70.     In assessing compliance with Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, the Court must make an overall examination of the various interests in issue, bearing in mind that the Convention is intended to safeguard rights that are “practical and effective”. It must look behind appearances and investigate the realities of the situation complained of. 71.     While they have a wide margin of appreciation in assessing the existence of a problem of public concern warranting specific measures and in implementing social and economic policies (see Kopecký , cited above, §   37), where an issue in the general interest is at stake it is incumbent on the public authorities to act in good time, in an appropriate manner and with utmost consistency (see Beyeler , cited above, §§ 110 in fine , 114 and 120 in fine ; Broniowski , cited above, § 151; Sovtransavto Holding v. Ukraine , no. 48553/99, §§   97-98, ECHR 2002 ‑ VII; Novoseletskiy v. Ukraine , no. 47148/99, § 102, ECHR 2005-II; Blücher v. the Czech Republic , no. 58580/00, § 57, 11 January 2005; and O.B. Heller, a.s., v. the Czech Republic (dec.), no. 55631/00, 9 November 2004). 72.     The Court reiterates that the Convention imposes no specific obligation on States to right injustices or harm caused before they ratified the Convention. However, once such a solution has been adopted by a State, it must be implemented with reasonable clarity and coherence, in order to avoid, in so far as possible, legal uncertainty and ambiguity for the persons concerned by the implementing measures. In that context, it should be stressed that uncertainty – be it legislative, administrative or arising from practices applied by the authorities – is an important factor to be taken into account in assessing the State's conduct (see Broniowski , cited above, § 151). 73.     Turning to the circumstances of the present case, the Court notes that the applicant's claim failed because, in the Court of Appeal's view, he sued the wrong defendant. The applicant lodged his claim against the State Treasury (and was successful at first instance) on the basis of the hitherto prevailing case-law, which the Court of Appeal considered later to be obsolete. However, although the applicant's cassation complaint was not admitted, his challenge proved to be in accordance with the latest jurisprudence of the Supreme Court 74.     The Court further observes in this context that numerous court actions, such as those instituted by the applicant, have been brought before the domestic courts. Due to several major administrative reforms which had been implemented in Poland during the past fifty years, the courts have been required to determine the authority responsible for taking over the competencies of bodies which had existed previously. The interpretation of provisions of relevant laws introducing the administrative reforms has constantly changed, which has led to varying judicial rulings by different domestic courts on the same legal question (see paragraphs 50-55 above). As a result, the case-law at the domestic level, including the Supreme Court judgments and resolutions, has often been contradictory. 75.     The examples of the subsequent case-law in this matter show that the question of liability for damages resulting from flawed administrative decisions was by no means clear at the time the applicant's claim was examined and the divergences in the case-law continued several years later (see paragraphs 54-55 above). 76.     The Court has already held that divergences in case-law are an inherent consequence of any judicial system which is based on a network of trial and appeal courts with authority over the area of its territorial jurisdiction, and that the role of a supreme court is precisely to resolve conflicts between decisions of the courts below (see Zielinski and Pradal and Gonzalez and Others v. France [GC], nos. 24846/94 and 34165/96 to 34173/96, § 59, ECHR 1999-VII). In the instant case, however, even the Supreme Court failed to have a uniform case-law on the legal questions in issue (see paragraphs 51-53 above). 77.     The Court does not deny the complexity of the problems with which the courts were faced as a result of the fundamental changes in the competencies of all the various authorities at the local and State administrative levels. It considers, however, that shifting the duty of identifying the competent authority to be sued to the applicant and depriving him of compensation on that basis was a disproportionate requirement and failed to strike a fair balance between the public interest and the applicant's rights (see Plechanow v. Poland , cited above, § 108). 78.     In the Court's view, when a public entity is liable for damages, the State's positive obligation to facilitate identification of the correct defendant is all the more important. 79.     In the Court's opinion, the applicant seems to have fallen victim of the administrative reforms, the inconsistency of the case-law and the lack of legal certainty and coherence in this respect. As a result, the applicant was unable to obtain due compensation to which he was entitled. 80.     In the light of the foregoing, the Court considers that the State has failed to comply with its positive obligation to provide measures safeguarding the applicant's right to the effective enjoyment of his possessions as guaranteed by Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, thus upsetting the “fair balance” between the demands of the public interest and the need to protect the applicant's right (see Plechanow v. Poland , cited above, §§   99 ‑ 112 and, mutatis mutandis , Sovtransavto Holding , cited above, § 96). 81.     Consequently, there has been a violation of Article 1 of Protocol No.   1. 2.     Articles 6 and 13 of Convention 82.     Having regard to the particular circumstances of the present case and to the reasoning which led the Court to find a violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, the Court considers that a separate examination of the merits of the case under Articles 6 and 13 of Convention is not necessary. II.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 13 OF THE CONVENTION WITH REGARD TO THE ACTION TO HAVE A FINAL JUDGMENT DECLARED CONTRARY TO LAW 83.     The applicant further complained, relying on Article 13 of Convention, that his request to have the judgment of the Court of Appeal declared contrary to law was rejected by the Supreme Court on the grounds that he had already availed himself of a cassation complaint, although his cassation complaint had not been examined on the merits (see domestic law under 2.) 84.     The Government refrained from submitting observations on the admissibility and merits of the complaint. 85.       The Court considers the instant complaint concerns an alleged denial of access to a court and should therefore be examined under Article 6 of the Convention. A.     Admissibility 1.     Applicability of Article 6 86.     The Court must first examine whether Article 6 of the Convention was applicable to the proceedings concerned. 87.     The Court recalls that Article 6 applies under its “civil head” if there was a “dispute” (“contestation”) over a “right” which can be said, at least on arguable grounds, to be recognised under domestic law. That dispute must be genuine and serious; it may relate not only to the existence of a right but also to its scope and the manner of its exercise. The Court must also be satisfied that the result of the proceedings at issue was directly decisive for the right asserted (see, mutatis mutandis , Georgiadis v. Greece , judgment of 29 May 1997, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1997-III, pp. 958-959, §   30, and Rolf Gustafson v. Sweden , judgment of 1 July 1997, Reports 1997 ‑ IV, p. 1160, § 38). Finally, the right must be civil in character (see, for example, Allan Jacobsson v. Sweden (no. 2) , 19   February   1998, § 38, Reports 1998-I). In this context, Article 6 § 1 of the Convention is applicable where an action is “pecuniary” in nature and is founded on an alleged infringement of rights which are likewise pecuniary rights, notwithstan