CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 13 juillet 2010

.s800EAC49 { font-size:12pt } .sFE10DC93 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center } .sBB9EE52A { font-family:Arial } .s29100277 { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold } .sA36B60A1 { font-family:Arial; font-style:italic } .s598389F8 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:11pt } .s598389FB { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:14pt } .sE208486F { font-family:Arial; color:#ff0000 } .s32563E28 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .s4ACA9207 { page-break-before:always; clear:both; mso-break-type:section-break } .s10950C61 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sBA727180 { width:35.3pt; display:inline-block } .sEC177689 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:36pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s967D43C6 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .s87F05BA2 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sC443675D { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:30pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .sD2857263 { margin-top:30pt; margin-left:17.85pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.85pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s401C450A { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s7EE1C8F0 { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:29.2pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s11869A80 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s684F2214 { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:29.2pt; margin-bottom:24pt; text-indent:-17.6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s25BD2B45 { margin-top:24pt; margin-left:36.6pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-15.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s984A15CA { margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sD5DF731 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sC702907E { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:36.6pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-15.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s93EDF1FF { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:17.85pt; margin-bottom:30pt; text-indent:-17.85pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s90647315 { margin-top:30pt; margin-left:29.2pt; margin-bottom:24pt; text-indent:-17.6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s1913A4C6 { margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s8378218E { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:48.75pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s4DDA3AA3 { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic } .sEC2CB098 { margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sA1CDB767 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s281358E1 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .sFD4D42B6 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s40E9DAE9 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s988F61DE { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s360DA689 { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:48.75pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s6477A72F { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s197FB613 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s3E2DB4A0 { margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .sD2CEF84A { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:36.6pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:-15.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sB3E56D84 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:28.35pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .sC790D588 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:7.1pt; font-size:10pt } .s86725BB { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:7.1pt; font-size:10pt } .s9D48DD53 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s339C6B8E { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:28.35pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s377EF8D6 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:28.35pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s8080B2F5 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:18pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify } .s9330784F { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s930BE8DA { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:center; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .sB70D2CF { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:20.15pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:8.8pt; text-align:center; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s149391E6 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:20.15pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:8.8pt; text-align:center; font-size:10pt } .s6F2741 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:18pt; margin-bottom:12pt; font-size:10pt } .s8C6E5802 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:18pt; margin-bottom:6pt; font-size:10pt } .sB6F98828 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:36.6pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:-15.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s33C53B69 { margin-top:24pt; margin-left:36.6pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:-15.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s6EF3B654 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:48.75pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .sB853CD26 { font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt } .s190E29D0 { font-family:Arial; font-size:6.67pt; vertical-align:5pt } .s8EB5F569 { font-family:Arial; font-size:6.67pt; vertical-align:super } .s54FAB3C5 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:11pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s1DB18980 { margin-top:11pt; margin-bottom:17pt; text-indent:21.25pt; text-align:justify } .sA5029F4D { margin-top:17pt; margin-left:48.75pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s21F08A35 { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:36.6pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-15.