CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;GRANDCHAMBER;ENG — 20 octobre 2011

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page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sADADF4A7 { font-family:Arial; text-decoration:underline } .sF6A12959 { width:33%; height:1px; text-align:left } .s85226119 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt }     GRAND CHAMBER         CASE OF NEJDET ŞAHİN AND PERİHAN ŞAHİN v. TURKEY   (Application no. 13279/05)                     JUDGMENT       STRASBOURG   20 October 2011     This judgment is final but may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Nejdet Şahin and Perihan Şahin v. Turkey, The European Court of Human Rights, sitting as a Grand Chamber composed of:   Nicolas Bratza, President,   Josep Casadevall,   Nina Vajić,   Dean Spielmann,   Christos Rozakis,   Corneliu Bîrsan,   Anatoly Kovler,   Elisabet Fura,   Ljiljana Mijović,   Egbert Myjer,   David Thór Björgvinsson,   George Nicolaou,   Luis López Guerra,   Nona Tsotsoria,   Ann Power-Forde,   Işıl Karakaş,   Guido Raimondi, judges, and Michael O’Boyle, Deputy Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 9 March and 21 September 2011, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the last ‑ mentioned date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 13279/05) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by two Turkish nationals, Mr Nejdet Şahin and Mrs   Perihan Şahin (“the applicants”), on 9 April 2005. 2.     The applicants, who had been granted legal aid, were represented by Mr   K.   Karabulut, a lawyer practising in Ankara. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by Mr M. Özmen, their co-Agent. 3.     The applicants alleged that the proceedings before the domestic courts had been unfair because of the conflicting decisions delivered by the different courts (Article 6 § 1 of the Convention). 4.     The application was allocated to the Second Section of the Court (Rule   52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). On 27 May 2010 it was declared admissible by a Chamber of that Section, composed of the following judges: Françoise Tulkens, Ireneu Cabral Barreto, Vladimiro Zagrebelsky, Danute Jočienė, Dragoljub Popović, András Sajó, Işıl Karakaş, and also of Sally Dollé, Section Registrar, which found, by six votes to one, that there had been no violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention. 5.     On 25 August 2010, the applicants requested that the case be referred to the Grand Chamber by virtue of Article 43 of the Convention and Rule   73. On 4 October 2010 the panel of the Grand Chamber accepted that request. 6.     The composition of the Grand Chamber was determined according to the provisions of Article 26 §§ 4 and 5 of the Convention and Rule 24. As Jean-Paul Costa was unable to attend the second deliberations, Nicolas   Bratza replaced him as President of the Grand   Chamber, and Egbert   Myjer, first substitute, became a full member (Rule 11). Corneliu   Bîrsan, second substitute, replaced Kristina Pardalos, who was unable to attend. 7.     The applicants, but not the Government, filed written observations on the merits. 8.     A hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 9 March 2011 (Rule 59 § 3).   There appeared before the Court: –     for the Government Mr     M. Özmen ,   Co-Agent , Mr     K. Esener , Mr     O. Ç idem, Mr     M. K. Erdem , Mr     N. Yamali, Mr     I. Ertüzün , Mrs     F. Sözen , Mrs     İ. Kocayiğit , Mrs     A. Özdemir ,   Advisers. –     for the applicants Mr     K. Karabulut ,   Counsel , Mrs     M. Tuncel ,   Assistant.   The Court heard addresses by Mr Karabulut and Mr Özmen. THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 9.     The applicants were born in 1949 and 1950 respectively and live in Ankara. 10.     Their son, an army pilot, died on 16 May 2001, when his plane crashed near the village of Malatya (Akçadağ / Güzyurdu) while transporting troops from Diyarbakır to Ankara. Thirty-three other servicemen died in the same accident, five of them also members of the plane’s crew. 11.     On 10 May 2002 the applicants applied, through their lawyer, to the Turkish Pension Fund Authority to award them the pension payable under section   21 of Law no. 3713, the Anti-Terrorism Act (hereinafter “Law no.   3713”). 12.     In a letter dated 23 May 2002 the Pension Fund Authority noted that the applicants had been awarded, inter alia , a monthly war disability pension under section 64 of Law no. 5434, as well as a lump sum equal to thirty times the highest salary of a public servant. It further noted that their son’s death had not been caused by an act of terrorism within the meaning of Law no. 3713 but by the fact that, for an unknown reason, his plane had crashed. It was therefore not possible to increase their monthly invalidity pension to the level of the monthly salary paid to an equivalent serving member of the military. 13.     On 15 July 2002 the applicants appealed, through their lawyer, to the Ankara Administrative Court against that decision. They submitted, in particular, that their son had died while transporting troops engaged in the fight against terrorism from northern Iraq, so his death should be considered to have occurred in the context of the fight against the terrorism. 