CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 20 novembre 2012

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margin-left:42.55pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify } .s60723A49 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:39.7pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify } .s81CCF55C { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .s48DB3670 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:36pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s31E56244 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:12pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sBAD0D18F { width:1.87pt; display:inline-block } .sD5C72CDD { width:189.76pt; display:inline-block } .sA2E62387 { width:204.97pt; display:inline-block } .s88A92475 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid }       THIRD SECTION           CASE OF GHIURĂU v. ROMANIA   (Application no. 55421/10)           JUDGMENT         STRASBOURG   20 November 2012   FINAL   29/04/2013   This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Ghiurău v. Romania, The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Josep Casadevall, President,   Egbert Myjer,   Alvina Gyulumyan,   Ján Šikuta,   Luis López Guerra,   Nona Tsotsoria,   Kristina Pardalos, judges, and Marialena Tsirli, Deputy Section Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 23 October 2012, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 55421/10) against Romania lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the   Convention”) by a Romanian national, Mr Gheorghe Ghiurău (“the   applicant”), on 13   September   2010. 2.     The applicant was represented by Mrs   D.   O.   Hatneanu, a lawyer practising in Bucharest. The Romanian Government (“the   Government”) were represented by their Agent, Ms I. Cambrea. 3.     As Mr Corneliu Bîrsan, the judge elected in respect of Romania, had withdrawn from the case (Rule 28 of the Rules of Court), the President of the Chamber appointed Mrs Kristina Pardalos to sit as ad   hoc   judge (Article   26   §   4 of the Convention and Rule 29 § 1 of the Rules of Court). 4.     The applicant alleged, among other matters, that he had been subjected to ill-treatment in violation of Article 3 of the Convention and that the authorities had not carried out a prompt and effective investigation of that incident. Relying on Article 5 § 1 of the Convention, he claimed that he had been unlawfully held in police custody between 4   p.m. on 27   November   2006 and 2 a.m. on 28   November   2006. Relying on Article   5   §   2 of the Convention, he complained that he had not been promptly informed of the reasons for his deprivation of liberty. 5.     On 19 May 2011 the above complaints were communicated to the   Government. It was decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article   29   §   1). THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 6.     The applicant was born in 1963 and lives in Oradea. A.     The incident of 27 November 2006 1.     The applicant’s version 7.     According to the applicant, at about 4 p.m. on 27   November   2006, police officers belonging to the special intervention forces of Bihor Police   Inspectorate took the applicant into custody in order to transport him from his home in Borş to Cluj, about 200 km away. They had not presented any warrant or other legal document justifying his arrest, nor informed him of the reason for his arrest or where they intended to transport him. 8.     The applicant contended that while in custody he had been beaten by police officers so severely that he had lost consciousness. As a result, he needed urgent medical assistance and was admitted to the emergency ward of Huedin Hospital. While he was on a drip at the hospital, he was hit again and handcuffed by police officers. This occurred in the presence of his   lawyer. 9.     The Cluj Police immediately transferred him from Huedin Hospital to the emergency ward of Cluj Hospital, where he remained for about three   hours from 9.15 p.m. until midnight. 10.     At about 0.45 a.m., although unable to speak because he had been given sedatives in hospital, he was transported from the hospital directly to the Cluj Police Headquarters in order to be interviewed. There, he was informed for the first time of the reason for his arrest, namely that he was suspected of making repeated phone calls threatening to kill someone. He was interviewed until 1.52   a.m. 2.     The Government’s version 11.     A preliminary criminal investigation was initiated in connection with allegations that the applicant had made threatening telephone calls against a resident of Cluj-Napoca. On 27 November 2006, the prosecutor attached to the Cluj-Napoca District Court therefore issued an order for the applicant to be brought before him for questioning. 12.     At 4 p.m. on the same day, having been informed by police officers about the order, the applicant agreed to accompany the police officers to the Prosecutor’s Office in Cluj. On their way to Cluj, near Huedin, the applicant informed them that he was feeling sick and became physically agitated, presenting the symptoms of an epileptic seizure. 