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s8FA53EDF { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:42pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .sD777C0A5 { margin-top:42pt; margin-bottom:30pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .s9093EDF4 { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:17.85pt; margin-bottom:24pt; text-indent:-17.85pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s9F223FEE { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:17.85pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.85pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s7ED160F0 { text-decoration:none } .s66E9FC38 { font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt; vertical-align:super; color:#000000 } .s238D63AE { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:5pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s156065AF { margin-top:5pt; margin-bottom:5pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sDD64E76A { margin-top:5pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s8F4EE4B8 { margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s636CB251 { margin-top:18pt; margin-bottom:17pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s9FC52B99 { margin-top:17pt; margin-bottom:11pt; text-indent:14.2pt } .sD90EC4A7 { margin-top:11pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s56E27C8 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:24pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .sBFBA777A { margin-top:24pt; margin-left:11.6pt; margin-bottom:24pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sB7A0F3ED { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:21.55pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s39926ECA { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:36pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sAB173E38 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .sA1D3DA2E { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify } .s127C7598 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .sD66C1369 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17.3pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify } .s33165EBA { font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt; vertical-align:super; color:#0069d6 } .s308FBE0C { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17.3pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify } .s48DB3670 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:36pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s7CB9076 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sA5E34492 { width:18.86pt; display:inline-block } .sB2998F02 { width:154.72pt; display:inline-block } .s7602FED2 { width:18.21pt; display:inline-block } .sC1AC44A4 { width:228.11pt; display:inline-block } .sF6A12959 { width:33%; height:1px; text-align:left } .s85226119 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s653E6C45 { font-family:Arial; font-size:6.67pt; vertical-align:super; color:#0069d6 } .s2F0A940 { font-family:Arial; color:#676767 }       THIRD SECTION             CASE OF KURIĆ AND OTHERS v. SLOVENIA   (Application no. 26828/06)           JUDGMENT   This version was rectified on 11 January 2011 under Rule 81 of the Rules of Court     STRASBOURG   13 July 2010   THIS CASE WAS REFERRED TO THE GRAND CHAMBER WHICH DELIVERED JUDGMENT IN THE CASE ON 12/03/2014 AND 26/06/2012   This judgment may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Kurić and Others v. Slovenia, The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Josep Casadevall, President,   Elisabet Fura,   Corneliu Bîrsan,   Boštjan M. Zupančič,   Alvina Gyulumyan,   Egbert Myjer,   Ineta Ziemele, judges, and Santiago Quesada, Section Registrar , Having deliberated in private on 22 June 2010, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 26828/06) against the Republic of Slovenia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by Mr Milan Makuc, a Croatian national, Mr   Mustafa Kurić, a stateless person, Mr Ljubomir Petreš, a stateless person, Mr Jovan Jovanović, a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr Velimir Dabetić, a stateless person, Ms Ana Mezga, a Croatian national, Mrs Ljubenka Ristanović, a Serbian citizen, Mr Tripun Ristanović, a national of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr Ali Berisha, a Serbian national, Mr Ilfan Sadik Ademi, a stateless person, and Mr Zoran Minić, a Serbian national, on 4   July 2006. 2.     The applicants were represented before the Court by Mr A.G. Lana and Mr   A. Saccucci, lawyers practising in Rome, and Ms A. Ballerini and Mr M. Vano, lawyers practising in Genoa (Italy). 3.     The Slovenian Government (“the respondent Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr L. Bembič, State Attorney-General, and Mrs Ž. Cilenšek Bončina, Co-Agent. 4.     On 2 June 2008 the applicant Mr Milan Makuc died. His cousin, Ms   Marija Ban, expressed the wish to pursue his application before the Court. She continues to be represented by Mr A.G. Lana and Mr   A.   Saccucci. For reasons of convenience, the present judgment will continue to refer to Mr Makuc as an applicant where appropriate. 5.     