CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 17 juillet 2012

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text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s4B8D41EE { font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt } .s93EDF1FF { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:17.85pt; margin-bottom:30pt; text-indent:-17.85pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sB1BD30C0 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:24pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .sC1F0960A { margin-top:24pt; margin-left:29.2pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-after:avoid } .s3B3A5DE9 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:36pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sAB173E38 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .s127C7598 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .sD66C1369 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17.3pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify } .s60723A49 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:39.7pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify } .s81CCF55C { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .s48DB3670 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:36pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s7CB9076 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sF8DCB537 { width:16.53pt; display:inline-block } .s30B52FCF { width:208.1pt; display:inline-block } .s7602FED2 { width:18.21pt; display:inline-block } .sC1AC44A4 { width:228.11pt; display:inline-block } .s379BC09C { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:right } .s5E1364CA { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt }   FOURTH SECTION           CASE OF M.D. AND OTHERS v. MALTA   (Application no. 64791/10)                     JUDGMENT     STRASBOURG   17 July 2012   FINAL   17/10/2012   This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of M.D. and Others v. Malta, The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Lech Garlicki, President,   David Thór Björgvinsson,   Päivi Hirvelä,   George Nicolaou,   Zdravka Kalaydjieva,   Nebojša Vučinić, judges,   David Scicluna, ad hoc judge, and Lawrence Early, Section Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 26 June 2012, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 64791/10) against the Republic of Malta lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by three Maltese nationals, M.D., R.D. and A.D., who were born in 1969, 2000 and 2002 respectively and live in Ħamrun, Malta (“the applicants”), on 12 November 2010. The President of the Section acceded to the applicants’ request not to have their names disclosed (Rule 47 § 3 of the Rules of Court). 2.     The applicants were represented by Dr J. Brincat, a lawyer practising in Malta. The Maltese Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Dr Peter Grech, Attorney General. 3.     The applicants alleged that they did not have access to court to contest the care order following a change of circumstances. 4.     On 24 March 2011 the application was communicated to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). 5.     Mr Vincent De Gaetano, the judge elected in respect of Malta, was unable to sit in the case (Rule 28). Accordingly the President of the Chamber decided to appoint Mr David Scicluna to sit as an ad hoc judge (Rule 29 § 1(b)). THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE A. Background of the case 6.     The first applicant, M.D., is the mother of two minor children, the second and third applicants, R.D. and A.D. 7.     Following reports to the Aġenzija Appoġġ (which forms part of the Foundation for Social Welfare Services and has as its aim the enhancement of the lives of people in need, through the provision and availability of professional care and support), an investigation by specialised social workers was undertaken in respect of the family. Meetings took place between the parents, social workers, professionals (doctors, police and lawyers) and the directors of the relevant agency. Finally, on the recommendation of the Director of Social Welfare, on 14 July 2005 the Social Policy Minister issued a care order under Article 4 (1) of the Children and Young Persons (Care Orders) Act (“the Act”) placing the two minors, R.D. and A.D., in an institution run by nuns. By a decision of 17   August 2005, after having heard the first applicant’s objections, the Juvenile Court confirmed the care order. It further solicited the social services to complete the fostering assessment of the maternal grandparents to enable the children to reside with them if it was found to be in their best interest. B. Criminal proceedings 8.     At the same time, criminal proceedings were brought against the first applicant and her partner, X., who is the alleged father of the minor children. 9.     By a judgment of 16 March 2006 the Court of Magistrates as a court of criminal judicature found X. guilty of cruelty towards the two children and failure to protect them, causing them slight injuries, and of excessive correction of the two minors (under twelve years of age). X. was sentenced to two years’ imprisonment. His appeal having been withdrawn, the judgment became final. 10.     