CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 31 juillet 2012

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margin-bottom:0pt }       FIRST SECTION             CASE OF UMAROVA AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA   (Application no. 25654/08)               JUDGMENT     STRASBOURG   31 July 2012   FINAL   17/12/2012     This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Umarova and Others v. Russia, The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Nina Vajić, President,   Anatoly Kovler,   Peer Lorenzen,   Khanlar Hajiyev,   Mirjana Lazarova Trajkovska,   Julia Laffranque,   Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos, judges and Søren Nielsen, Section Registrar , Having deliberated in private on 10 July 2012, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 25654/08) against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by the six Russian nationals listed below (“the applicants”), on 14 April 2008. 2.     The applicants were represented by Mr D. Itslayev, a lawyer practising in Grozny. The Russian Government (“the Government”) were represented by Mr   G.   Matyushkin, Representative of the Russian Federation at the European Court of Human Rights. 3.     The applicants alleged, in particular, that their relative had been abducted by State agents and that the authorities had failed to effectively investigate the incident. They cited Articles 2, 3, 5 and 13 of the Convention. 4.     On 22 April 2010 the Court decided to apply Rule   41 of the Rules of Court and to grant priority treatment to the application. On the same date it decided to give notice of the application to the Government. Under the provisions of former Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility. THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 5.     The applicants are: (1) Ms Aset Umarova, who was born in 1959; (2) Ms Laura Alkhastova, who was born in 1981; (3) Ms Luiza Umarova, who was born in 1983; (4) Mr Ibragim Umarov, who was born in 1987; (5) Mr Said-Ibragim (also spelled as Sayd-Ibragim) Umarov, who was born in 1991; and (6) Ms Larisa Umarova, who was born in 1985. The applicants live in Achkhoy-Martan, Chechnya. The first applicant is the wife of Khamzat Umarov, who was born in 1956; the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth applicants are his children. A.     Abduction of the applicants’ relative and subsequent events 1.     Information submitted by the applicants (a)     Abduction of Khamzat Umarov 6.     At the material time Achkhoy-Martan was under the full control of federal military forces. Checkpoints were located on the roads leading to and from the settlement. The area was under curfew. Military units of the 58th Russian army were stationed in the fields next to Achkhoy-Martan. At the time, Khamzat Umarov was working as the head of the State Roads Administration in Achkhoy-Martan. 7.     On the night of 29 July 2001 (in the documents submitted the date was also referred to as 30 July and 31 July 2001) the applicants and Khamzat Umarov were at home, at 29 Sadovaya Street in Achkhoy-Martan. That night the applicants’ friend, Mr S.I., who worked for the Danish Refugee Council, also stayed at the house. 8.     At about 4 a.m. on 30 July 2001 the first applicant was woken up by a noise coming from outside. She heard what sounded like someone trying to quietly open the gates to their yard. When the applicant asked in Chechen: ‘Who’s there?’ she heard no response. Then her husband, Khamzat Umarov, looked out from the window and told her that there were Russians with flashlights. 9.     The men outside demanded that the applicants open the gates. The first applicant told them that they would wake up the children and asked them to return in the morning. In response, the men forced the gates open and a group of about twenty to twenty-five men in camouflage uniforms rushed into the yard. Approximately fifteen men ran into the house. The rest remained outside. Some of them went into the yard of the applicants’ neighbours, the family of Ms R.Z., and ordered the neighbours to stay inside. Some men remained in the street and kept ordering other neighbours to get back inside. 10.     All of the intruders were equipped with flashlights and armed with automatic weapons ( винторез ). They forced the applicants into different rooms; two of them guarded the first applicant. Some of the men were wearing masks; those without masks were of Slavic appearance. The men spoke unaccented Russian. The applicants thought that they were Russian military servicemen. 11.     