13.     The police officers took the applicant to the nearest hospital in Huedin, where he was examined and received immediate medical treatment. While in the consulting room, the applicant had a panic attack and started hitting his legs and hands against the bed. Two police officers had to intervene and immobilise the applicant’s hands so that he could be disconnected from the medical devices. 14.     The applicant was transported in an ambulance from Huedin Hospital to the emergency ward of Cluj-Napoca Hospital for further medical examinations, which took place from 9 p.m. until midnight. The diagnosis was abdominal trauma and abrasions. 15.     As no traumatic injuries or clinical indications requiring an immediate operation were diagnosed, the applicant was discharged from the hospital and presented himself at the police station for questioning. 16.     After questioning, the applicant gave a written statement, which according to the prosecutor was barely legible. He was assisted by his   lawyer during the questioning. B.     Further developments 17.     On 28 November 2006 the Bihor Forensic Institute examined the applicant and issued a report that stated that his injuries could have been caused the previous day by being hit with a hard object. It noted the existence of bruising and abrasions on the upper abdomen and on both hips, and estimated that the applicant would need four to five days to recover. 18.     A medical certificate issued by Cluj-Napoca Hospital on 19   December   2006 showed that the applicant had been hospitalised on 27   November   2006 for about three hours. The certificate stated that the applicant had been diagnosed with a minor cranial trauma, abdominal trauma and abrasions, and concluded with the expression “Affirmative   assault” (“ Afirmativ agresiune ”). 19.     The applicant contended that although on 29   November   2006 he had submitted a request with the Bihor Police Inspectorate to be provided with a copy of the order to which the police officers had referred in order to justify the deprivation of his liberty, he had not received a copy. 20.     On 22 June 2009 the Prosecutor’s Office attached to Cluj County   Court decided to discontinue the criminal proceedings against the applicant for making threatening phone calls on the grounds that his   guilt could not be proved. C.     Criminal investigation into the incident 21.     On 7 December 2006 the applicant lodged a criminal complaint against ten police officers alleging unlawful arrest, abuse of authority, abuse of the officers’ powers of investigation and deprivation of liberty. 22.     On 4 January 2007 the applicant’s lawyer, B.V., made a written statement concerning the events that had occurred on 27   November   2006. She submitted that the manager of the applicant’s company had called her at about 4   p.m. informing her that two police patrols had taken the applicant into custody. She had called the applicant, who had confirmed that he was in police custody. She also submitted that she could hear police officers insulting and hitting the applicant. As she had understood from their phone conversation that the applicant did not feel well, she had decided to accompany him. She had called the ambulance service and discovered that the applicant had been taken to the Huedin Hospital emergency ward. When she found him there, he had been connected to medical devices but supervised by three police officers from the Cluj Police Department. She alleged that she had seen the police officers punch the applicant because he refused to remain in bed. She had accompanied the applicant to Cluj ‑ Napoca Hospital and then to the police headquarters, assisting him during questioning. 23.     On 12 March 2007 the applicant’s criminal complaint was registered with the Prosecutor’s Office attached to the Cluj Court of Appeal. 24.     On 6 February 2008 four of the police officers against whom the applicant had lodged a criminal complaint were heard by the prosecutor. Their written statements were all identical. 25.     On 12 February 2008 the Prosecutor’s Office attached to the Cluj Court   of   Appeal decided not to prosecute on the grounds of lack of evidence that the offences in question had been committed. The decision stated that criminal proceedings had been initiated against the applicant on 27   November   2006. His deprivation of liberty had been justified by the necessity to interview him immediately, even before summoning him on the basis of an order to appear before the investigating body ( mandat de aducere ) issued by a prosecutor. The decision further stated that the applicant had agreed to accompany the police officers and that, in any event, the applicant’s allegation that he had not been given a copy of the warrant could not lead to the conclusion that the police officers had abused their   position, as his legal interests had not been infringed. In addition, the prosecutor held that the applicant had been provided with the order on the way from Huedin Hospital to Cluj-Napoca Hospital. In respect of the applicant’s allegation that he was subjected to physical violence by the police officers, he concluded that the injuries noted by the forensic doctor had been self-inflicted. The police officers had accompanied him to Huedin Hospital because he had mentioned that he did not feel well. While he was being examined by a doctor, he had had a panic attack and had started to hit the hospital’s bed with his body, hands and feet. The police officers’ intervention had therefore been necessary; they had immobilised him in order to disconnect him from the various medical devices. 