Under Article 8 of the Convention the applicants alleged, in particular, that they had been arbitrarily deprived of the possibility of acquiring citizenship of the newly-established Slovenian State in 1991 and/or of preserving their status as permanent residents. As a result, their names had been unlawfully erased from the Register of Permanent Residents on 26 February 1992 and many of them had become, de facto , stateless persons. In spite of the Constitutional Court’s decisions, the situation of most of the applicants has remained unchanged. They also complained under Article 13 of the Convention of the lack of an effective legal remedy in that respect, under Article 14 of the Convention of the allegedly discriminatory treatment and, under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, about the denial of pension benefits. 6.     On 10 November 2006 the Court decided to notify the respondent Government urgently of the above application under Rule 40 of the Rules of Court and to grant priority to it under Rule 41. 7.     On 31 May 2007 the Court decided to give notice to the respondent Government of the complaints concerning the overall situation affecting the applicants under Article 8, taken alone and in conjunction with Articles 13 (lack of an effective legal remedy in that respect) and 14 of the Convention (prohibition of discrimination), and the denial of pension rights under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). The remainder of the application was declared inadmissible. 8.     The applicants and the respondent Government each filed further written observations (Rule 59 § 1). The parties replied in writing to each other’s observations. In addition, the President of the Chamber requested the applicants under Rule 54 § 2 (a) to inform the Court about any recent developments concerning their requests for permanent residence permits and to submit fresh evidence in this respect. The respondent Government filed comments on the applicants’ claims for just satisfaction. 9.     Furthermore, third-party comments were received from the Serbian Government, which had exercised its right to intervene (Article 36 § 1 of the Convention and Rule 44 § 1 (b)) and the Equal Rights Trust, Open Society Justice Initiative, the Peace Institute - Institute for Contemporary Social and Political Studies (“the Peace Institute”), and the Legal Information Centre of Non-Governmental Organisations (“the PIC”) which had been given leave by the President to intervene in the written procedure (Article 36 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 44 § 2). The respondent Government and the applicants replied to the Serbian Government’s comments. 10.     Further to the notification under Article 36 § 1 of the Convention and Rule 44 § 1 (a), the Croatian Government and the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina did not wish to exercise their right to intervene in the present case. 11.     On 13   January 2009, the Chamber requested the respondent Government under Rule 54 § 2 (a) to inform the Court whether residence permits would be issued in respect of the applicants. The applicants submitted comments on the respondent Government’s reply. 12.     On 24 July 2009 the President of the Chamber requested the respondent Government and the applicants under Rule 54 § 2 (a) to inform the Court whether additional residence permits had been issued in respect of the applicants Mr Petreš and Mr Jovanović. Both parties replied. 13.     On 11 March 2010 the respondent Government informed the Court that on 8 March 2010 the amendments and supplements to the Legal Status Act had been passed. At the time of the consideration of the present judgment, they have not yet entered into force. THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 14.     The first applicant, Mr Milan Makuc, was a Croatian citizen. He was born in 1947 and lived in Portorož. He died in the course of the proceedings before the Court. The second applicant, Mr   Mustafa Kurić, was born in 1935 and lives in Koper. He is a stateless person. The third applicant, Mr   Ljubomir Petreš, was born in 1940 and lives in Piran. According to the applicant, he is a stateless person. The respondent Government claimed, however, that he was a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The fourth applicant, Jovan Jovanović, was born in 1959 and lives in Ljubljana. He is a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The fifth applicant, Mr Velimir Dabetić, was born in 1969 and lives in Italy. He is a stateless person. The sixth applicant, Ms Ana Mezga, is a Croatian citizen. She was born in 1965 and lives in Portorož. The seventh applicant, Mrs Ljubenka Ristanović, is a Serbian citizen. She was born in 1968 and lives in Serbia. The eighth applicant, Mr Tripun Ristanović, the son of the seventh applicant, was born in 1988 and lives in Serbia. He is a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ninth applicant, Mr Ali Berisha, was born in 1969 in Kosovo. According to the most recently available data he is a Serbian citizen. The tenth applicant, Mr Ilfan Sadik Ademi, was born in 1952. He lives in Germany and is a stateless person. The eleventh applicant, Mr Zoran Minić, was born in 1972. According to the respondent Government, he is a Serbian citizen. A.     The circumstances of the individual applicants 15.     Before 25 June 1991, the day Slovenia declared independence, the applicants were citizens of both the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (“the SFRY”) and one of its constituent republics other than Slovenia. They had acquired permanent resident status in Slovenia as SFRY citizens, a status which they retained until 26   February 1992. On that day they became subject to the Aliens Act ( Zakon o tujcih ) and their names were deleted from the Register of Permanent Residents ( Register stalnega prebivalstva , “the Register”) (see paragraph 39 below). 16.     In 2009, further to a change in government policy, the applicants Mr   Petreš and Mr Jovanović, who were already in possession of permanent residence permits valid from the date of issue in 2006, were issued supplementary residence permits awarding them residence status from 26   February 1992 on the basis of the Constitutional Court’s decision (see paragraphs 103 and 118 below). The applicant Mr Makuc, who died on 2   June 2008, would also have been entitled to such a permit. The applicant Ms Mezga, who is now in possession of a temporary residence permit valid until 13   September 2012, is not entitled to a supplementary residence permit. 