After breaking into the house the intruders talked amongst themselves about their search for ‘two men’. The first applicant thought that the officers were talking about her husband and Mr S.I. After the servicemen found the room which the two men were in, they rushed into it and searched it for five or six minutes. After that the servicemen took Khamzat Umarov and Mr S.I. outside. The first applicant followed them. Two UAZ vehicles were parked in the street. One of the vehicles had an antenna and a portable radio transmitter on the roof. The officers put Khamzat Umarov in one of the cars, but left Mr S.I. behind. Immediately afterward both cars drove away in the direction of Lenina Street, where the Achkhoy-Martan District Department of the Interior (“the ROVD”), the Achkhoy-Martan Temporary District Department of the Interior (“the VOVD”) and the Achkhoy-Martan Department of the Federal Security Service (“the FSB”) were situated at the time. 12.     Mr S.I., who had been left by the abductors in the street, returned to the house and told the applicants that the abductors had threatened to shoot him if he followed them. (b)     The subsequent events 13.     Immediately after the abductors were gone, the first applicant managed to call the VOVD. An officer there told her to call the ROVD and gave her their number. Then the first applicant called the ROVD and informed the officers there of the abduction. The officers told her that there was no need to worry, as Khamzat Umarov was not the only man who had been detained that night. After that, the applicant was told to come to the ROVD in the morning as the area was under curfew at night. 14.     In the morning the first applicant told her husband’s relatives about what had happened and they went together to the ROVD, where they were told that Khamzat Umarov had not been arrested by their officers and that he was not detained on their premises. On the same day, 30 July 2001, the applicants lodged written complaints about the abduction of Khamzat Umarov to a number of local law-enforcement agencies, including the ROVD, the FSB and the Achkhoy-Martan Inter-District Prosecutor’s Office (“the district prosecutor’s office”). 15.     On 31 July 2001 a number of residents of Achkhoy-Martan gathered in front of the FSB’s office. They blocked the road and demanded to speak with the officials. At some point the head of the office came out from the building and spoke with the crowd. He told the applicants and their fellow villagers that Khamzat Umarov must have been taken away by officers of the 58th Russian army, whose units were stationed in the fields next to the settlement. The officer promised the crowd that he would find out Khamzat Umarov’s whereabouts. 16.     After that, the head of the Achkhoy-Martan District administration, Mr B., and the head of the ROVD, officer K., arrived at the FSB’s premises and asked the residents to go home. Having spent two days next to the FSB building, the crowd left on 1 August 2001. 17.     About a month later a group of employees of the Danish Refugee Council visited the applicants’ home together with a number of journalists. 18.     Within a certain period of time, starting from the end of August 2001, military servicemen searched the applicants’ house on several occasions. 19.     On 22 November 2001 military servicemen took away Khamzat Umarov’s brother, Mr Ramzan Umarov, who has not been seen since. 20.     In support of their application the applicants submitted the following documents: a statement by the first applicant dated 16 September 2008; three statements by the applicants’ neighbours, Ms L. Kh., Ms R. Zh. and Ms R. G., all dated 28 July 2008; and copies of the documents received from the authorities. 2.     Information submitted by the Government 21.     The Government did not challenge the version of events presented by the applicants. At the same time, they stated that no special operations had been carried out in Achkhoy-Martan between 29 and 30 July 2001. B.     The official investigation into the abduction 22.     On 30 July 2001 the first applicant complained about the abduction to the district prosecutor’s office. In her complaint she stated that the abductors had been in camouflage uniforms and masks, that they had spoken unaccented Russian and had threatened her and her children with firearms. 23.     On 10 August 2001 the district prosecutor’s office informed the applicants that their inquiry had established that Khamzat Umarov had not been arrested by local law-enforcement agencies and that he was not detained in the local temporary detention centre. 24.     On 28 August and 10 September 2001 the Chechnya prosecutor’s office forwarded the applicants’ complaint about the abduction to the district prosecutor’s office for examination. 25.     On 4 and 14 September 2001 the district prosecutor’s office instructed the VOVD to take operational-search measures to establish the whereabouts of Khamzat Umarov. 26.     On 9 September 2001 investigators from the VOVD questioned the applicants’ neighbour, Mr A., who stated that on the morning of 30 July 2001 he had found out that Khamzat Umarov had been abducted by military servicemen earlier the same morning. 27.     On 9 September 2001 the investigators questioned the first applicant, who described the circumstances of her husband’s abduction by military servicemen. 28.     