By the same judgment, M.D. was found guilty of cruelty towards the two children and failure to protect them, and excessive correction of the two minors (under twelve years of age). She was sentenced to one year’s imprisonment, suspended for two years. M.D. appealed. 11.     By a judgment of 4 August 2006 the Court of Criminal Appeal upheld the first-instance judgment. Having assessed the evidence the court found that M.D. had been present when X. repeatedly beat the children, aged three and five, and, possibly because of his threats, had not had the courage to report him or ask the relevant authorities for assistance, with the result that the children were severely bruised. They also suffered from bald patches and lice-infested hair, symptoms of serious neglect on the part of the mother. She had also repeatedly behaved roughly towards her children. She was therefore guilty of the first charge by acts of commission and omission (in so far as she had not taken the requisite steps to protect her children). The court also confirmed her guilt regarding the charge of excessive correction of the two minors. Considering it appropriate, in the event that the children were ever returned to her, the court confirmed the sentence handed down by the first-instance court. 12.     Under Maltese law the provisions of Article 197 (4) of the Criminal Code were applicable to a conviction for an offence under Article 247 A (see “Relevant domestic law” below). C. Subsequent developments 13.     At the start of the criminal proceedings the relationship between M.D. and X. ended. While the care order was in place, M.D. was given supervised contact with her children for one hour a week and eventually three hours a week. Later, in 2009, the children spent weekends and public holidays with her. 14.     Attempts to persuade the Minister to revoke the care order failed. D. Constitutional redress proceedings 15.     On 19 April 2007 the first applicant, in her own name and on behalf of her children, instituted constitutional redress proceedings. She relied on Articles 6 § 1, 8 and 13 of the Convention, particularly on the basis that there existed no remedy under the Act providing for re-examination by an independent and impartial tribunal of an issued care order, since such a revision depended solely on the discretion of the Minister who had issued the order. The circumstances having changed, she requested the court to revoke the order and grant any other necessary remedy. 16.     On 12 July 2007, the Civil Court (First Hall) rejected a plea of non-exhaustion of ordinary remedies by the State (namely, in reference to that provided in Subsidiary Legislation 285.01) since no proof had been submitted in corroboration at that early stage of the proceedings. It therefore decided to examine the case. 17.     By a judgment of 2 April 2009 the Civil Court (First Hall) held that M.D. could only act in her own name, and did not have a right to act on behalf of her minor children. Indeed, according to Articles 8 and 9 of the Act, when a care order was issued the relevant parent was deprived of the right to represent his or her children or to sue on their behalf, and care and custody of the children concerned were entrusted to the Minister. It noted that in the proceedings nobody had requested the court to provide the children with a representative ad litem (Article 783 of the Code of Organisation and Civil Procedure (COCP)). 18.     In respect of M.D., the court found a violation of Articles 6 and 13 of the Convention in that the law did not provide access to court to challenge the care order, but no violation of Article 8. It observed that the care order issued was a permanent one (valid until the minors reached 18 years of age). The Act provided for an objection to the care order to be lodged within twenty-one days of the order being issued, and that such an objection would be dealt with by the Juvenile Court. However, the applicant complained that it was not possible for an individual to request a revision of the order subsequently. The court considered that termination of custody fell under the concept of civil rights, particularly because a care order did not imply the end of natural ties between children and their parents. Consequently, a parent’s right of access to court and to the possibility to regain custody of his or her children was a living right. The court considered that the remedy relied on by the State, namely judicial review proceedings, would not be appropriate in the circumstances. Judicial review was concerned with assessing the decision-making process, but not the merits of a decision itself, as the court would not act as a court of appeal from the body involved. In the event that an administrative decision was quashed the court could only remit the case to the authority for reconsideration, at most requesting the authority to bear in mind the reasons for the quashing. Moreover, the Children and Young Persons Advisory Board (Article 11 of the Act)   was simply an advisory board subject to the authority and discretion of the Minister. Therefore, it could not be considered an impartial and independent tribunal.     It followed, from an analysis of Maltese law, that there was no remedy granting access   to court   for the applicant or anyone in her position seeking re-examination of the merits of a care order. This constituted a violation of Article 6 § 1, which absorbed Article 13. 19.     