14.     On 1 April 2003 the 4th Chamber of the Ankara Administrative Court rejected their appeal as being outside its jurisdiction, considering that it was rather a matter for the Supreme Military Administrative Court. Referring to a judgment of the Jurisdiction Disputes Court of 14 May 2001 (E.2000/77, K.2001/22), it held: “... to determine whether the administrative act is “linked to military service” and decide which court has jurisdiction, the object of the act must be examined. If the act was done in keeping with military requirements, procedure and practice, it must be considered to be linked to military service ... Whether or not a non-military authority was at the origin of the act is of no consequence – the Supreme Military Administrative Court is the Court responsible for examining a case [brought by] a member of the armed forces. In the present case the issue is an application for a monthly pension made by the claimants under Law no. 3713 ... To determine whether the claim falls within the scope of that Law, regard must be had to ... the purpose of the military service and the specificity of the locations where it is effected, as well as military aptitude, to show that the impugned act was done in keeping with military needs, procedure and practice. Where this is the case ... it is for the Supreme Military Administrative Court to examine and resolve the dispute. This was, moreover, the line of reasoning of the Jurisdiction Disputes Court’s decision no. E: 2000/77, K: 2001/22, published in the Official Gazette ... of 18.06.2001.” 15.     On 3 June 2003 the applicants brought their case before the Supreme Military Administrative Court. In their statement of claim they included a decision adopted by the 10th Chamber of the Ankara Administrative Court on 22 January 2003 (E.2002/1059, K.2003/27) in what they considered a similar case (see paragraph 26 below). 16.     On 10 June 2004 the Supreme Military Administrative Court rejected their claim. First of all, it observed that the applicants had been awarded a monthly war disability pension as well as a lump sum equal to thirty times the highest salary of a public servant, calculated in accordance with additional section 78 to Law no. 5434 and readjusted in accordance with Law no. 4567. It then noted that their request to have their monthly pension increased to the level of that paid to an equivalent serving member of the military had been rejected by the competent authorities. It pointed out that entitlement under section 21 of Law no. 3713 was restricted to cases where an agent of the State had been directly wounded, disabled or killed as a result of acts of terrorism. It considered that the mere fact that the victim had been employed in work connected with the fight against terrorism did not suffice. As the deceased had not been killed by an act of terrorism, the impugned administrative act was not unlawful. 17.     One of the judges expressed a dissenting opinion in which he criticised such a restrictive interpretation of Law no. 3713. Pointing out that it was not disputed that the applicants’ son had died in a plane crash while co-piloting a plane carrying troops returning from an anti-terrorism operation, he considered that the crux of the matter was whether the death fell within the scope of section 21 of Law no. 3713. In his opinion, in view of the purpose of the deceased’s mission that provision was certainly applicable to the circumstances of the case. 18.     On 6 July 2004 the applicants lodged an appeal against the judgment of the Supreme Military Administrative Court. In his pleadings their lawyer explained that in his submissions of 10 June 2004 and at the hearing before the Supreme Military Administrative Court the same day he had produced four decisions adopted by the ordinary administrative courts, namely the 6th, 10th and 11th Chambers of the Ankara Administrative Court, concerning applications similar to the applicants’, lodged by four families of servicemen who had died in the same accident as their son; in those decisions the Courts had found in favour of the claimants. He complained that the Supreme Military Administrative Court had made no reference to those cases, and argued that the solution adopted was contrary to the constitutional principles of equality before the law and consistency of the law. 19.     In a judgment of 30 September 2004 the Supreme Military Administrative Court rejected the applicants’ appeal as being ill-founded and found the impugned judgment to be in conformity with the law and the requisite procedure. That judgment was served on the applicants’ lawyer. The postmark on the envelope was dated 11 October 2004. II.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE A.     Brief presentation of Turkey’s court system 20.     Turkey’s judicial system breaks down into three categories: the ordinary courts, which include civil and criminal courts; the administrative courts and the military courts. These categories in turn break down into subdivisions according to the subject at issue. These three branches of courts are each headed by their own Supreme Court: the Court of Cassation for the ordinary law courts, the Supreme Administrative Court for the administrative courts and the Military Court of Cassation and the Supreme Military Administrative Court for military matters. 