17.     The applicants Mr Kurić, Mr Dabetić and Mrs and Mr Ristanović have not applied for residence permits under the existing legislation. 18.     Finally, the applicants Mr Berisha, Mr Sadik and Mr Minić have applied for residence permits and the respective proceedings are still pending. B.     Background to the cases 1.     Historical period 1918-1990 19.     From the First World War until 1991, the territory comprising the modern Republic of Slovenia was incorporated into a union of Slav nations of South-East Europe (mostly of the western Balkans). On 1 December 1918 the first union – the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs – joined with the Kingdom of Serbs and became the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. In 1929 the latter was renamed as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. 20.     A new entity was subsequently formed during the Second World War. This common State first bore the name of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, then of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia, which in 1963 was renamed as the SFRY. It was a federal State composed of six republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia (with two autonomous regions, Kosovo and Vojvodina), Slovenia, Montenegro and Macedonia. 21.     SFRY nationals had “dual citizenship” for internal purposes, that is, they were citizens both of the SFRY and of one of the six republics (see paragraphs 193-207 below). 22.     The first Constitution after the Second World War was adopted in 1946. In 1974, under the new Constitutions of the SFRY and of the then Socialist Republic of Slovenia, the whole system of government shifted from strict centralism to greater autonomy for the constituent republics. The preamble to the Constitution of the SFRY introduced the right of every nation to self-determination, including to secession. Until 1974, federal citizenship prevailed over republic citizenship: republic citizenship could only be held by a Yugoslav citizen (see paragraphs 194-198 below). 23.     The regulation of citizenship was similar in all republics of the SFRY, with the basic principle of acquiring citizenship by blood ( ius sanguinis ). In principle, a child followed his parents’ citizenship; if parents were citizens of different republics, they jointly agreed on their child’s citizenship. This basic principle was combined with the principle of place of birth ( ius soli ) or of residence ( ius domicilii ), of granting of republic citizenship to a citizen of another republic upon application, of naturalisation and recognition under international agreement. Moreover, on the date of admission into the citizenship of another republic, a person’s prior republic citizenship came to an end. 24.     From 1947 a separate Register of Citizenship was kept at the level of the republics and not at the level of the federal State. It follows from the documents at the Court’s disposal that those Registers were not always accurate, since different authorities were responsible for keeping them, the rules governing citizenship were not always strictly respected and republic citizenship was not regarded as crucial during the existence of the SFRY since all republic citizens also had SFRY citizenship. Moreover, in a limited number of cases republic citizenship was not even entered in the Register of Citizenship. 25.     SFRY citizens had freedom of movement within the federal State and could register permanent residence wherever they settled on its territory. Full enjoyment of various civil, economic, social and even political rights for SFRY citizens was linked to permanent residence. 26.     SFRY citizens living in the then Socialist Republic of Slovenia who were citizens of one of the other SFRY republics, such as the applicants, registered their permanent residence there in the same way as Slovenian nationals. Foreign citizens could also acquire permanent residence in the SRFY under a separate procedure (see paragraph 208 below). 2.     Towards the independence of Slovenia 27.     In the 1980s the SFRY faced a serious political and economic crisis, with many ethnic tensions which eventually led to the end of the communist regime and the break-up of the SFRY (see, Kovačić and Others v. Slovenia , nos. 44574/98, 45133/98 and 48316/99, § 44, 6 November 2006). 28.     As a consequence of the crisis,   numerous amendments to the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia were made in the years 1989 to 1991, aimed at a peaceful dissolution of the federal State and the establishment of an independent democratic Slovenia. In particular, Amendment X emphasised the right of the Slovenian nation to self-determination and provided a legal basis for calling a plebiscite and for the secession of Slovenia (see paragraph 206 below). 29.     On 6 December 1990, in the course of the preparations for the plebiscite on the independence of Slovenia, the then Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia ( Skupščina Republike Slovenije ) adopted the so-called Statement of Good Intentions ( Izjava o dobrih namenih ), guaranteeing that all persons with permanent residence on Slovenian territory would be enabled to acquire Slovenian citizenship if they so wished (see paragraph 212 below). 30.     On 23 December 1990 the plebiscite was held. The right to vote had been granted to all adult inhabitants with registered permanent residence in Slovenia. 1,361,369 out of 1,457,020 eligible voters voted. 88.5 per cent of voters were in favour of independence and 4 per cent voted against. 3.     Republic of Slovenia 31.     