Under Article 8 it held that the care order had been in accordance with the law and pursued a legitimate aim. While bearing in mind that M.D. had made improvements and was changing her life, it considered that the grounds on which the care order was based had not disappeared and in view of the frequent reviews of the situation by the social services it could not be said that her rights under Article 8 had been breached. 20.     The court rejected the claim for the revocation of the care order but, in accordance with Article 242 of Chapter 12 of the Laws of Malta, it ordered that a copy of the judgment be sent to the Speaker of the House of Representatives for consideration by parliament in respect of a possible amendment to the law, as the only remedy that could provide redress to the applicant was a legislative change providing for access to court in such a situation. 21.     Both parties appealed. 22.     By a judgment of 14 May 2010 the Constitutional Court observed that on the day when the care order was issued M.D. had lost care and custody of her children in favour of the Minister, and therefore it confirmed that in the absence of an appointment by the court, M.D. could not represent her children in the proceedings. Moreover, following her conviction, M.D. had lost all authority and rights over her children in view of the automatic application of Article 197 (4) of the Criminal Code and therefore, in the absence of any request to the court for representation of the minors, she could not act on their behalf according to Maltese law (see “Relevant domestic law” below), notwithstanding any different procedure which might be applicable before the European Court of Human Rights. In this light, in relation to the merits of the complaints under Articles 6 and 13, the court considered that in the present case, M.D. having lost all her parental rights as a result of her conviction, could not exercise any right in respect of which she was deprived of access to court. It followed therefore that no violation of Article 6 could ensue. The situation would have been different had the applicant been affected only by the care order (which solely took away the rights relating to care and custody) and not the subsequent conviction. Neither could it be said that any rights under Article 8 came into play, since the applicant had regular contact with her children. However, the first-instance judgment in relation to whether the Act contravened the applicant’s Article 8 rights had become final, as no appeal had been lodged in this connection. II.   RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW 23.     The relevant articles of the Children and Young Persons (Care Orders) Act, Chapter 285 of the Laws of Malta, read as follows: Article 4 “(1) If, on representations made to him in writing by the Director of the Department responsible for social welfare and after giving the parents and the guardian, if any, of the child or young person an opportunity to express their views, and after hearing any other person he may deem likely to assist him, the Minister is satisfied that that child or young person is in need of care, protection or control, it shall be the duty of the Minister by an order in writing under his hand to take such child or young person into his care. (2) A copy of any order made by the Minister under subarticle (1) shall forthwith be sent by registered letter to the person exercising paternal authority over the child or young person, or to his guardian, if any, who shall be asked to state to the Director of the Department responsible for social welfare within twenty-one days from the date of receipt of the said letter, whether he objects to the said order. (3) If the person to whom the registered letter is sent under subarticle (2) shall, within the time therein prescribed, signify, even verbally, his objection to the order, the Director of the Department responsible for social welfare shall, not later than seven days from the date on which he shall have become aware of the objection, refer the case to the Juvenile Court in such manner as shall be prescribed by regulations made under article 13. (4) Where a case is referred to the Juvenile Court under subarticle (3), the said court shall, in such manner and within such time as shall be prescribed by regulations made under article 13, review the whole case and decide whether the child or young person is in need of care, protection or control and shall accordingly confirm or revoke the order made under subarticle (1). (5) An order made under subarticle (1) shall, unless it has ceased to have effect earlier, cease to have effect on the date on which the child or young person in respect of whom the order is made attains the age of eighteen years.” Article 8 “ The Minister shall, with respect to any child or young person committed to his care by an order made under article 3 or taken into his care by an order made under article 4(1), under article 5 or under article 6(1), have the same powers and duties with regard to his care and custody as the parents or guardian of such child or young person would, but for the order, have, and the Minister may, subject to any regulations made in pursuance of article 13, restrict the liberty of such child or young person to such extent as the Minister may consider appropriate (...)” Article 9 “Where a child or young person is in the care of the Minister in pursuance of this Act, it shall be the duty of the Minister to exercise his powers with respect to the care and custody of such child or young person so as to further his best interests and to afford him an opportunity for the proper development of his character and abilities (...)” 