21.     Under the provisions of Article 157 of the Constitution, the Supreme Military Administrative Court is the body which judicially examines at first and last instance disputes arising from administrative decisions and acts concerning either military personnel or military service, even where they emanate from non-military authorities. Where the dispute concerns compulsory military service, the interested party does not have to be a member of the military. 22.     A special court called the Jurisdiction Disputes Court has the power to settle conflicts that may arise between the ordinary, administrative and military courts concerning their jurisdiction and decisions (Article 158 of the Constitution). B.     Relevant domestic law 23.     Section 21 of Law no. 3713 [1] of 12 April 1991 (the Anti-Terrorism Act) reads as follows: “The provisions of Law no. 2330 on pecuniary compensation and monthly pension rights apply to public employees who are wounded or disabled, or die or are killed as a result of terrorist acts, in the performance of their duties, inside and outside the country, or, if they were no longer in active service, because of their [former] duties. ...” 24.     The relevant provisions of Law no. 2247 of 12 June 1979 (which entered into force on 22 June 1979) on the creation and operation of the Jurisdiction Disputes Court, read as follows: Section 10 “A conflict of jurisdiction is raised when the Principal State Counsel concerned asks the Jurisdiction Disputes Court to examine a question of jurisdiction following the rejection of an objection of lack of jurisdiction in a dispute before the ordinary, administrative or military courts ...” Section 17 “There is a positive conflict of jurisdiction when cases in which the parties, subject and cause of action are the same are lodged with two different types of court – ordinary, administrative or military – and each court adopts a decision whereby it considers that it has jurisdiction to hear the case.” Section 24 “There is conflict of judgments when the enforcement of a right is rendered impossible by a divergence between the final decisions adopted by at least two of the courts referred to in section 1, provided that those decisions concern the same subject and the same cause of action – but not matters of jurisdiction – and that at least one of the parties [to the case] is the same...” Section 28 “The Jurisdiction Disputes Court immediately gives notice of all the conclusions reached in its decisions to the various Principal State Counsel concerned, the court which applied to it to settle the conflict of jurisdiction, the court or courts awaiting its decision and the persons or bodies that requested settlement of the conflict. The courts concerned, as well as all the authorities, bodies and persons concerned, must abide by the decisions of the Jurisdiction Disputes Court and apply them without delay.” Section 29 “The decisions of the sections and the full court are final. Decisions of principle and decisions of the sections deemed pertinent by the President shall be published in the Official Gazette.” Section 30 “Conflicts between decisions of the sections of the Jurisdiction Disputes Court shall be settled by decisions of principle of the full court ... decisions of principle in matters of jurisdiction are binding on the Jurisdiction Disputes Court and all judicial bodies; decisions of principle on the substance delivered in cases of conflicting judgments are binding only on the Jurisdiction Disputes Court.” C.     Relevant domestic case-law and practice 1.     Judgments of the ordinary administrative courts and the Supreme Military Administrative Court 25.     Apart from the action brought by the applicants, seventeen actions under Law no. 3713 were brought before the domestic administrative courts by the families of victims of the plane crash of 16 May 2001 following the rejection of their claims by the Turkish Pension Fund. In fourteen cases, four of which concerned close relatives of the plane’s crew members, the appeals were heard by the Ankara Administrative Court, which ruled in favour of the victims’ families. On 19 June 2002 (decision E.2002/87, K.2002/870), 22 January 2003 (decision E.2002/1059, K.2003/27), 31 March 2003 (decision E.2003/148, K.2003/522) and 26 June 2003 (decisions E.2002/100, K.2003/1073 and E.2002/101, K.2003/1053), 19   October 2004 (decisions E.2004/3051, K.2004/1535 and E.2004/3055, K.2004/1536), 6 and 14 October 2005 (decisions E.2005/1973, K.2005/1424 and E.2005/1743, K.2005/1011), 8 and 29 March 2006 (decisions E.2006/653, K.2006/594 and E.2006/678, K.2006/551), 27   September 2007 (E.2007/764, K.2007/1849) and 29 and 30 January 2008 (E.2008/82, K.2008/184 and E.2007/1491, K.2008/135), different chambers of the Ankara Administrative Court (the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, 10th and 11th Chambers) adopted judgments in which they acknowledged that the circumstances of the plane crash fell within the scope of Law no.   3713. 