On 25 January 2002 (in the documents submitted the date was also referred to as 2 and 28 January 2002) the district prosecutor’s office instituted an investigation into the abduction of Khamzat Umarov under Article 127   §   2 of the Criminal Code (unlawful deprivation of liberty). From 27 April 2002 onwards, the investigation was based on Article 126   §   2 of the Criminal Code (aggravated abduction). The case file was given the number 63008. 29.     On 25 January and then on 8 February 2002 the investigators again questioned the first applicant, who provided a detailed description of the abduction and stated that the abductors had been armed with machine guns, had spoken unaccented Russian and that some of them had worn masks. 30.     On 28 January 2002 the investigators questioned another of Khamzat Umarov’s brothers, Mr Ru. Umarov, who stated that he had not witnessed the abduction and had learnt about it from his relatives. 31.     On 26 February 2002 the first applicant was granted victim status in the criminal case. 32.     On 6 March 2002 the Zavodskoy and the Oktyabrskiy ROVD in Grozny and the Grozny ROVD informed the investigators that they did not have information concerning either Khamzat Umarov’s whereabouts or his detention on their premises. 33.     On 25 March 2002 the investigators suspended the investigation of the criminal case for failure to identify the perpetrators. The applicants were not informed thereof. 34.     Between March 2002 and March 2005 the investigation of the criminal case was suspended. 35.     On 28 March 2005 the supervising prosecutor ordered that the investigation be resumed as the investigators had failed to take basic steps, including verification of the involvement of military servicemen in the abduction, identification of the abductors’ vehicles and questioning of witnesses to the events. The applicants were not informed of this decision. 36.     On 29 March 2005 the investigators examined the crime scene. No evidence was collected. 37.     Between the end of March and the end of April 2005 the investigators questioned twenty of the applicants’ neighbours and relatives, all of whom gave similar statements to the effect that in the summer of 2001 Khamzat Umarov had been abducted by armed masked men and that later, in the autumn of 2001, his brother Ramzan had been also taken away by unidentified perpetrators; neither of them had returned home. 38.     On 28 April 2005 the investigators suspended the investigation of the criminal case for failure to identify the perpetrators. The applicants were informed thereof. 39.     On 10 September 2007 the supervising prosecutor criticised the investigation, stating that it was incomplete, and ordered that it be resumed owing to the need to take investigative steps. On 19 September 2007 the investigation was resumed. 40.     On 24 September 2007 the investigators again granted the first applicant victim status in the criminal case and questioned her. A copy of her statement was not furnished by the Government. 41.     On 17 October 2007 the investigators again questioned the brother of Khamzat Umarov, Mr Ru. Umarov, who reiterated his previously given statement. 42.     On 19 October 2007 the investigation was again suspended for failure to identify the perpetrators. The applicants were informed thereof. 43.     On 17 March 2008 the supervising prosecutor criticised the investigation, stating that it was incomplete, and ordered its resumption owing to the need to take investigative steps. 44.     On 20 April 2008 the investigation of the criminal case was again suspended for failure to identify the perpetrators. The applicants were informed thereof. 45.     On 1 June 2008 the supervising prosecutor criticised the investigation, stating that it was incomplete, and ordered that it be resumed owing to the need to take investigative steps. 46.     On 20 June 2008 the investigators again questioned the brother of Khamzat Umarov, Mr Ru. Umarov, who reiterated his previously given statements. 47.     On the same date the investigators asked the Chechnya FSB to inform them whether they had any information about Khamzat Umarov and whether he had been suspected of membership in illegal armed groups. A reply in the negative was received. 48.     On 25 June 2008 the investigators questioned the head of the criminal search division of the Achkhoy-Martan ROVD, Mr S.-M. Sh., who stated that he had no information about the whereabouts of Khamzat Umarov and that the latter had not been involved in a blood feud or suspected of illegal activities. 49.     On 1 July 2008 the investigation of the criminal case was again suspended for failure to identify the perpetrators. The applicants were informed thereof. 50.     On 21 January 2009 the supervising prosecutor criticised the investigation, stating that it was incomplete, and ordered that it be resumed owing to the need to take investigative steps. 51.     On 10 February 2009 the investigators questioned Mr S.Kh., who stated that in 2001 he had been the head of the Achkhoy-Martan village administration. The witness denied that in 2001 the head of the Achkhoy ‑ Martan VOVD had confirmed to him that Khamzat Umarov had been detained on their premises for questioning. 