24.     The relevant articles of the Criminal Code, Chapter 9 of the Laws of Malta, in so far as relevant, read as follows: Article 247A “(1) Whosoever, having the responsibility of any child under twelve years of age, by means of persistent acts of commission or omission ill-treats the child or causes or allows the ill-treatment by similar means of the child shall, unless the fact constitutes a more serious offence under any other provision of this Code, be liable on conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years. (...)   (3) The provisions of article 197(4) shall also apply in the case of an offence under this article, when the offence is committed by any ascendant or tutor.” Article 197(4) “(4) A conviction under this article shall entail the forfeiture of every authority and right granted to the offender over the person or property of the husband or wife or of the descendant to whose prejudice the offence shall have been committed, and, in the case of the tutor, his removal from the tutorship and his perpetual disability from holding the office of tutor.” Article 30 “(1) Without prejudice to the provisions of any other law imposing or authorising the suspension or cancellation of, or disqualification from holding or obtaining, any warrant, licence, permit or other authority held from the Government or any other public authority, where any person is convicted, whether as a principal or an accomplice, of a criminal offence which has been committed - ( a ) in or in connection with the exercise of any profession, art, trade, calling or other occupation for which a warrant, licence, permit or authority has been or may be issued to him by the Government or any other public authority; or ( b ) in the use or by means of any instrument, vehicle, substance or other thing whatsoever for the carrying, keeping or using of which a licence, permit or authority has been or may be issued to him, the court may, in addition to sentencing the person convicted as aforesaid to any punishment provided by law for the offence, order such person to be disqualified from holding or obtaining, for such time as the court deems fit, such warrant, licence, permit or authority. (2) Where, by virtue of a conviction under this Code or any other law, any person has a warrant, licence, permit or authority suspended, or is disqualified from holding or obtaining any warrant, licence, permit or authority, the court may, on the application of such person, as it thinks expedient, having regard to his character, to his conduct subsequent to the conviction, to the nature of the offence and to any other circumstances of the case, and after hearing the Police in the case of an application before the Court of Magistrates or the Attorney General in the case of an application before any other court, either remove the suspension or disqualification as from such date as it may specify or refuse the application: Provided that, where an application under this subarticle is refused, a further application thereunder shall not be entertained if made within three months after the date of the refusal. ” Article 28 A “(5) A suspended sentence which has not taken effect shall for all intents and purposes of law be deemed, except as provided in subarticle (1), to be a sentence awarding punishment and nothing in this article shall be deemed to effect - ( a ) the applicability of any other punishment which may be awarded, or any suspension, cancellation, disqualification, forfeiture, loss or removal which may be ordered, together with the punishment of imprisonment so suspended;” 25.     Article 783 of the Code of Organisation and Civil Procedure, in so far as relevant, reads as follows: “(1) In the cases referred to in this sub-title, the curator ad litem may be appointed by the same court before which the action has been brought, or is about to be brought, upon the application of any person interested. (2) The application for the appointment of a curator to represent a minor who desires to sue, may be made by any person.” THE LAW 26.     The applicants complained under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention that they did not have access to a court to contest the care order following a change of circumstances. For the same reasons, and on the basis of the conclusion reached by the Constitutional Court, they also complained that they did not have an effective remedy under Article 13. 27.     Although there has been no objection on the part of the Government in this regard, the Court finds it relevant to reiterate that, in principle, a person who is not entitled under domestic law to represent another may nevertheless, in certain circumstances, act before the Court in the name of the other person. In particular, minors can apply to the Court even, or indeed especially, if they are represented by a mother who is in conflict with the authorities and who criticises their decisions and conduct as not consistent with the rights guaranteed by the Convention. In the event of a conflict over a minor’s interests between a natural parent and a person appointed by the authorities to act as the child’s guardian, there is a danger that some of those interests will never be brought to the Court’s attention and that the