26.     In particular, on 22 January 2003 (decision E.2002/1059, K.2003/27), in response to an appeal to set aside the decision of the pension fund to refuse an application filed by the parents of the deceased pilot to receive the supplementary pension provided for in Law no. 3713, the 10th   Chamber of the Ankara Administrative Court pronounced a judgment which included the following passages: “... After examination of the file, [it appears] that ... the claimants’ son was the pilot of the aircraft ... whose job it was to transport special troops on a mission against the separatist terrorist organisation PKK, together with their weapons and equipment, to the operation zone and also to take troops leaving that zone back to their units. ... He died on 16 May 2001, when his plane crashed during that mission. After the accident the claimants were awarded a monthly war disability pension under section 64 of Law no. 5434 ... Considering that their son’s death fell within the scope of Law no. 3713, they applied for a monthly pension under that Law ... They brought the present action following the authorities’ refusal of that application ... Examination ... of the above-mentioned legal provisions and the case file reveals that the claimants’ son was killed on 16 May 2001 when the aircraft in which he was transporting troops back from an anti-terrorist mission crashed. The mission in question was clearly part of the fight against terrorism ... accordingly, the impugned administrative act must be set aside ...” 27.     Each time an appeal was lodged with it against the above-mentioned judgments of the Ankara Administrative Court, the Supreme Administrative Court upheld the approach of the first-instance court (decisions E.2002/4268, K.2005/333; E.2003/1775, K.2005/5476; E.2003/3110, K.2006/843; E.2003/3860, K.2004/4655; E.2003/3856, K.2004/4656; E.2005/2298, K.2007/8147; E.2005/1399, K.2007/6047; E.2006/1352, K.2009/7096; E.2006/1802, K.2009/7096; E.2007/2275, K.2009/8317; E.2006/9775, K.2009/7138; E.2008/715, K.2010/3868; E.2008/7839, K.2010/3870). 28.     On 28 March 2003, referring to the Jurisdiction Disputes Court’s decision of 14 May 2001 (E.2000/77, K.2001/22 – see paragraph 31 below), the 5th Chamber of the Ankara Administrative Court held that it did not have jurisdiction to hear an appeal, lodged by the family of a sergeant who died in the same plane crash, to set aside the pension fund’s decision rejecting their claim for a monthly pension under Law no. 3713 (decision E.2002/754, K.2003/346). The case was brought before the Supreme Military Administrative Court, which, in a judgment of 13 May 2004, dismissed the appeal, finding that the deceased had not been a victim of terrorism (decision E.2003/14, K.2004/754). On 30 September 2004 it dismissed a subsequent appeal against that judgment (decision E.2004/1199, K.2004/1480). 29.     On 2 October 2009 the deceased’s widow filed another application with the pension fund for the monthly pension provided for under Law no.   3713, in her own name and on behalf of her son. The application was rejected and an appeal was lodged with the 5th Chamber of the Ankara Administrative Court, which that court rejected on 11 March 2010, finding that it lacked jurisdiction (E.2009/1631, K.2001/343) [2] . In its reasoning it referred to a judgment of the Jurisdiction Disputes Court of 11 December 2006 (E.2006/246, K.2006/236 – see paragraph 32 below). 2.     Judgments of the Jurisdiction Disputes Court 30.     On 22 February 1999, in response to a request to settle a conflict between the solutions adopted respectively by the ordinary administrative courts and the Supreme Military Administrative Court, which had reached different conclusions in a matter concerning similar points of fact and law, the Jurisdiction Disputes Court adopted a decision (E.1998/75, K.1999/4) which included the following reasoning: “The first paragraph of section 24 of Law no. 2247 on the creation and operation of a Jurisdiction Disputes Court, as amended by Law no. 2592, stipulates: “There is conflict of judgments when the enforcement of a right is rendered impossible by a divergence between the final decisions adopted by at least two of the courts referred to in section 1, provided that those decisions concern the same subject and the same cause of action – but not matters of jurisdiction – and that at least one of the parties [to the case] is the same. By virtue of this provision, in order for there to be conflict of judgments all the following conditions must be met cumulatively: (a) the decisions at the origin of the conflict must have been adopted by at least two [different] courts from among the ordinary, military or administrative courts; (b) the subject matter, the cause of action and at least one of the parties must be the same; (c) the two decisions must be final; (d) the decisions must rule on the merits of the case; and (e) the enforcement of the right must have been made impossible by the divergence between the decisions. Examination of the decisions alleged to be in conflict reveals that they are judgments pronounced by the ordinary