52.     On 17 February 2009 the investigators again questioned the brother of Khamzat Umarov, Mr Ru. Umarov, who reiterated his previously given statements. 53.     On 21 February 2009 the investigation of the criminal case was again suspended for failure to identify the perpetrators. The applicants were informed thereof. 54.     On various dates between 2002 and 2008 the investigators forwarded a number of information requests to various law-enforcement agencies and hospitals, asking whether Khamzat Umarov had sought medical help, whether his corpse had been discovered in their districts, whether he had crossed state borders and whether the agencies had information about his whereabouts or detention on their premises. Replies in the negative were received. 55.     The materials submitted indicate that the investigation of Khamzat Umarov’s disappearance has been suspended on at least six occasions and subsequently resumed due to the investigators’ failure to take necessary steps. It has not been completed to date. The applicants have not been informed of the progress of the criminal proceedings other than of their suspension and reopening. 56.     In reply to a request made by the Court, the Government furnished the partial contents of criminal case no.   63008, running to 534 pages. The copies of the documents provided had double numbering. According to the applicants, the Government failed to submit a copy of a number of important witness statements proving their allegations. The applicants also expressed their doubts as to the authenticity of the witness statements allegedly made by their neighbours and fellow villagers, submitting that those individuals had not resided at the addresses indicated by the investigators (see paragraph 37 above). The Government did not comment on this part of the applicants’ submissions. C.     Proceedings against the investigators 57.     On 1 April 2008 the applicants complained to the Achkhoy-Martan District Court (“the district court”) of a lack of effective investigation of the criminal case. They argued that Khamzat Umarov had been abducted by federal military servicemen and that the six-year investigation of his kidnapping had failed to produce any results. The applicants asked the court to order an effective and thorough investigation, and to order the resumption of the proceedings and the taking of necessary investigative measures. 58.     On 10 April 2008 the district court refused to examine the applicants’ complaint, stating that on 17 March 2008 the district prosecutor’s office had resumed the investigation of the criminal case. II.   RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW 59.     For a summary of the relevant domestic law see Akhmadova and Sadulayeva v. Russia (no. 40464/02, §§   67-69, 10   May 2007). THE LAW I.     EXHAUSTION OF DOMESTIC REMEDIES A.     The parties’ submissions 60.     The Government contended that the complaint should be declared inadmissible as premature, as the investigation of the disappearance of Khamzat Umarov had not yet been completed. They further argued, in relation to the complaint under Article 13 of the Convention, that it had been open to the applicants to lodge complaints with the courts about any acts or omissions on the part of the investigating authorities. They could also have claimed civil damages. 61.     The applicants contested the Government’s submission, stating that the only supposedly effective remedy, the criminal investigation, had proved to be ineffective. B.     The Court’s assessment 62.     The Court will examine the arguments of the parties in the light of the provisions of the Convention and its relevant practice (for a relevant summary, see Estamirov and Others v. Russia , no. 60272/00, §§ 73-74, 12   October 2006). 63.     The Court notes that the Russian legal system provides, in principle, two avenues of recourse for the victims of illegal and criminal acts attributable to the State or its agents, namely civil and criminal remedies. 64.     As regards a civil action to obtain redress for damage sustained as a result of illegal acts or unlawful conduct on the part of State agents, the Court has already found in a number of similar cases that this procedure alone cannot be regarded as an effective remedy in the context of claims brought under Article 2 of the Convention (see Khashiyev and Akayeva v.   Russia , nos.   57942/00 and 57945/00, §§   119-21, 24 February 2005). In the light of the above, the Court confirms that the applicants were not obliged to pursue civil remedies. The Government’s objection in this regard is thus dismissed. 65.     As regards criminal remedies provided for by the Russian legal system, the Court observes that the applicants complained to the law ‑ enforcement authorities after the disappearance of Khamzat Umarov and that an investigation has been pending since 25 January 2002. The applicants and the Government dispute the effectiveness of the investigation of Khamzat Umarov’s disappearance. 