minor will be deprived of effective protection of his or her rights under the Convention. Consequently, even where a mother has been deprived of parental rights - and indeed that is one of the causes of the dispute which she has referred to the Court - her standing as the natural mother suffices to afford her the necessary power to apply to the Court on the child’s behalf too, in order to protect his or her interests. Moreover, the conditions governing individual applications are not necessarily the same as national criteria relating to locus standi . National rules in this respect may serve purposes different from those contemplated by Article 34 of the Convention and, whilst those purposes may sometimes be analogous, they need not always be so (see Scozzari and Giunta v. Italy [GC], nos. 39221/98 and 41963/98, §§ 138-39, ECHR 2000-VIII). For these reasons the Court considers that the first applicant has standing to appear on her own and her children’s behalf. 28.   The Court further reiterates that it is the master of the characterisation to be given in law to the facts of the case and a complaint is characterised by the facts alleged in it (see Guerra and Others v. Italy , 19 February 1998, §   44, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998-I). It reiterates that   Article   6 affords a procedural safeguard, namely, the “right to court” in the determination of one’s “civil rights and obligations”, whereas Article 8 serves the wider purpose of ensuring proper respect for, inter alia , family life. The difference between the purpose pursued by the respective safeguards afforded by Articles 6 and 8 may, in the light of the particular circumstances, justify the examination of the same set of facts under both Articles (see, for instance, McMichael v. the United Kingdom , no. 16424/90, § 91, 24 February 1995, and Iosub Caras v. Romania , no. 7198/04, § 48, 27   July 2006). 29.     The Court notes that while the original complaint before the domestic courts concerned the lack of access to a court to challenge a care order, as a result of the Constitutional Court’s interpretation of domestic law the complaint brought before this Court also refers to the specific circumstances of the first applicant in this case. 30.   The Court considers that the lack of access specific to the first applicant’s situation may also raise an issue under Article 8 of the Convention. Nevertheless, in view of the fact that the Government have tackled the first applicant’s complaint of her own lack of access to a court to challenge a care order under Article 6, the Court will deal with that aspect of the complaint under that provision. I.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 § 1 OF THE CONVENTION 31.     The applicants complained that they did not have access to court to contest the care order following a change of circumstances. They relied on Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, which reads as follows: “In the determination of his civil rights and obligations ... everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ... by [a] ... tribunal ...” 32.     The Government contested that argument. A.     Admissibility 1.     The Government’s objection of non-exhaustion of domestic remedies 33.     The Government submitted that the second and third applicants had not exhausted domestic remedies, in so far as domestic law precluded the mother from initiating proceedings on their behalf in the circumstances of the present case. According to the Code of Organisation and Civil Procedure a minor cannot be sued or sue except in the person of the parent exercising parental authority, or, in the absence of such parent, of a tutor and curator. In the present case the second and third applicants were under the State’s responsibility and given their young age it was surprising that they were of their own free will challenging the very protection they were receiving. Nevertheless, the Government submitted that if they felt aggrieved, the two applicants could have sued the Minister after seeking the appointment of curators to pursue such a claim on their behalf. 34.     In accordance with Article 35 § 1 of the Convention, the Court may only deal with an issue after all domestic remedies have been exhausted. The purpose of this rule is to afford the Contracting States the opportunity of preventing or putting right the violations alleged against them before those allegations are submitted to the Court (see, among other authorities, Selmouni v. France [GC], no. 25803/94, § 74, ECHR 1999-V). Thus, the complaint submitted to the Court must first have been made to the appropriate national courts, at least in substance, in accordance with the formal requirements of domestic law and within the prescribed time-limits. However, the rule   of exhaustion of domestic remedies requires an applicant to have normal recourse to remedies within the national legal system which are available and sufficient to afford redress in respect of the breaches alleged. The existence of the remedies in question must be sufficiently certain not only in theory but in practice, failing which they will lack the requisite accessibility and effectiveness ( Micallef v. Malta [GC], no.   17056/06, § 55, ECHR 2009). The Court would emphasise that the application of the rule of exhaustion must make due allowance for the fact that it is being applied in the context of machinery for the protection of human rights that the Contracting Parties have agreed to set up. Accordingly, it has recognised that Article 35 must be applied with some degree of flexibility and without excessive formalism. It has further recognised that this rule is neither absolute nor capable of being applied automatically; in reviewing whether it has been observed it is essential to have regard to the particular circumstances of each individual case (see Sammut and Visa Investments v.   