On 25 June 1991 Slovenia declared its independence. In order to set the legal framework of the new sovereign State, the Fundamental Constitutional Charter on the Sovereignty and Independence of the Republic of Slovenia ( Temeljna ustavna listina o samostojnosti in neodvisnosti Republike Slovenije ) (see paragraph 213 below) and a series of laws termed “the independence legislation” ( osamosvojitvena zakonodaja ) were passed. 32.     This included the 1991 Constitutional Law relating to the Fundamental Constitutional Charter on the Sovereignty and Independence of the Republic of Slovenia ( Ustavni zakon za izvedbo Temeljne ustavne listine o samostojnosti in neodvisnosti Republike Slovenije, “the 1991 Constitutional Law”), the Citizenship of the Republic of Slovenia Act ( Zakon o državljanstvu Republike Slovenije , “the Citizenship Act”), the Aliens Act (see paragraphs 221-223 below), the National Border Control Act ( Zakon o nadzoru državne meje ) and the Passports of the Citizens of Slovenia Act ( Zakon o potnih listinah državljanov Republike Slovenije ). 33.     At the material time, in contrast with some other former SFRY republics, the Slovenian population was relatively homogeneous, as roughly 90 per cent of the 2 million residents had Slovenian citizenship. Approximately 200,000   Slovenian residents (or 10 per cent of the population), including the applicants, were citizens of the other former SFRY republics. This proportion also broadly reflects the ethnic origin of the Slovenian population at that time. 34.     In accordance with the Statement of Good Intentions, section 13 of the 1991 Constitutional Law provided that those citizens of other republics of the former SFRY who, on 23 December 1990, the date of the plebiscite, were registered as permanent residents of the Republic of Slovenia and in fact lived there, held equal rights and duties as the citizens of the Republic of Slovenia, with the exception of the acquisition of property, until they acquired citizenship of the Republic of Slovenia under section 40 of the Citizenship Act or until the expiry of the time-limit set out in section   81 of the Aliens Act (see paragraph 214 below). 35.     Section 40 of the Citizenship Act, which entered into force on 25   June 1991, provided that citizens of the former SFRY republics who were not citizens of Slovenia (“citizens of the former SFRY republics”) could acquire Slovenian citizenship if they met three requirements: they had acquired permanent resident status in Slovenia by 23   December 1990 (the date of the plebiscite), were in fact residing in Slovenia, and applied for citizenship within six months after the Citizenship Act entered into force (see paragraph 217 below). The deadline expired on 25 December 1991. 36.     The respondent Government maintained that it was not necessary to enclose any official documents from other former SFRY republics when an application for citizenship was filed; this was only necessary at a later stage of the proceedings. The applicants however maintained that in practice such documents were required from the outset. 37.     According to the official data, 171,132 citizens of the former SFRY republics living in Slovenia applied for and were granted citizenship of the new State under section 40 of the Citizenship Act. Estimations are that additional 11,000 persons left Slovenia. 38.     Under second paragraph of section 81 of the Aliens Act, citizens of the former SFRY republics who either failed to apply for Slovenian citizenship within the prescribed time-limit or whose requests were not granted became aliens.   The provisions of the Aliens Act became applicable to the former SFRY citizens either two months after the expiry of the time-limit for filing the requests for citizenship under section 40 of the Citizenship Act, that is, 26 February 1992, or when a decision issued in administrative proceedings dismissing their application for citizenship became final (see paragraph 221 below). 39.     On or shortly after 26 February 1992 the municipal authorities removed those concerned by the second paragraph of section 81 of the Aliens Act from the Register of Permanent Residents and, according to the respondent Government, transferred them into the Register of Aliens without a Residence Permit. 40.     On 27 February 1992 the Ministry of the Interior ( Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve , “the Ministry”) sent “Instructions on the implementation of the Aliens Act” to the municipal authorities, indicating that it would be necessary to regulate the legal status of the persons affected by the Aliens Act after the expiry of the time-limits in section 81. It drew attention to the fact that problems were expected to arise with regard to persons from other republics of the former SFRY who would become aliens on 26 February 1992 and had not lodged an application for citizenship. In addition, it pointed out that the papers of such persons, even if issued by the Slovenian authorities and formally valid, would in fact be invalid owing to the person’s change in status ex lege . Some of those concerned would be required to leave Slovenia in accordance with sections 23 and 28 of the Aliens Act. 41.     The applicants stated that persons whose names were removed from the Register received no official notification. They pointed out that no special procedure was provided for to that effect and no official documents were issued. They only subsequently became aware that they had become aliens, when, for example, they attempted to renew their personal documents (personal identification card, passport, driving licence). On the other hand, the respondent Government maintained that, in addition to the publication in the Official Gazette, the Slovenian population was informed about the new legislation through public media and notices. In some municipalities, personal means of notification were allegedly also used. 42.     