administrative courts and the military administrative court, in which, objectively, the subject matter and the cause of action, while based on different material facts, are identical, and at least one of the parties (the respondent administrative authority) is the same; the judgments in question have become final after the exhaustion of the appeals process, and they both rule on the merits. That being so, it is established that the first four conditions required under section   24 in order for there to be conflict of judgments have been met. As to whether the result in the instant case has been to render impossible the enforcement of a right ..., in situations where it is impossible for a person to secure the enforcement of a right because of conflicting judgments delivered by two different courts, section 24 leaves it to the Jurisdiction Disputes Court to settle the matter ... ... the administrative court’s judgment setting aside the earlier decision does not affect the judgment of the Supreme Military Administrative Court dismissing the application; the respondent administrative authority, which had to annul the measure in the light of the administrative court judgment in favour of H. and F.G., is under no obligation to execute that judgment in respect of N.T., who was not party to those proceedings. As the action brought by N.T. was dismissed, N.T. cannot be considered to have a right recognised by a judicial decision. ... the claimant cannot claim to have a right recognised by a judicial decision, so her application must be dismissed pursuant to section 24 of Law no. 2247, as the condition that it is “impossible to enforce the judgment”, required for there to be a conflict of judgments, has not been established. 31.     On 14 May 2001 the Jurisdiction Disputes Court adopted a decision (no.   E.2000/77, K.2001/22), the relevant passages of which read as follows: “... Summary: The application to set aside the pension fund’s decision rejecting a claim for a disability pension ... filed by a person declared by a medical report to be unfit for military service, who considered that his health problem had been caused by his military service, is a matter for the Supreme Military Administrative Court to resolve. ... The merits: ... Under Article 157 of the Constitution, the Supreme Military Administrative Court, although instituted by non-military authorities, is the court of first and final jurisdiction for the judicial review of disputes arising from administrative acts or conduct linked to military service and concerning military personnel. However, it has been established that for disputes arising out of military obligations, it is not necessary to determine whether the person concerned was a member of the armed forces. ... In order for the Supreme Military Administrative Court to be able to examine a case, the impugned administrative act must concern a “member of the armed forces” and be “linked to military service ...” To determine whether the administrative act is “linked to military service” and decide which court has jurisdiction, the subject matter of the act must be examined. If the act was adopted in keeping with military traditions, principles and practice, it must be considered to be linked to military service ... More specifically, administrative acts linked to military service are those related to the capabilities ... of military personnel, their attitude and conduct, their military career, their rights and obligations as members of the military, the purpose of the military service and the specificity of the locations in which they serve. Whether or not a non-military authority was at the origin of the act is of no consequence – the Supreme Military Administrative Court is the court responsible for examining a case [brought by] a member of the armed forces who has been deprived of an advantage. ... where the administrative act concerns a member of the military and is linked to military service, it is for the Supreme Military Administrative Court to examine and settle the dispute.” 32.     On 11 December 2006 the Jurisdiction Disputes Court adopted a decision (E.2006/246, K.2006/236) in which it determined which court had jurisdiction to hear disputes concerning pecuniary compensation under Law   no. 3713. The relevant passages read as follows: “The facts: The claimants’ son ... died on 16 May 2001 in the accident at Malatya ‑ Akçadağ-Güzyurdu, when the troop transport plane flying him from Diyarbakır to Ankara after a mission in the state of emergency region crashed ... In the proceedings lodged by the claimants following the pension fund’s refusal to award them a pension [although] they alleged that the death had occurred in the course of duties that fell within the scope of Laws nos. 2330 and 3713, the 3rd   Chamber of the Ankara Administrative Court dismissed the application in a decision of 27/06/2002 (E. 2001/1616, K. 2002/1095), considering that what had happened had not been the result of terrorist acts. On appeal, the 11th Division of the Supreme Administrative Court, in a judgment of 30/01/2003 (E: 2002/3971, K:   2003/495), set aside the lower court’s decision, considering that the court should have acknowledged the