Malta (dec.), no.   27023/03, 28 June 2005, and Saliba and Others v. Malta , no. 20287/10, § 37, 22 November 2011). 35.     The Court is prepared to accept that the second and third applicants could have, in principle, pursued constitutional redress proceedings complaining that they did not have access to a court to challenge a care order. It is also willing to accept that the first applicant, although having lost parental authority over her children following her conviction, could have made a request for a curator ad litem , since the law allows such a request to be made by “anyone” (see paragraph 25 above), irrespective of any authority or interest. In this light, the Court considers that even the applicants’ lawyer could have made that request, as could the Minister or the social worker appointed to follow the children, or any other family member or lay person willing to give assistance. However, in the present case, none of these persons made such a request. The mother and the lawyer insisted that the first applicant could indeed represent the children. Given the facts, it is unlikely that the father had the best interests of the children in mind, and in any event he was in prison when the proceedings were instituted. As to the Minister and the social worker, it would not have been realistic to expect them to facilitate the children’s bringing of a complaint which was essentially against the system they represented. Lastly, little is known as to the existence of any other family member. In those circumstances, the domestic courts limited themselves to highlighting that no curator or representative had been appointed to act for the minors, and rejected the children’s standing as parties to those proceedings. 36.     The Court is unable to endorse such an action. Indeed, in the context of machinery for human rights protection, the Court cannot accept that in circumstances such as those of the present case, the possibility of the children to pursue a remedy should depend entirely on the intervention of uninterested third parties. 37.     Albeit in a different context and in relation to proceedings before it, the Court has previously held that the object and purpose of the Convention as an instrument for the protection of individual human beings requires that its provisions, both procedural and substantive, be interpreted and applied so as to render its safeguards both practical and effective. The Court considers that the position of children under Article 34 calls for careful consideration, as they must generally rely on other persons to present their claims and represent their interests, and may not be of an age or capacity to authorise any steps to be taken on their behalf in any real sense. A restrictive or technical approach in this area is therefore to be avoided and the key consideration in such cases is that any serious issues concerning respect for a child’s rights should be examined (see C. and D. v. the United Kingdom (dec.), no. 34407/02, 31 August 2004, and Tonchev v. Bulgaria , no. 18527/02, § 31, 19 November 2009). 38.   The Court considers that the domestic courts should have approached the matter in the above light. In the context of the present case, and bearing in mind that the law provided that any person could make an application for a curator and that the same court before which the action had been brought could appoint a curator ad litem , the domestic courts should have proprio motu appointed a curator or representative to act on behalf of the children, instead of limiting themselves to pointing out this failure. That is what the interests of justice and those of the children would have required. Such an action would also be in conformity with the message which the Council of Europe is promoting in this area, particularly in the light of the Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on Child-Friendly Justice adopted in 2010. 39.     In the specific circumstances of the present case, where, moreover, an attempt to represent the children was made by the mother and the matter was brought to the attention of the domestic authorities, which had the opportunity to put right the violations but failed to do so, choosing not to take action to safeguard the interests of the children – whose vulnerable position is highlighted in the present case – the Court is unable to accept that the remedy proposed by the Government was accessible to the children. 40.     It follows that the Government’s objection must be dismissed. 2.     The Government’s objection ratione materiae 41.     The Government further submitted that Article 6 was not applicable to these proceedings. In the Government’s view a care order issued in the public interest for the protection of a minor was a public law matter and did not concern civil rights and obligations. 42.     