66.     The Court considers that the Government’s objection raises issues concerning the effectiveness of the investigation which are closely linked to the merits of the applicants’ complaints. Thus, it decides to join this objection to the merits of the case and considers that the issue falls to be examined below. II.     THE COURT’S ASSESSMENT OF THE EVIDENCE AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FACTS A.     The parties’ arguments 67.     The Government contended that the domestic investigation had obtained no evidence to the effect that Khamzat Umarov was dead or that any representatives of law-enforcement agencies had been involved in his disappearance. They stressed that the applicants’ relative could have been abducted by members of illegal armed groups impersonating State servicemen and that the applicants had been inconsistent in their descriptions of the abductors’ appearance and their vehicles. The Government further claimed that the investigation into his disappearance had met the Convention requirement of effectiveness. 68.     The applicants argued that Khamzat Umarov had been abducted by State agents and that he had subsequently disappeared. They further submitted that he should be presumed dead in the absence of any reliable news of him for more than ten years. In particular, they pointed out that Khamzat Umarov had been detained by a large group of armed men in camouflage uniforms who had arrived at his home late at night, which indicated that they had been able to circulate freely during a curfew and to pass through military checkpoints. The applicants stressed that the authorities had taken no urgent steps whatsoever to identify the persons who had carried out the abduction and submitted that the investigators had failed to advance any other theories concerning the abductors’ identities that would contradict their submission that they had been agents of State authorities. B.     The Court’s evaluation of the facts 69.     The Court points out that a number of principles have been developed in its case-law as regards applications in which it is faced with the task of establishing facts on which the parties disagree. As to facts in dispute, the Court reiterates its jurisprudence requiring a standard of proof “beyond reasonable doubt” in its assessment of evidence (see Avşar v.   Turkey , no.   25657/94, §   282, ECHR 2001-VII). Such proof may follow from the coexistence of sufficiently strong, clear and concordant inferences or of similar unrebutted presumptions of fact. In this context, the conduct of the parties when evidence is being obtained has to be taken into account (see Taniş and Others v. Turkey , no. 65899/01, § 160, ECHR 2005 ‑ VIII). 70.     The Court is sensitive to the subsidiary nature of its role and recognises that it must be cautious in taking on the role of a first-instance tribunal of fact, where this is not rendered unavoidable by the circumstances of a particular case (see, for example, McKerr v. the United Kingdom (dec.), no. 28883/95, 4 April 2000). Nonetheless, where allegations are made under Articles 2 and 3 of the Convention, the Court must apply a particularly thorough scrutiny (see, mutatis mutandis , Ribitsch v. Austria , 4 December 1995, §   32, Series   A no.   336, and Avşar , cited above, § 283), even if certain domestic proceedings and investigations have already taken place. 71.     Bearing in mind the principles referred to above, the Court will proceed to examine aspects of the present case that will be crucial in deciding whether any responsibility for deprivation of the life of the applicants’ relative can be attributed to the authorities. 72.     The applicants alleged that Khamzat Umarov had been abducted on 30 July 2001 by State servicemen and subsequently killed. The Government neither disputed the version of events presented by the applicants nor provided any explanation of the matter other than stating that there was no reliable information concerning the arrest of Khamzat Umarov by representatives of the authorities. 73.     The Court notes that little evidence has been submitted by the applicants in support of their application. Nevertheless, the Court notes that in addition to the documents enclosed with their submission, the applicants’ allegation is supported by witness statements collected by the investigation into the abduction, which also accepted the version of events presented by the applicants and took steps to verify the allegation that Khamzat Umarov had been arrested by servicemen (see paragraphs 23, 26-27, 29, 32, 35, 37 and 48 above). However, it does not appear that those steps were able to yield a tangible result. 74.     The Court observes that where an applicant makes out a prima facie case, it is for the Government to provide a satisfactory and convincing explanation of how the events in question occurred. The burden of proof is thus shifted to the Government, and if they fail in their arguments issues will arise under Article 2 and/or Article 3 (see Toğcu v.   