claimant’s entitlement to the rights governed by Laws nos.   2330 and 3713, his son’s death having been attributable to terrorist acts. The case was referred back to the lower court, which persisted in its decision, following which the Administrative Divisions of the Supreme Administrative Court, sitting in plenary, upheld the decision of the 11th Division of the Supreme Administrative Court in a judgment of 01/04/2004 (E: 2003/774, K: 2004/409) and again set aside the lower court’s decision ... Although the claimants applied to ... the respondent administrative authority for pecuniary compensation after the Supreme Administrative Court, sitting in plenary, confirmed that their son’s death fell within the scope of Laws nos. 2330 and 3713, they received no reply. ... on 25 July 2005 the interested parties appealed to the ordinary administrative courts to set aside the administrative authority’s implicit rejection ... The respondent administrative authority filed an objection for lack of jurisdiction, alleging that the Supreme Military Administrative Court had jurisdiction ... In a decision of 2 March 2006 the Ankara Administrative Court dismissed that objection and declared that it did have jurisdiction. ... The respondent administrative authority filed an application to have the matter of jurisdiction settled ... Principal State Counsel at the Supreme Military Administrative Court ... considers that the dispute ... lies within the jurisdiction of the Supreme Military Administrative Court, and that the decision of the 4th Chamber of the Ankara Administrative Court concerning jurisdiction should be set aside ... Principal State Counsel at the Supreme Administrative Court ... argues that the dispute ... is a matter for the ordinary administrative courts ... ... [in so far as], when it examined whether the death of the claimants’ son, a serviceman, occurred because he was a victim of terrorist acts within the meaning of Law no. 3713, or in the course of duties covered by Law no. 2330 or as a result of such duties, or, as in this case ... when it reviewed the [rejection] measure, the pecuniary compensation board took into account the serviceman’s military aptitudes ..., his conduct ..., his military career, his rights and duties as a serviceman, the purpose of the military service, the specificities of the locations of the military missions, and military regulations and traditions; and [in so far as,] in the present case, the condition that the administrative act must be linked to military service is fulfilled, the Supreme Military Administrative Court has jurisdiction in the matter at the origin of the dispute ...” III.     COMPARATIVE LAW 33.     In some European countries there is only one Supreme Court. This approach is found in “common law” countries like Cyprus, Ireland and the United Kingdom, but also in Albania, Azerbaijan, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Iceland, Latvia, Moldova, Norway, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia and Switzerland. Other countries, like Germany, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Finland, France, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, “the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”, Monaco, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, the Czech Republic, Sweden and Ukraine, have two or more supreme courts. 34.     In many of these countries the law does not provide for any means of settling possible conflicts of case-law between the supreme courts, but only for means of resolving possible conflicts of jurisdiction. The authority responsible for settling such conflicts may be a court or a division of a court specially vested with this power (France, Luxembourg, Bulgaria, Lithuania, the Czech Republic). In Italy the law confers this power on the Court of Cassation; in Austria and Andorra, on the Constitutional Court, and in Monaco, on the Supreme Court. In Poland there is no judicial authority responsible for settling conflicts of jurisdiction. Lastly, only a small number of countries have courts tasked with resolving conflicts of case-law between supreme courts (Germany, Ukraine and Greece). In Bulgaria the legislation provides for an a posteriori means of resolving conflicts. THE LAW I.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 § 1 OF THE CONVENTION 35.     The applicants alleged that the proceedings before the domestic courts had been unfair and that the possibility that the same fact could give rise to differing legal assessments from one court to another was in breach of the principles of equality before the law and consistency of the law. They submitted that the families of victims who died in the same plane crash as their son had submitted claims similar to theirs and had won their cases before the ordinary administrative courts. 36.     The applicants relied on Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, the relevant parts of which read as follows: “In the determination of his civil rights and obligations ..., everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ...” 37.     