Until recently, according to the official data from 2002, the number of former SFRY citizens who lost their permanent residence status on 26   February 1992 amounted to 18,305 (see paragraph 65 below), of whom approximately 2,400 had been refused citizenship. Their names were erased, ex lege , from the Register of Permanent Residents on or shortly after 26   February 1992 and entered into the Register of Aliens without a Residence Permit. They became known as “the erased” ( izbrisani ), and included the applicants in the present case. 43.     As a result, “the erased” became aliens or stateless persons illegally residing in Slovenia. In general, they had difficulties in keeping their jobs, driving licences and obtaining retirement pensions. Nor were they able to leave the country, because they could not re-enter without valid documents. Many families became divided, with some of their members in Slovenia and others in one of the other successor States to the former SFRY. Among “the erased” were a certain number of minors. In most cases their identity papers were taken away. Some of “the erased” voluntarily left Slovenia. Finally, some were served removal orders and deported from Slovenia. 44.     After the expiry of the six-month period set by section 40 of the Citizenship Act, the less favourable conditions for acquisition of citizenship by naturalisation provided for by its section 10 became applicable also for citizens of other former SFRY republics (see paragraph 217 below). 45.     After 26 February 1992 the registration of permanent residence of citizens of other former SFRY republics was terminated if they had not acquired a new residence permit.   On the other hand, under section 82 of the Aliens Act, permanent residence permits issued to foreigners with citizenship of other States than the former SFRY republics continued to be valid after the entry into force of the Aliens Act (see paragraph 221 below). 46.     The respondent Government maintained that, in view of the large number of persons from the other republics of the former SFRY living in Slovenia with non-regulated status, on 3 September 1992 the Government decided also to take into account the period before the entry into force of the Aliens Act for the purposes of calculating the required period of three-year residence in Slovenia for issuing a permanent residence permit under section 16 of the Aliens Act (see paragraph 222 below). A total of 4,893 permanent residence permits were thus issued in the period 1992-1997. 47.     On 28 June 1994 the Convention took effect in respect of Slovenia. 48.     Moreover, on 20 November 1995, further to a request submitted by Parliament for a referendum on the question whether or not the citizenship awarded to former SFRY citizens on the basis of section 40 of the Citizenship Act should be withdrawn, the Constitutional Court held that the request was unconstitutional. 49.     In the following years, several non-governmental organisations, including Amnesty International and Helsinki Monitor, and the Slovenian Human Rights Ombudsman issued reports drawing attention to the situation of “the erased”. 4.     The Constitutional Court’s decision of 4 February 1999 and subsequent developments 50.     On 24 June 1998 the Constitutional Court ( Ustavno sodišče ) declared admissible a challenge to the constitutionality of sections 16(1) and 81 of the Aliens Act, lodged in 1994 by two individuals whose names had been removed from the Register in 1992 (see paragraph 236 below). 51.     On 4   February 1999 the Constitutional Court held that section 81 of the Aliens Act was unconstitutional. However, no such problems arose with section 16(1). It ordered the legislature to regulate, within six months, the special legal status of citizens of the former SFRY republics who had acquired permanent residence in Slovenia before its independence and in fact lived in Slovenia, but either had not applied for Slovenian citizenship or had had their applications dismissed. 52.     As a consequence, the Act on Regularisation of the Legal Status of Citizens of Other Successor States to the Former SFRY in Slovenia ( Zakon o urejanju statusa državljanov drugih držav naslednic nekdanje SFRJ v Republiki Sloveniji , “the Legal Status Act”) was passed to regulate the legal status of “the erased”. It simplified the requirements for acquiring a permanent residence permit. In particular, section 13 of the Aliens Act was no longer applicable to this group of persons. Under this Act, residence permits were granted ex nunc to those fulfilling the conditions (see paragraphs 225-226 below). 53.     Ruling on another constitutional challenge, on 18 May 2000 the Constitutional Court set aside some of the provisions of the Legal Status Act as unconstitutional because it found that the requirements for the acquisition of permanent residence set forth in these provisions were stricter than the grounds for revoking a permanent residence permit under the Aliens Act (see paragraphs 248-249 below). 54.     According to the respondent Government, 13,355 applications were lodged under the Legal Status Act by 30 June 2007. As a result, 12,236 permanent residence permits were issued. 55.     In 2002, the Citizenship Act was also amended in order to enable the acquisition of Slovenian citizenship under more favourable conditions to all aliens who had permanent residence in Slovenia on 23 December 1990 and had since lived uninterruptedly in Slovenia (see paragraph 220 below). The deadline for filing of applications expired on 29 November 2003. By that time, 2,959 applications were lodged and by 30 June 2007 1,747 persons had acquired Slovenian citizenship. 5.     The Constitutional Court’s decision of 3 April 2003 and recent developments 56.     