26.     On 1 August 2008 the head of the Prosecutor’s Office dismissed the applicant’s appeal against the aforesaid decision on the grounds that it had been lodged outside the time-limit set by the law. He stated, inter   alia , that the order to appear before the investigating body had been issued because the applicant, although legally summoned, had refused to go to the police station to be interviewed. He added that the decision of 12   February   2008 had been communicated to the applicant on 14   February 2008 by registered letter and kept at the local post office until 26   February   2008. As the applicant had not collected the letter, it had been returned to the sender. 27.     On 23 September 2008 the applicant appealed to the Cluj Court   of   Appeal against the prosecutor’s decisions. 28.     On 15 January 2009 the Cluj Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal on the grounds that it had been lodged outside the time-limit. It stated that the decision of 1   August 2008 had been communicated to the applicant by registered letter on 5 August 2008, but had not been collected by him from the post office. It concluded that the legal term of twenty days for lodging an appeal against the prosecutor’s decision had begun on 5   August   2008 and not on 16   September 2008, the date on which the applicant had allegedly found out about the decision. 29.     The applicant appealed again, claiming that the decision of 1   August   2008 had never been communicated to him and, therefore, that the term for submitting his complaint against it had not started to run. 30.     On 18 May 2009 the High Court of Cassation and Justice allowed the appeal on points of law lodged by the applicant on the grounds that the appeal had been lodged within the time-limit set by law, quashed the judgment of 15 January 2009 and referred the file back to the Cluj Court   of   Appeal. 31.     The applicant lodged an application with the High   Court of Cassation and Justice for the removal of the file to another court on the grounds that the Cluj Court of Appeal was not impartial. His application was granted on 2 November 2009 and the file was transferred to the Ploieşti Court   of   Appeal. 32.     On 19 January 2010, the Ploiesti Court of Appeal allowed the applicant’s appeal against the prosecutors’ decision not to prosecute. It sent the file back to the Prosecutor’s Office attached to the Cluj Court of Appeal for further investigation on the grounds that the investigation proceedings had not been properly conducted. It noted, inter alia , that the investigation of the allegations against the police officers had not been thoroughly investigated on the basis of the evidence against each of them. It added that despite the fact that the file contained 236 pages, the procedural acts carried out by the criminal investigation body were mentioned only at pages   217 ‑ 32 and consisted of four identical statements made by four of the police officers involved in the incident, and the statements of the applicant (pages   50-54) and the applicant’s lawyer (pages 12-14). The rest of the file contained copies of documents submitted by the applicant and copies of documents not related to the case. It also noted that the prosecutor, in deciding not to prosecute, had provided no explanation as to why only four   police officers out of ten had been interviewed, why their   statements were identical and why he had not taken into account the documents submitted by the applicant attesting that the applicant had suffered injuries. It made particular reference to the medical certificate issued by the Bihor Institute of Forensic Medicine on 28   November   2006, as well as the medical certificate issued by Cluj Hospital on 19 December 2006. It concluded that in the light of such medical certificates, a competent court could not decide that there was a lack of evidence that the offences in question had been committed. 33.     On 14 April 2010 the High Court of Cassation and Justice dismissed an appeal on points of law lodged by the Prosecutor’s Office attached to the Ploieşti Court of Appeal. Consequently, the decision to continue the investigation was upheld. 34.     On 18 January 2011 the prosecutor questioned for the first time the six   other police officers involved in the events of 27   November   2006. 35.     On 21 April 2011 the applicant’s lawyer made a written statement that she had not only heard during her phone conversation with the applicant but had also seen how the latter had been subjected to ill-treatment by the police officers on 27 November 2006. She added that despite the fact that she had repeatedly asked to see the order to appear before the investigating authority on the day of the events, she had only seen it two years later in the case file. 36.     