The Court notes that in their application form, as a subsidiary issue, the applicants also complained that the Turkish authorities had failed to take any action against the manufacturer of the plane that crashed. As this complaint has not been reiterated before the Grand Chamber, the Grand Chamber endorses the general approach adopted by the Chamber (Chamber judgment, § 62) and considers that there is no need for it to examine this point separately. A.     Chamber judgment 38.     The Chamber considered that it was not its function to compare different decisions of national courts, even if given in apparently similar proceedings; it must respect the independence of those courts. Having regard to the stance taken by the Jurisdiction Disputes Court, which confirmed the jurisdiction of the Supreme Military Administrative Court, it further considered that the applicants could not claim to have been denied justice as a result of the examination of their dispute by that court or the conclusion it reached. It accordingly found that in the circumstances of the case there had been no violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention (Chamber judgment, §§ 54-61). B.     The parties’ submissions 1.     The applicants 39.     For the applicants, there was no doubt that the Ankara Administrative Court, the Supreme Administrative Court and the Supreme Military Administrative Court had had similar cases referred to them. That being so, the decision of the Supreme Military Administrative Court not to allow their claim under Law no. 3713 had amounted to a conflicting decision as it ran counter to the interpretation made by the Ankara Administrative Court and the Supreme Administrative Court. 40.     The applicants further submitted that the Supreme Military Administrative Court had ignored the judgments delivered by the ordinary administrative courts in similar cases – even though they had been brought to its attention – and that this had been in breach of the principle of equality enshrined in Article 10 of the Turkish Constitution. In addition, the applicants argued that a difference of interpretation between two supreme courts in the same country should not have the effect of depriving certain citizens of their rights. In that connection they reiterated their argument that the difference of interpretation between the ordinary administrative courts and the military administrative court had irrevocably infringed the principle of the consistency of the law. 41.     They further argued that this conflicting interpretation also undermined the principle of legal certainty, as well as the general principles of law. In that regard the applicants challenged the conclusions of the Chamber, which, while finding it regrettable that different interpretations had been made of the same legal provisions, found that that alone did not suffice to undermine the principle of legal certainty. 42.     Lastly, the applicants challenged the decision of the 4th Chamber of the Ankara Administrative Court that it had no jurisdiction in their case when other chambers of that court had considered that they did have jurisdiction. In this connection they complained that the Chamber had drawn no conclusion from this fact with regard to Article 6 of the Convention. 2.     The Government 43.     The Government submitted that in view of the principle of the independence of the courts, the decisions of one court had no binding effect on other courts, belonging to the same or different jurisdictions. Only the decisions of the supreme courts were binding on the lower courts within the hierarchical order of the same jurisdiction. Thus, the various decisions of the ordinary administrative courts had no binding effect either on other ordinary administrative courts or, transversally, on the Supreme Military Administrative Court. 44.     The Government further affirmed that the 4th Chamber of the Ankara Administrative Court’s decision that it did not have jurisdiction to examine the applicants’ case could not be said to have been arbitrary. The decision had been adopted in conformity with the criteria laid down in the judgment of the Jurisdiction Disputes Court of 14 May 2001, to which reference had been made and which had taken into account the link with military service to establish that jurisdiction lay with the Supreme Military Administrative Court. The Government likewise affirmed that the decision of the Supreme Military Administrative Court could not be said to have been arbitrary either, as it was in conformity with the provisions of section   21 of Law no. 3713: the cause of the plane crash had not been a terrorist attack. 45.     The Government submitted that in the light of the legal provisions relating to the Law on the Jurisdiction Disputes Court, the facts of the present case did not concern a conflict of jurisdiction, or conflicting decisions. They maintained that there was no ambiguity or uncertainty as to which court had been competent to judge the applicants’ case and that the domestic law was quite clear on the matter. Article 157 of the Constitution (see paragraph 21 above) stated that the Supreme Military Administrative Court was the body which judicially examined disputes concerning military personnel or military service, and that provision of the Constitution was reproduced in section 20 of the Law on the Supreme Military Administrative Court. In judgments of 14 May 2001 and 11 December 2006 (see paragraphs 31 and 32 above) the Jurisdiction Disputes Court had also confirmed that approach. The applicants’ right to a court had therefore not been restricted by any ambiguity or uncertainty. 