Turkey , no.   27601/95, §   95, 31 May 2005, and Akkum and Others v.   Turkey , no.   21894/93, §   211, ECHR 2005 ‑ II (extracts)). 75.     Taking the above into account, the Court is satisfied that the applicants have made out a prima facie case that their relative was abducted by State agents. The Government’s statement that the investigators had not found any evidence proving the involvement of State servicemen in Khamzat Umarov’s disappearance is insufficient to discharge them from the above-mentioned burden of proof. Having examined the documents submitted by the parties, and drawing inferences from the Government’s failure to provide another plausible explanation for the events in question, the Court finds that Khamzat Umarov was arrested on 30 July 2001 by State servicemen. 76.     There has been no reliable news of Khamzat Umarov since the date of his arrest. The Government have not submitted any explanation as to what happened to him afterwards. 77.     The Court finds that when a person is detained by unidentified servicemen without any subsequent acknowledgment of the detention and is then missing for a number of years, that situation can be regarded as life ‑ threatening. The absence of Khamzat Umarov or of any news of him for more than ten years supports this assumption. 78.     Accordingly, the Court finds that the evidence available permits it to establish to the requisite standard of proof that Khamzat Umarov must be presumed dead following his unacknowledged detention by State agents. III.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 2 OF THE CONVENTION 79.     The applicants complained under Article 2 of the Convention that their relative Khamzat Umarov had been deprived of his life by State agents and that the domestic authorities had failed to carry out an effective investigation of the matter. Article 2 reads: “1.   Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in the execution of a sentence of a court following his conviction of a crime for which this penalty is provided by law. 2.     Deprivation of life shall not be regarded as inflicted in contravention of this article when it results from the use of force which is no more than absolutely necessary: (a)     in defence of any person from unlawful violence; (b)     in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained; (c)     in action lawfully taken for the purpose of quelling a riot or insurrection.” A.     The parties’ submissions 80.     The Government contended that the domestic investigation had obtained no evidence to the effect that Khamzat Umarov was dead or that any State agents had been involved in his abduction. The Government further claimed that the investigation into his disappearance had met the Convention requirement of effectiveness, as all possible measures available under national law were being taken to have the crime solved. 81.     The applicants argued that Khamzat Umarov had been abducted by State representatives and that he had subsequently disappeared, and that he should be presumed dead because he had been missing for more than ten years. The applicants also argued that the investigation of the abduction had been ineffective. In particular, they alleged that the authorities had failed to take any urgent steps to follow up on the information submitted by the applicants immediately after the abduction, the criminal proceedings had only been initiated after a delay of more than five months and the crime scene had only been examined about four years after the incident. They also stressed that the investigators had not taken any steps to identify the abductors’ vehicles or to identify and question any officials responsible for the observance of the curfew in order to identify which power structures had been given permission to drive freely in the area on the night of the abduction. B.     The Court’s assessment 1.     Admissibility 82.     The Court considers, in the light of the parties’ submissions, that the complaint raises serious issues of fact and law under the Convention, the determination of which requires an examination of the merits. Further, the Court has already found that the issue concerning the exhaustion of domestic remedies should be joined to the merits of the complaint (see paragraph 66 above). The complaint under Article 2 of the Convention must therefore be declared admissible. 2.     Merits (a)     The alleged violation of the right to life of Khamzat Umarov 83.     The Court has already found that the applicants’ relative must be presumed dead following unacknowledged detention by State agents. In the absence of any justification put forward by the Government, the Court finds that his death can be attributed to the State and that there has been a violation of the substantive aspect of Article 2 in respect of Khamzat Umarov. (b)     The alleged inadequacy of the investigation of Khamzat Umarov’s disappearance (i)     General principles 84.     