On 22 August 2011 the prosecutor heard two of the police officers who had already made statements on 6 February 2008. 37.     On 25 August 2011 the Prosecutor’s Office attached to the Cluj Court of Appeal again decided not to prosecute the police officers. It found that the applicant had not been subjected to ill-treatment by the police officers and had been deprived of his liberty pursuant to a warrant that had been issued in compliance with the law. 38.     The applicant lodged an appeal against this decision with the chief prosecutor, claiming that the prosecutor in charge had not observed the instructions of the High Court of Cassation and Justice in respect of the evidence to be re-administered. He also claimed that despite the fact that he had been summoned to appear before the prosecutor on 18   July   2011, he had not been heard because the prosecutor had been absent from his office for the whole day. The applicant also submitted that not all of the police officers against whom he had lodged the criminal complaint had been heard by the prosecutor; he made the same claim with respect to other individuals who had witnessed the events of 27 November 2006 but had never been heard by the investigating body. 39.     On 21 September 2011 the chief prosecutor dismissed the applicant’s appeal on the grounds that the injuries mentioned in the forensic certificate had been self-inflicted while he was simulating an epileptic seizure. He held inter alia that the order to appear before the investigating body had been issued because the applicant had failed to appear before the prosecutor, despite the fact that he had been summoned. 40.     By a decision of 11 November 2011, the Ploiesti Court of Appeal allowed the applicant’s appeal. It held that the prosecutor had not complied with its decision of 19 January 2010 and again remitted the case to the Prosecutor’s Office, ordering it to commence criminal proceedings against the ten police officers mentioned in the initial criminal complaint. 41.     The criminal proceedings are still pending and no judgment on the merits has been rendered. II.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW A.     Romanian Criminal Code 42.     Excerpts from the relevant provisions of the Romanian Criminal Code with regard to ill-treatment can be found in Iambor   v.   Romania (no.   64536/01, § 130, 24 June 2008). 43.     Article 180 of the Romanian Criminal Code deals with bodily harm and provides, inter alia, that the harm caused to the physical integrity or health of a person requiring up to twenty days of medical care is punishable by one to three months’ imprisonment or a fine. 44.     Article 250 deals with abusive behaviour and provides that a public servant on duty who uses insulting language while physically harming someone shall be punished by six months to five years’ imprisonment. B.     Code of Criminal Procedure 45.     The order to appear before the courts ( mandatul de aducere ) was, at the material time, provided for by Articles 183-184 of the Code of Criminal   Procedure, which read as follows: Article 183 “(1) A person may be brought before [a] criminal-investigation body or [a] court on the basis of an order to appear, drawn up in accordance with the provisions of Article 176, if, having been previously summoned, he or she has not appeared, and his or her hearing or presence is necessary. (2) An offender or a defendant may be brought [before the authorities] on the basis of an order to appear even before being summoned, if the criminal-investigation body or the court considers that, and provides reasons why, this measure is necessary for the determination of the case. ” Article 184 “(1) [An] order to appear is enforced by the police. (2) If the person specified in the order cannot be brought [before the authorities] because of an illness or for any other reason, the police officer appointed to enforce the order shall mention this situation in an official report, which shall immediately be handed to the criminal-investigation body or the court. (3) If the police officer appointed to enforce the order to appear does not find the person specified in the order at the specified address, he shall investigate and, if unsuccessful [in locating the individual], shall draw up an official report including mention of the investigative activities undertaken. (3 1 ) If the offender or the defendant refuses to accompany a police officer or tries to escape, he or she may be forced to obey the order.” THE LAW I.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION 46.     