On 3 April 2003, deciding on a challenge to the constitutionality of the Legal Status Act, the Constitutional Court (decision no. U-I-246/02) again found that Act unconstitutional. It held, firstly, that it did not afford permanent residence retroactively from the date on which the name of the person concerned was removed from the Register. Secondly, it failed to regulate the acquisition of permanent residence for citizens of former SFRY republics who had been forcibly removed from Slovenia. And, thirdly, it did not define the meaning of the words “in fact residing” in its section 1. It also struck down the three-month time-limit for lodging an application for permanent residence. It ordered the legislature to rectify the unconstitutional provisions within six months. 57.     In point no. 8 of the operative part of the decision, the Constitutional Court ordered the Ministry to issue, ex proprio motu , to those who already had (non-retroactive) permits, supplementary decisions establishing permanent residence in Slovenia with effect from 26   February   1992, the date on which their names were deleted from the Register (see paragraphs 250-255 below). In 2004, the Ministry issued 4,093 retroactive permits to the erased, solely on the basis of the above-mentioned Constitutional Court’s decision. 58.     Following the Constitutional Court’s decision of 3 April 2003, the Government initially prepared two Acts in order to comply with it which were eventually never enacted. 59.     On 25 November 2003, Parliament enacted the Act on the Application of Point No. 8 of the Constitutional Court’s Decision no.   U-I-246/02-28 ( Zakon o izvršitvi 8. točke odločbe Ustavnega sodišča Republike Slovenije št. U-I-246/02-28 ), also known as the “Technical Act” (see paragraph 57 above). 60.     This Act laid down the procedure for issuing permanent residence permits to citizens of the former SFRY republics who were registered as permanent residents in Slovenia on both 23 December 1990 and 25   February 1992 and had already acquired a permanent residence permit under the Legal Status Act, the Aliens Act or the 1999 Aliens Act. 61.     However, those parliamentarians who voted against the Technical Act sought a referendum on whether or not it should be implemented. The referendum was held on 4   April   2004. The turnout was 31.54%; 94.59% of voters were against its implementation, and therefore the Act never entered into force. 62.     In addition to the “Technical Act”, an “Act on Permanent Residence in Slovenia of Foreigners Having Citizenship of the Other Successor States to the SFRY who were Registered as Permanent Residents in Slovenia on 23 December 1990 and 25 February 1992” ( Zakon o stalnem prebivanju tujcev z državljanstvom drugih držav naslednic nekdanje SFRJ v Republiki Sloveniji, ki so imeli na dan 23.12.1990 in 25.02.1992 v Republiki Sloveniji prijavljeno stalno prebivališče ) – a so-called systemic Act – was drafted but never adopted by Parliament. 63.     In November 2007 the Government sent a draft Constitutional Law amending section 13 of the 1991 Constitutional Law to Parliament. However, this law – subject to a heated political debate since it was regarded by the then parliamentary opposition as an attempt to overrule the Constitutional Court’s decisions – was never enacted and the parliamentary procedure terminated on completion of the Parliament’s term. 64.     Following the parliamentary elections held on 21 September 2008, a new Government was appointed in November 2008. The regulation of the status of “the erased” in compliance with the Constitutional Court’s decisions was established as one of its priorities. 65.     Further to an upgrading of the IT system, the Ministry collected new data on “the erased” and issued a report stating that on 24   January 2009 the number of the people removed from the Register of Permanent Residents on 26 February 1997 amounted to 25,671, of whom 7,899 had subsequently acquired Slovenian citizenship; 7,313 of them were still alive. A further 3,630 had acquired a residence permit. 13,426 of “the erased” did not have a regulated status in Slovenia on that date and their current residence was unknown. 66.     On 23 February 2009 the Ministry started issuing ex officio supplementary decisions further to point no. 8 of the Constitutional Court’s decision of 3 April 2003 to those who were already in possession of permits or had acquired Slovenian citizenship (see paragraph 57 above). According to the Ministry, approximately 3,000 such permits should have been issued. On 3 March 2009 the applicants Mr Petreš and Mr Jovanović were issued with supplementary permanent residence permits (see paragraphs 103 and 118 below). 67.     On 1 April 2009 the National Assembly voted on a motion of confidence filed against the Minister of the Interior on account of the issuing of retroactive residence permits with effect from 1992. The Minister won the vote of confidence. 68.     Subsequently, the Ministry prepared amendments and supplements to the Legal Status Act, regulating the remaining incompatibilities between the Legal Status Act   and the Constitution, following the Constitutional Court’s decision of 3 April 2003. On 8 March 2010 the amendments and supplements to the Legal Status Act were passed. 69.     On 12 March 2010 a group of parliamentarians requested that a referendum be held on the implementation of the amendments and supplements to the Legal Status Act, thus postponing their entry into force. On 10 June 2010 the Constitutional Court held that rejecting the law in a referendum would   produce unconstitutional consequences. At the time of the consideration of this judgment, the new Act has not yet entered into force. C.     The individual circumstances of the applicants 1.     Mr Milan Makuc 70.     The applicant Mr Makuc was born on 11 February 1947 in Raša, Croatia. He was a Croatian citizen. His family moved to Slovenia when he was seven years old. He was registered as a Slovenian resident from 1   January 1955 to 26   February   1992 and considered himself Slovenian. The applicant stated that he had worked in Slovenia for twenty-one years and paid contributions to the national health insurance and pension schemes. 