The obligation to protect the right to life under Article 2 of the Convention requires that there should be some form of effective official investigation (see McCann and Others v. the United Kingdom , 27   September 1995, § 161, Series A no. 324).   It is necessary for the persons responsible for and carrying out the investigation to be independent from those implicated in the events (see, for example, Güleç v. Turkey , 27 July 1998, §§   81-82, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998 ‑ IV, and Ögur v.   Turkey [GC], no.   21954/93, §§   91-92, ECHR 1999-III). 85.     The authorities must act of their own motion once the matter has come to their attention: they cannot leave it to the initiative of the next of kin either to lodge a formal complaint or to take responsibility for the conduct of any investigatory procedures (see, for example, mutatis   mutandis , İlhan v.   Turkey [GC] no. 22277/93, § 63, ECHR 2000 ‑ VII). 86.     In this context, there must also be an implicit requirement of promptness and reasonable expedition (see Yaşa v.   Turkey , 2 September 1998, §§   102-104, Reports 1998-VI, and Çakici v.   Turkey , 8 July 1999, §§   80, 87, 106, Reports 1999-IV). It must be accepted that there may be obstacles or difficulties which prevent progress in an investigation of a particular situation. However, a prompt response by the authorities may generally be regarded as essential in maintaining public confidence in the rule of law and in preventing any appearance of collusion in, or tolerance of, unlawful acts. 87.     The investigation must also be effective in the sense that it is capable of leading to the identification and punishment of those responsible (see Ögur , cited above, §   88). This is not an obligation of result, but of means. The authorities must have taken the reasonable steps available to them to secure the evidence concerning the incident (see, for example, Salman v.   Turkey [GC], no. 21986/93, §   106, ECHR 2000 ‑ VII, and Tanrikulu v.   Turkey [GC], no. 23763/94, §   109, ECHR 1999-IV). Any deficiency in the investigation which undermines its ability to establish the identity of the person(s) responsible will risk falling below this standard. 88.     In addition, there must be a sufficient element of public scrutiny of the investigation or its results to ensure accountability in practice as well as in theory. The degree of public scrutiny required may well vary from case to case. In all cases, however, the next of kin of the victim must be involved in the procedure to the extent necessary to safeguard his or her legitimate interests (see McKerr , cited above , § 115). (ii)     Application of the above principles to the present case 89.     In the present case, the abduction of Khamzat Umarov was investigated. The Court must assess whether that investigation met the requirements of Article 2 of the Convention. 90.     The Court notes that the applicants reported the abduction to the authorities immediately after the incident (see paragraph 22 above). The official investigation was only initiated on 25 January 2002 – almost six months after the receipt of the applicants’ complaint. From the very beginning, the applicants alleged that their relative had been arrested by military servicemen (see paragraphs 22-23 and 27 above). Despite the fact that they received this information immediately, the investigators neither examined the crime scene at the place of arrest, nor checked the registration log of detainees held by the military unit who had allegedly taken the applicants’ relative (see paragraphs 15-16 above), nor did they follow up on the information relating to the perpetrators’ identities which was given to them by the applicants’ neighbour (see paragraph 26 above) or could have been provided by the local residents (see paragraphs 15 and 16). 91.     Furthermore, from the documents submitted it is evident that on several occasions – in March 2005, in September 2007, March and June 2008 and then in January 2009 – the supervising prosecutors criticised the investigators for failure to take important investigative actions (see paragraphs 35, 39, 43, 45 and 50 above) and ordered that remedial measures be taken, which instructions were not complied with. In the absence of any explanations for the above shortcomings, the Court concludes that the authorities failed to demonstrate diligence and promptness in dealing with such a serious matter (see Öneryıldız v. Turkey [GC], no. 48939/99, §   94, ECHR 2004-XII). 92.     As regards the overall conduct of the proceedings, the Court notes that after having been opened on 25 January 2002 the investigation was suspended on several occasions. Each time, the investigation was stayed without the necessary actions being taken, and each time it was resumed, either following criticism by supervising prosecutors or because it was necessary to take investigative actions. These premature suspensions, in a situation in which vital steps had not been taken by the investigators, undermined the investigators’ ability to identify and punish the perpetrators (see Ögur, cited above, §   88). 93.     