The applicant complained under Article 3 of the Convention that he had been beaten by police officers on 27 November 2006 and that the authorities had not carried out a prompt and effective investigation of that incident. In his written submission of 5 January 2012, namely after the communication of the present application to the respondent Government, the applicant also raised a complaint under Article 13 in connection with his   grievances under Article 3. However, as it has decided in previous cases, the Court need not to rule on complaints raised after the communication of an application to the Government (see Vigovskyy v. Ukraine , no.   42318/02, §   14, 20   December   2005). Moreover, the Court notes that the applicant complained under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention that the criminal proceedings initiated by him have lasted too long, without any result. The   Court, which is the master of the characterisation to be given in law to the facts of the case, finds that the above complaints fall to be examined solely under Article 3 of the Convention, which reads as follows: “No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” A.     Admissibility 47.     The Court notes that those complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that they are not inadmissible on any other grounds. They must therefore be declared admissible. B.     Merits 1.     The parties’ submissions 48.     The applicant submitted that the injuries inflicted on him while in police custody had been caused by police officers. He further claimed that the Government’s submissions that he had harmed himself were based solely on the police officers’ statements and totally disregarded his lawyer’s and his own statements. 49.     The applicant contended that there were long lapses of time in the investigation conducted by the authorities when no procedural steps were taken. Although he had lodged his criminal complaint on 7   December   2006, it was registered several months later on 12 March 2007. He added that essential evidence had not been gathered by the prosecutor despite clear instructions in this respect from the courts, which had twice remitted the case to the prosecutor, first in January   2010 and again in November   2011. 50.     The Government contested the applicant’s allegation that he had been beaten by police officers. They maintained that the injuries sustained by the applicant had not been inflicted by the police officers, but had been self-inflicted during a panic attack in Huedin Hospital. They further alleged that the applicant’s aggressive attitude towards the police officers had forced them to intervene and immobilise him with hand-cuffs so that he could be disconnected from medical devices. They contended that the expression “affirmative assault” used by the doctor who had prepared the medical certificate of 19 December 2006 referred not to the doctor’s findings but to the applicant’s allegation that he had been assaulted. 51.     The Government further contended that the judicial authorities had conducted a proper investigation into the applicant’s allegations of ill ‑ treatment and that no deficiencies could be identified in that respect. 2.     The Court’s assessment 52.     The Court reiterates that according to its well-established case-law, ill-treatment must attain a minimum level of severity if it is to fall within the scope of Article 3. The assessment of this minimum level of severity is relative; it depends on all the circumstances of the case, such as the duration of the treatment, its physical and mental effects and, in some cases, the sex, age and state of health of the victim (see, inter   alia , Price   v.   the   United   Kingdom , no. 33394/96, § 24, ECHR   2001-VII; Mouisel   v. France , no.   67263/01, § 37, ECHR 2002-IX; Naumenko v.   Ukraine , no.   42023/98, §   108, 10 February 2004; and Gäfgen v.   Germany [GC], no. 22978/05, § 88, ECHR   2010). 53.     In order for a punishment or treatment associated with it to be “inhuman” or “degrading”, the suffering or humiliation involved must in any event go beyond that inevitable element of suffering or humiliation connected with a given form of legitimate treatment or punishment (see Labita v.   Italy [GC], no. 26772/95, § 120, ECHR   2000 ‑ IV). 54.     Having regard to all the above-mentioned principles and the particular circumstances of the present case, it has to be determined whether the applicant, in the course of his detention, was subjected to inhuman and/or degrading treatment within the meaning of Article   3 of the   Convention. 55.     The Court notes at the outset that the applicant was in good health when he was taken into custody by the police, but was reported to have bruises and abrasions on the upper abdomen and on both hips when he was released. In addition, according to the medical certificate issued by the Bihor Forensic Institute on 28 November 2006, he needed four to five   days to recover. 56.     The Court considers that given the nature and severity of the injuries suffered by the applicant and the circumstances in which they were sustained, an arguable claim has been raised under the substantive limb of Article 3 of the Convention. 57.     