The Court notes that, according to its case-law, Article 6 § 1 secures the “right to a court”, of which the right of access, that is, the right to institute proceedings before courts in civil matters, constitutes one aspect only (see Golder v. the United Kingdom , 21   February 1975, Series A no.18, § 36). This right extends only to disputes (“ contestations ”) over “civil rights and obligations” which can be said, at least on arguable grounds, to be recognised under domestic law. The dispute must be genuine and serious; it may relate not only to the actual existence of a right but also to its scope and the manner of its exercise. The outcome of the proceedings must be directly decisive for the right in question, mere tenuous connections or remote consequences not being sufficient to bring Article 6 § 1 into play (see, for instance, Werner v. Austria , 24 November 1997, Reports   1997-VII, §   34). 43.     The Court has repeatedly dealt with cases concerning access, custody and care orders, and while it often considers such cases as falling under Article 8 of the Convention, including its “procedural” aspect (see, for example, H.K. v. Finland , no. 36065/97, 26 September 2006, Scozzari and Giunta , cited above; and Diamante and Pelliccioni v. San Marino , no.   32250/08, § 151, 27 September 2011), it does not preclude that such cases be examined also under Article 6 (see, for example, B. v. the United Kingdom , 8 July 1987, Series A no. 121, in respect of access rights; H. v. the United Kingdom , 8 July 1987, Series A no. 120, in respect of access rights and adoption; and M. and S. v Italy and the United Kingdom, (dec.), no. 2584/11, 13 March 2012, in respect of a taking into public care order). In particular the Court has applied the different safeguards provided by Article 6 in relation to proceedings regarding care orders and their equivalent numerous times (see for example, P., C. and S. v. the United Kingdom , no. 56547/00, § 100, ECHR 2002 ‑ VI, in respect of proceedings regarding a care order and a freeing for adoption order, particularly in relation to fair and effective access to a court; Olsson v. Sweden (no. 1) , 24   March 1988, Series A no. 130, §§ 86-91, regarding the fairness of proceedings requesting the termination of a taking into public care; and R.   v.   Finland , no. 34141/96, §§ 117-120, 30 May 2006, regarding the length of proceedings for the termination of public care). Finally, the Court reiterates that the mutual enjoyment by parent and child of each other’s company constitutes a fundamental element of family life; furthermore, the natural family relationship is not terminated by reason of the fact that the child has been taken into public care (see Olsson , cited above, § 59). Thus, an action to contest a care order which deprives a parent of care and custody rights is a matter of family law. On that account alone, it is “civil” in character (see, mutatis mutandis , Mizzi v. Malta , no. 26111/02, § 76, ECHR 2006 ‑ I (extracts)). It is therefore indisputable that a dispute in respect of a care order falls under the civil limb of Article 6. 44.     It follows that the Government’s objection must be dismissed. 3.     Other grounds for declaring the complaint inadmissible 45.     The Court reiterates that Article 34 of the Convention requires that an individual applicant should claim to have been actually affected by the violation he or she alleges. That Article does not institute for individuals a kind of actio popularis for the interpretation of the Convention; it does not permit individuals to complain against the state of law in abstracto simply because they consider that it contravenes the Convention. Nor, in principle, does it suffice for an applicant to claim that the mere existence of a law violates his rights under the Convention; it is necessary that the law has been applied to his or her detriment (see Klass and Others v. Germany , 6   September 1978, Series A no. 28, § 33, and C. and D. v. the United Kingdom (dec.), no. 34407/ 02, 31 August 2004). 46.     The Court notes that in respect of the first applicant the Constitutional Court, unlike the Civil Court (First Hall), in its constitutional jurisdiction, rejected the first applicant’s claim on the ground that her inability to challenge the situation she found herself in was dependent on the finding of criminal guilt, and not the original care order. However, the Court notes that the care and custody order had been issued on 14 July 2005 and confirmed on 17 August 2005. The final criminal finding of guilt was dated 4 August 2006, when the judgment of 16 March 2006 was upheld. In consequence the Court considers that the first applicant suffered prejudice from the alleged defects in the procedural framework and can therefore be considered a victim for the purposes of the complaint regarding lack of access to a court to contest a care and custody order in relation to that interlocutory period of time. 47.     The Court notes that this complaint in respect of the three applicants is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible. B.     Merits 1.     The parties’ observations 48.     The applicants were not contesting the issuance of the initial order, nor the fact that access to the parties was granted before that order was issued. They complained that they could not contest the final care order following a change of circumstances as the law did not provide a procedure to that end. They noted that parental rights were terminated upon the issuance of a care order. In consequence the applicants were left without access to the courts. They referred to B. v. the United Kingdom (8 July 1987, Series A no. 121). They further noted that there could be no judicial review if no decision was ever taken subsequent to the order. Moreover, judicial review was limited in scope and in its application to specific circumstances. 