46.     The Government further maintained that there had been no issue of conflicting interpretations of the law in this case. Referring to section 24 of the Law on the Jurisdiction Disputes Court (see paragraph 24 above) and to the Jurisdiction Disputes Court’s judgment of 22 February 1999 (see paragraph   30 above), they submitted that settlement of conflicting decisions of courts in different jurisdictions occurred only in exceptional situations, where it became impossible to enforce a right established by a court decision. To go beyond the limits of that exceptional circumstance would amount to unlawful interference with the independence of the courts in the different jurisdictions, each of which had its own review machinery to settle conflicts of judgments. The Government referred in this connection to the case of Karakaya v. Turkey ((dec.), no. 30100/06, 25 January 2011). 47.     The Government accepted that there were varying interpretations between courts in different jurisdictions, but maintained that it was the right court that had found against the applicants. The configuration of the Turkish courts into different jurisdictions was a matter of judicial organisation. The way in which the High Contracting Parties organised their judicial systems and the jurisdiction of their courts fell within the States’ margin of appreciation. If one court which had jurisdiction in a matter adopted a decision that differed from that of a court which did not have jurisdiction, it would be unfair, the Government argued, to affirm that the latter decision should prevail. 48.     Lastly, the Government considered that the present case was unique and differed from other cases concerning conflicting case-law which the Court had had to examine in the past, and that there was therefore no applicable precedent. They added that an unfavourable court decision did not mean that there was a lack of legal certainty in the application of the law. C.     The Court’s assessment 1.     General principles 49.     The Court reiterates at the outset that it is not its task to take the place of the domestic courts. It is primarily for the national authorities, notably the courts, to resolve problems of interpretation of domestic legislation (see Brualla Gómez de la Torre v. Spain , 19 December 1997, §   31, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1997 ‑ VIII; Waite and Kennedy v.   Germany [GC], no. 26083/94, § 54, ECHR 1999 ‑ I; and Saez Maeso v.   Spain , no. 77837/01, § 22, 9 November 2004). Its role is to verify whether the effects of such interpretation are compatible with the Convention (see Kuchoglu v. Bulgaria , no. 48191/99, § 50, 10 May 2007, and Işyar v. Bulgaria , no. 391/03, § 48, 20 November 2008). 50.     That being so, save in the event of evident arbitrariness, it is not the Court’s role to question the interpretation of the domestic law by the national courts (see, for example, Ādamsons v. Latvia , no. 3669/03, § 118, 24   June 2008). Similarly, on this subject, it is not in principle its function to compare different decisions of national courts, even if given in apparently similar proceedings; it must respect the independence of those courts (see Engel and Others v. the Netherlands , 8 June 1976, § 103, Series A no. 22; Gregório de Andrade v. Portugal , no. 41537/02, § 36, 14 November 2006; and Ādamsons , cited above, § 118). 51.     The Court has already acknowledged that the possibility of conflicting court decisions is an inherent trait of any judicial system which is based on a network of trial and appeal courts with authority over the area of their territorial jurisdiction. Such divergences may also arise within the same court. That, in itself, cannot be considered contrary to the Convention (see Santos Pinto v. Portugal , no. 39005/04, § 41, 20 May 2008). 52.     The Court has been called upon a number of times to examine cases concerning conflicting court decisions (see, among other authorities, Zielinski and Pradal and Gonzalez and Others v. France [GC], nos.   24846/94 and 34165/96 to 34173/96, ECHR 1999 ‑ VII; Paduraru v.   Romania , no. 63252/00, ECHR 2005 ‑ XII (extracts); Beian v. Romania (no.   1) , no. 30658/05, ECHR 2007 ‑ XIII (extracts); and Iordan Iordanov and Others v. Bulgaria , no. 23530/02, 2 July 2009), and has thus had an opportunity to pronounce judgment on the conditions in which conflicting decisions of domestic supreme courts were in breach of the fair trial requirement enshrined in Article 6 § 1 of the Convention (see Perez Arias v.   Spain , no. 32978/03, § 25, 28 June 2007; Beian (no. 1) , cited above, §§   34 ‑ 40; Ştefan and Ştef v. Romania , nos. 24428/03 and 26977/03, §§   33 ‑ 36, 27 January 2009; Iordan Iordanov and Others , cited above, §§   48 ‑ 49; and Schwarzkopf and Taussik v. the Czech Republic (dec.), no.   42162/02, 2 December 2008). 53.     In so doing it