The Court reiterates that where an individual raises an arguable claim that he has been seriously ill-treated by the police or other such agents of the State unlawfully and in breach of Article   3, that provision, read in conjunction with the State’s general duty under Article   1 of the Convention to “secure to everyone within their jurisdiction the rights and freedoms defined in ... [the] Convention”, requires by implication that there should be an effective official investigation. This investigation, as with that under Article   2, should be capable of leading to the identification and punishment of those responsible. If this were not the case, the general legal prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment, despite its   fundamental importance, would be ineffective in practice and it would be possible in some cases for agents of the State to abuse the rights of those within their control with virtual impunity (see Assenov and Others   v.   Bulgaria , 28 October 1998, § 102, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998 ‑ VIII). 58.     Where allegations are made under Article 3 of the Convention, the   Court must apply a particularly thorough scrutiny, even if certain domestic proceedings and investigations have already taken place (see Cobzaru   v.   Romania , no. 48254/99, § 65, 26   July   2007). 59.     The Court notes that the applicant is in possession of two medical certificates attesting that he had sustained injuries while in police custody. He lodged a criminal complaint against the police officers whom he accused of subjecting him to degrading and ill-treatment, but the complaint was twice dismissed by the prosecutor on the grounds that there was a lack of evidence that the offences in question had been committed. 60.     As the applicant was injured while in police custody, it was incumbent on the Government to produce evidence casting doubt on the account given by the victim and his chosen lawyer, and on the medical evidence submitted. 61.     The Court is particularly concerned about the way the criminal investigation was conducted. 62.     It notes that although the applicant had lodged his complaint on 7   December 2006, it took several months until it was registered as a criminal complaint on 12 March 2007. The first statements of four (out of ten) police officers involved in the events and of the applicant’s lawyer were taken only on 6 February 2008. On the basis of that evidence, the Prosecutor’s Office attached to the Cluj Court of Appeal decided on 12   February 2008 not to open an investigation against the police officers. 63.     On 19 January 2010, almost four years after the applicant had submitted his criminal complaint, the Ploiesti Court of Appeal, noting the shortcomings of the prosecutor’s investigation, sent the file back to the Prosecutor’s Office. It held, inter alia , that the investigation against the police officers had not been conducted thoroughly on the basis of the evidence of each crime having taken place or targeted against each of the offenders. It also noted that the prosecutor, in deciding not to prosecute, had provided no explanation of why only four police officers out of ten had been interviewed, why the four statements were identical and why he had not taken into account the documents submitted by the applicant attesting that that applicant had suffered injuries. 64.     On 18 January 2011, more than four years after the events, the prosecutor took statements from the six other police officers involved in the events. After re-hearing the applicant’s lawyer on 21 April 2011 and two of the police officers on 22 August 2011, the prosecutor again decided not to start criminal proceedings. On the grounds that the prosecutor did not follow the court’s instructions to open an investigation and to supplement the evidence, on 11 November 2011 the Ploiesti Court of Appeal sent the file back to the Prosecutor’s Office attached to the Cluj Court of Appeal. 65.     Thus, the Court observes that essential evidence was not gathered or was gathered with delay by the prosecutor, despite clear instructions in this respect from the Ploiesti Court of Appeal, which had twice remitted the case to the Prosecutor’s Office. 66.     In particular, the Court notes that the prosecutor questioned the police officers and the applicant’s lawyer who had been present at the scene of the incident, but no other witnesses. There is no explanation as to why the medical staff and/or patients of the two hospitals where the applicant was hospitalised, the driver of the ambulance, or the nurse who accompanied him from Huedin to Cluj, had not testified before the domestic authorities. 67.     The Court is also concerned about the way the prosecutor disregarded the statements made by the applicant’s lawyer, S.B., who was present when the events of 27 November 2006 occurred. The Court notices that the prosecutors did not explain why her statements would be less credible than those of the police officers. 68.     The Court further considers that the medical records made by the doctors who examined the applicant were not adequately examined by the authorities. 69.     Having regard to the above-mentioned deficiencies identified in the investigation and to the fact that after more than five years since the applicant had lodged his criminal complaint not a single final judicial decision had been taken on the merits of the case, the Court concludes that the State authorities failed to conduct an effective investigation into the applicant’s allegations of ill-treatment. 