Turning to the requirement of public scrutiny, the Court notes that even though the first applicant was for some reason twice granted victim status in the criminal case (see paragraphs 31 and 40 above), it does not appear that she and the other applicants were duly informed by the authorities about the progress of the proceedings, other than of their suspension and resumption. 94.     The Government argued that the first applicant had been granted victim status in the criminal case, and therefore that the applicants could have sought judicial review of the decisions of the investigators as part of the exhaustion of domestic remedies. The Court observes that the applicants, not being properly informed of the progress of the investigation, could not have effectively challenged acts or omissions of the investigating authorities before a court. Therefore, it is highly doubtful that the remedy relied on would have had any prospects of success. Accordingly, the Court finds that this remedy was ineffective in the circumstances, and dismisses the issue of the applicants’ failure to exhaust domestic remedies within the context of the criminal investigation. 95.     In the light of the foregoing, the Court holds that the authorities failed to carry out an effective criminal investigation into the circumstances surrounding the disappearance of Khamzat Umarov, in breach of Article   2 in its procedural aspect. IV.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION 96.     The applicants relied on Article 3 of the Convention, submitting that as a result of their relative’s disappearance and the State’s failure to investigate it properly, they had endured mental suffering in breach of Article 3 of the Convention. Article 3 reads: “No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” A.     The parties’ submissions 97.     The Government disagreed with this allegation, and argued that the investigation had not established that the applicants had been subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment prohibited by Article 3 of the Convention. 98.     The applicants maintained their submissions. B.     The Court’s assessment 1.     Admissibility 99.     The Court notes that this complaint under Article 3 of the Convention is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 §   3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible. 2.     Merits 100.     The Court has found on many occasions that in a situation of enforced disappearance close relatives of the victim may themselves be victims of treatment in violation of Article 3. The essence of such a violation does not mainly lie in the fact of the “disappearance” of the family member but rather concerns the authorities’ reactions and attitudes to the situation when it is brought to their attention ( see Orhan v. Turkey , no.   25656/94, §   358, 18 June 2002, and Imakayeva v. Russia , no. 7615/02, §   164, ECHR 2006 ‑ XIII (extracts)). 101.     In the present case the Court notes that the applicants are the wife and children of the disappeared person. For more than ten years they have not had any news of their missing relative. During this period the applicants have made enquiries of various official bodies, both in writing and in person, about their missing relative. Despite their attempts, they have never received any plausible explanation or information about what became of him following his arrest. The Court’s findings under the procedural aspect of Article 2 are also of direct relevance here. 102.     The Court therefore concludes that there has been a violation of Article 3 of the Convention in respect of the applicants. V.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 OF THE CONVENTION 103.     The applicants submitted that Khamzat Umarov had been detained in violation of the guarantees contained in Article 5 of the Convention, which reads, in so far as relevant: “1.   Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law:... (c)     the lawful arrest or detention of a person effected for the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority on reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence or when it is reasonably considered necessary to prevent his committing an offence or fleeing after having done so;... 2.     Everyone who is arrested shall be informed promptly, in a language which he understands, of the reasons for his arrest and of any charge against him. 3.     Everyone arrested or detained in accordance with the provisions of paragraph   1   (c) of this Article shall be brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorised by law to exercise judicial power and shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to release pending trial. Release may be conditioned by guarantees to appear for trial. 4.     Everyone who is deprived of his liberty by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings by which the lawfulness of his detention shall be decided speedily by a court and his release ordered if the detention is not lawful. 5.   Everyone who has been the