71.     During the ten-day war which followed the declaration of independence in 1991, Mr Makuc joined the Slovenian defence forces. He stated that he believed that he would be granted Slovenian citizenship but he did not receive any communication to that effect. 72.     As a result of the deletion of his name from the Register on 26   February 1992, the applicant allegedly lost his job and the benefit of pension contributions. He could no longer afford to pay rent for the apartment owned by his former employer, International Shipping and Chartering Ltd. ( Splošna plovba ), a State-owned company, or to buy it in the privatisation process. He was evicted from the apartment in 1994 or 1995, and lost all his personal possessions, including his documents. He had been living in shelters and municipal parks. His health seriously deteriorated as a result but he no longer had access to medical care. 73.     The applicant stated that he had visited the Piran Administrative Authority ( Upravna enota v Piranu ) several times in an attempt to regularise his status, but was repeatedly sent away. 74.     On 1 March 2006 he lodged an application for a permanent residence permit under the provisions of the Legal Status Act. 75.     On 15 May 2006 the Piran Social Work Centre ( Center za socialno delo Piran ) asked the Ministry to expedite the examination of the applicant’s request in view of his difficult social and health condition. 76.     On 12 July 2006 the Ministry issued a residence permit to the applicant and served it on him on 28 July 2006. 77.     According to the respondent Government, the applicant never applied for Slovenian citizenship. 78.     On 20 December 2006, with the help of the Piran Social Work Centre ( Center za socialno delo Piran ) the applicant was awarded a monthly social assistance allowance amounting to 205.57 euros (EUR). 79.     Further to a proposal by the applicant’s physician, on 20   September 2007 the Koper Unit of the Institute of Pension and Invalidity Insurance ( Zavod za pokojninsko in invalidsko zavarovanje Slovenije, Območna enota Koper ) issued a decision classifying him in category I of invalidity with a right to a monthly invalidity pension amounting to EUR 351.73 from 3   September 2007 onwards. 80.     On 2 June 2008 Mr Makuc died. 81.   The applicants’ representatives first asked the applicant Mr Makuc’s brother whether he wished to pursue the proceedings before the Court. The latter did not express such an intention. 82.     On 16 January 2009 his cousin, Ms   Marija Ban, informed the Court that she wished to pursue his application before it. As far as the Court is aware, the relevant inheritance proceedings are still pending. 2.     Mr Mustafa Kurić 83.     The applicant Mr Kurić was born on 8 April 1935 in Šipovo (Bosnia and Herzegovina). According to the respondent Government, he is of unknown citizenship. He moved to Slovenia at the age of twenty and settled in Koper in 1965. He is a trained shoemaker. In 1976 he rented a small workshop from the Koper Municipality ( Občina Koper ) and established a private business there. He was registered as a permanent resident in Slovenia from 23 July 1970 until 26 February 1992. 84.     In 1991 he fell seriously ill, was hospitalised for three months, and allegedly failed for that reason to lodge an application for Slovenian citizenship. The respondent Government confirmed that the applicant had been hospitalised. However, he had already been released from hospital on 15 June 1991. 85.     In 1993 the applicant’s home caught fire and he lost most of his papers. When he applied for replacement papers to the Koper Municipality ( Občina Koper ), he was informed that his name had been deleted from the Register. 86.     The applicant continued with his business and was paying the rent until the late 1990s when he started experiencing financial difficulties. Since he could no longer pay the rent, he lost the right to remain in the premises. Without any papers, he was at risk of being expelled if he travelled outside the local community where the police tolerated his presence. 87.     The applicant stated that at a later stage he tried on various occasions to regularise his status with the Koper Administrative Authority, including in October 2006, but allegedly received no reply. On the other hand, the respondent Government maintained that Mr Kurić had never applied for a residence permit in Slovenia. 88.     The applicant further maintained that in 2006 he had started proceedings for pension rights with the Institute of Pension and Invalidity Insurance. On 14 May 2006 the latter sent him a letter with evidence of his years of employment, requesting him to provide a certificate of citizenship. However, further to the request of the Agent of the respondent Government, on 29 October 2007 the Institute of Pension and Invalidity Insurance stated that the applicant had not begun any official proceedings before it. 89.     On 7 May 2007 the applicant applied for Slovenian citizenship as a stateless person. His request was dismissed on 27 July 2007. 90.     According to the respondent Government, on 29 January 2008 the applicant again applied for Slovenian citizenship under section 10 of the Citizenship Act. The proceedings are pending. 3.     Mr Ljubomir Petreš 91.     The applicant Mr Petreš was born on 15 September 1940 in Laktaši (Bosnia and Herzegovina). He moved to Slovenia when he was eighteen in search of work. Initially he moved around the country constantly but in 1963 he settled in Piran. He was registered as a permanent resident there from 4 March 1964 until 26   February 1992. 92.     The applicant has been registered as unemployed in Slovenia since 1983. He stated that