49.     The Government submitted that the right of access to court was not absolute and was subject to regulation by the State. Thus, the fact that a special judicial remedy was not provided did not imply that the provision had been violated. The Government submitted that the person exercising parental authority could object within twenty one days of the issuance of the care order before it was confirmed by a Juvenile Court. The fact that a decision of the Juvenile Court was not subject to appeal did not raise an issue under Article 6 of the Convention. 50.     The Government submitted that care orders were issued in emergency situations which often changed rapidly. It was thus difficult for a court to evaluate these constantly changing circumstances. In cases where a care order had to remain in force for several years, the judicial mechanism would be unable to monitor all the developments that occurred over that considerable period of time. In the Government’s view the right of access to a court did not imply a right of continuous and repeated petitioning of the courts to monitor and review a situation which was by its very nature dynamic. It sufficed for the situation to be monitored by the welfare service, which was clearly more competent to assess the situation and which reported directly to the Minister. 51.     The Children and Young Persons (Care Orders) regulations established a procedure whereby cases were reviewed and through which M.D. was heard, as evidenced by the change in visiting regime in the present case. While the order is in place minors are assigned a social worker to safeguard their interests and review the care order. Once it transpired that it would be in the best interests of the children for them to stay with the mother, the care order would be revoked. 52.     Moreover, the decisions of the Minister could be challenged through judicial review proceedings (Article 469 A of the Code of Organisation and Civil Procedure), which according to the Government provided sufficient access to court for the purpose of challenging the Minister’s decisions. 2.     The Court’s assessment 53.     The Court reiterates that in order for the right of access to court to be effective, an individual must have a clear and practical opportunity to challenge an act interfering with his civil rights (see De Jorio v.   Italy , no.   73936/01, § 45, 3 June 2004, and Bellet v.   France , 4 December 1995, Series A no. 333-B, § 36). 54.     The Court notes that the applicants’ complaint does not relate to the procedural safeguards in the procedure leading to the final care order, in relation to which the Government have made submissions. Neither does it concern the possibility of contesting any further decisions of the Minister. The Court observes that the applicants are solely complaining about the lack of access to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law following the issuance of the care order and its confirmation by the Juvenile Court, in that no procedure to that end was established in the law. It follows that the case does not concern a restriction on their right of access which would be subject to a proportionality test, but solely whether such access existed. 55.     The Court notes that the Civil Court in its constitutional jurisdiction had found that there was no remedy granting access   to a court   for the first applicant or anyone in her position wanting to have the merits of a care order re-examined (see paragraph 18 above). Similarly, the Constitutional Court alluded to the same conclusion, although it did not make a finding on that issue (see paragraph 22 above). The Government have not submitted that a judicial remedy existed to challenge a care order during the time it was in force, namely until the minors reached eighteen years of age. Indeed, the Government argued that the courts would not be the right venue for such an assessment. The Court considers that such an argument runs counter to the entire basis of Article 6, which provides for access to an impartial and independent tribunal for the determination of civil rights and obligations. It is precisely a tribunal’s role to supervise administrative action in any field and guarantee freedom from arbitrariness. Moreover, any assessment made by the courts would evidently take into consideration the input given by the relevant actors, such as the social workers in the present case. It follows that the Government’s argument is no excuse for the fact that the Maltese system provided no access to a tribunal which could evaluate the applicants’ situation. 56.     Moreover, the Court cannot accept that a review by the social workers who reported to the Minister, who could in turn revoke a care order, would constitute an “impartial and independent tribunal”. Furthermore, the legal framework providing for this process did not afford the possibility for the applicants to make such an application, nor has it been shown that any decision in this field would be written and made public in order to provide for the possibility of a judicial