70.     There has accordingly been a violation of Article   3 of the   Convention. II.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 § 1 OF THE CONVENTION 71.     The applicant complained that he had been unlawfully held in police custody between 4 p.m. on 27 November 2006 and   2 a.m. on 28   November   2006. He relied on Article 5 § 1 of the Convention, which reads as follows: “1.     Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: (b)     the lawful arrest or detention of a person for non-compliance with the lawful order of a court or in order to secure the fulfilment of any obligation prescribed by law; (c)     the lawful arrest or detention of a person effected for the purpose of bringing him before the competent legal authority on reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence or when it is reasonably considered necessary to prevent his committing an offence or fleeing after having done so;” A.     Admissibility 72.     The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible. B.     Merits 1.     The parties’ submissions 73.     The applicant submitted that on 27 November 2006 he was apprehended by police officers from the Bihor Police Inspectorate without any explanation. He claimed that he was not allowed to leave of his own free will or to phone his family or lawyer. He was guarded by police officers while in the hospitals and the ambulance that transported him from Huedin Hospital to Cluj Hospital, and was handcuffed in Huedin Hospital. He therefore concluded that this treatment amounted to a deprivation of his   liberty and not a mere restriction upon his liberty. 74.     The applicant further submitted that his deprivation of liberty was not in compliance with Articles 183 and 184 of the Code of Criminal   Procedure. He emphasised that he had never been summoned to appear before the Prosecutor’s Office attached to the Cluj Court of Appeal before 27   November   2006 and that no reasons had been provided by the Romanian authorities for taking such a measure against him. 75.     The Government contended that the enforcement of the order to appear before the criminal-investigation authority issued in the applicant’s name could not be considered a deprivation of liberty within the meaning of Article   5   §   1. They claimed that the applicant had willingly accompanied the police officers from the Bihor Police Inspectorate. They maintained that although the questioning of the applicant had lasted one and a half   hours (between 0.30 a.m. and 1.52 a.m.), enforcement of the measure had taken longer because of the applicant’s problematic medical condition. The   Government further submitted that the order to appear before the criminal-investigation authority had been issued in compliance with the national law and had been justified by the investigators’ doubt that the applicant would present himself for questioning at the police headquarters. 2.     The Court’s assessment (a)     General principles 76.     The Court reiterates that Article 5 of the Convention enshrines a fundamental right, namely the protection of the individual against arbitrary interference by the State with his or her right to liberty. In proclaiming the “right to liberty”, paragraph 1 of Article 5 contemplates the physical liberty of the person; its aim is to ensure that no one should be deprived of that liberty in an arbitrary fashion. Sub-paragraphs   (a) to (f) of Article   5   §   1 contain an exhaustive list of permissible grounds on which persons may be deprived of their liberty, and no deprivation of liberty will be lawful unless it falls within one of those grounds. 77.     The Court also reiterates that in order to determine whether someone has been “deprived of his liberty” within the meaning of Article   5, the starting point must be his concrete situation, and account must be taken of a whole range of criteria such as the type, duration, effects and manner of implementation of the measure in question. The difference between deprivation of and restriction upon liberty is merely one of degree or intensity, and not one of nature or substance (see Austin and Others v.   the   United Kingdom [GC], nos. 39692/09, 40713/09 and 41008/09, §   57, 15   March   2012). Admittedly, in determining whether or not there has been a violation of Convention rights it is often necessary to look beyond the appearances and the language used, and concentrate on the realities of the situation (see Van   Droogenbroeck   v.   Belgium , 24 June 1982, §   38, Series   A   no.   50). 78.     Where the “lawfulness” of detention is in issue, including the question whether “a procedure prescribed by law” has been followed, the   Convention refers essentially to national law and lays down the obligation to conform to the substantive and procedural rules of national law   (see Medvedyev and Others v. France [GC], no. 3394/03, §   79, ECHR   2010). (b)     Application in the instant case 79.     Firstly, the Court considers it necessary to establish the period to be taken into consideration. It notes that it is not disputed that at about 4   p.m. on 27   November   2006 the applicant was taken by three police officers from his home in Borş and transported to Cluj in connection with a criminal investigation. The parties also agreed that the applicant had been released at 1.52   a.m. the next day. In this connection, the Court concludes that the measure complained of started at about 4 p.m. on 27   November   2006 and lasted until 1.52 a.m. the following day. 80.     The Court further notes that while the applicant claimed that he was forced to accompany the police officers, the Government contended that the applicant agreed to accompany them. In this connection, the Court notes that the applicant was guarded by police officers continuously and that at no point during the journey from Borş to Cluj was the applicant allowed to leave of his own free will. It also notes that the applicant was guarded by the police officers also while in hospital and in the ambulance transporting him from Huedin to Cluj Hospital. The Court therefore considers that the applicant was under the authorities’ control throughout the entire period, and concludes that he was deprived of his liberty within the meaning of Article   5   §   1 of the Convention. 81.     The Court must now determine whether the applicant was deprived of his liberty “in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law” within the meaning of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention. The words “in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law” in Article 5 § 1 essentially refer back to national law and state the obligation to conform to the substantive and procedural rules thereof. While it is normally in the first place for the national authorities, notably the courts, to interpret and apply domestic law, the position is different in relation to cases where failure to comply with the law entails a breach of the Convention. This applies, in particular, to cases in which Article 5 § 1 of the Convention is at stake and the Court must then exercise a certain power to review whether national law has been observed (see Baranowski v. Poland , no. 28358/95, § 50, ECHR   2000-III). In particular, it is essential, in matters of deprivation of liberty, that the domestic law define clearly the conditions for detention and that the law be foreseeable in its application (see Zervudacki v. France , no. 73947/01, §   43, 27   July   2006, Creangă v. Romania [GC], no. 29226/03, §   101, 23   February   2012). 82.     The Court notes that in the present case, the legal basis for depriving the applicant of his liberty was Articles 183 and 184 of the Romanian Code   of Criminal Procedure in force at the time. 83.     According to Article 183 § 1, an individual could be brought before a criminal-investigation body or a court on the basis of an order to appear, if, being previously summoned, he or she had not appeared and his or her   hearing or presence was necessary. In this connection, the Court notes that while the applicant contended that he had never been summoned to appear before the Cluj authorities in connection with criminal proceedings against him, the Government failed to submit any evidence to the contrary, as for example a copy of the summons. 84.     The Court further notes that, pursuant to Article 183 § 2 of the same code, an offender or a defendant could be exceptionally brought before the courts on the basis of an order to appear even before being summoned, if the criminal-investigation body or the court considered that this measure was necessary for the determination of the case, and provided reasons why. 85.     In this respect the Court observes that the prosecutor’s order of 27   November   2006 issued on the basis of Article 183 § 2 of the Romanian Code of Criminal Procedure did not contain any reason justifying the measure. The Court therefore concludes that by omitting to specify the reasons on which it was based, the prosecutor’s order failed to conform to the rules applicable to domestic criminal procedure. 86.     The Court also notes that the subsequent prosecutor’s decisions in connection with the criminal proceedings initiated by the applicant against the police officers contain discrepancies concerning the reasons for issuing an order to appear. According to the decision delivered by the Prosecutor’s Office attached to the Cluj Court of Appeal on 12   February   2008, criminal proceedings had been initiated against the applicant on 27   November   2006 and his deprivation of liberty had been justified by the necessity to interview him immediately, even before summoning him. However, in his   decision of 1 August 2008 the head of the Prosecutor’s Office attached to the Cluj Court of Appeal argued that the prosecutor issued an order to appear because the applicant, although legally summoned, had refused to go to the police station to make a statement. 87.     Furthermore, the Court doubts whether the applicant’s deprivation of liberty and his transport to a city loca