CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 12 mars 2013

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page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s9F223FEE { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:17.85pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.85pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sA1CDB767 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s281358E1 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .sFD4D42B6 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .sEC2CB098 { margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s6477A72F { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s9D48DD53 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s471F7CE { margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:36pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .sAB173E38 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .s127C7598 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .s81CCF55C { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .s48DB3670 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:36pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s31E56244 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:12pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sF8DCB537 { width:16.53pt; display:inline-block } .sBA01246 { width:184.76pt; display:inline-block } .s379BC09C { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:right } .s5E1364CA { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt }       FOURTH SECTION             CASE OF ZARZYCKI v. POLAND   (Application no. 15351/03)         JUDGMENT       STRASBOURG   12 March 2013     FINAL   12/06/2013   This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Zarzycki v. Poland , The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Ineta Ziemele, President,   David Thór Björgvinsson,   Päivi Hirvelä,   George Nicolaou,   Zdravka Kalaydjieva,   Vincent A. De Gaetano,   Krzysztof Wojtyczek, judges, and Lawrence Early, Section Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 19 February 2013, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 15351/03) against the Republic of Poland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Polish national, Mr Adam Zarzycki (“the applicant”), on 2 May 2003. 2.     The applicant was represented by Ms M. Lubieniecka-Chełstowska, a lawyer practising in Olsztyn. The Polish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr J. Wołąsiewicz, succeeded by   Ms   J.   Chrzanowska, of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 3.     The applicant alleged, in particular, that in view of his physical disability and his special needs, his protracted detention in the conditions of Szczytno and Olsztyn Remand Centres was in breach of Article 3 of the Convention. 4.     On 17 October 2007 the President of the Fourth Section decided to give notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). In addition, third-party comments were received from the Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights (Warsaw, Poland), which had been given leave by the President to intervene in the written procedure (Article   36   §   2   of the Convention and Rule 44 § 2). The parties have not replied to those comments (Rule 44 § 5). THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 5.     The applicant was born in 1976 and lives in Jedwabno. In   1996 he lost both his forearms in an accident. He is certified as having a first-degree disability, requiring the assistance of another person. A.     The applicant’s pre ‑ trial detention and criminal proceedings against him 6.     On 17 June 2002 the applicant, who was a suspect in criminal proceedings, was summoned by the police to present himself, two days later, at the Szczytno District Police Headquarters ( Powiatowa Komeda Policji ). 7.     On 19 June 2002 the Szczytno District Court ( Sąd Rejonowy ) remanded the applicant in custody on suspicion of having committed a number of offences against a minor and of having coerced a person into committing perjury. 8.     The domestic court justified the applicant’s pre ‑ trial detention by the existence of strong evidence against him, the likelihood that a severe penalty would be imposed and by the need to secure the proper course of the proceedings. On the latter point, it emphasised that the applicant, who had remained at large for some time after the start of the investigation, had attempted to coerce witnesses into giving false testimony in the case. The authorities took into consideration the applicant’s disability and a medical certificate issued by his doctor on 15   March 2002, which stated that the applicant was not able to live independently. 9.     On 1 July 2002 the Szczytno District Prosecutor ( Prokurator Rejonowy ) dismissed the applicant’s request for the pre ‑ trial detention order to be lifted. The prosecutor reiterated the reasons for the applicant’s pre ‑ trial detention as they had been presented by the Szczytno District Court. Moreover, it was noted that the applicant had been detained for four months in the past in Szczytno Remand Centre, in connection with another criminal case against him. The Szczytno Remand Centre had never informed the authorities of any obstacles to providing the applicant with adequate care and conditions during his detention. In case of medical necessity the authorities were prepared to transfer the applicant to a remand centre hospital, where he would be able to obtain specialist medical treatment. It was pointed out that the testimony of the applicant’s mother, who had submitted that the applicant was unable to live independently, had been contradicted by the statements of other witnesses who had described the applicant as being completely independent. 10.     On 12   July 2002 the Olsztyn Regional Court ( Sąd Okręgowy ) upheld the decision to keep the applicant in pre ‑ trial detention. 11.     On 29 July 2002 the Szczytno District Prosecutor dismissed a request by the applicant for pre ‑ trial detention to be replaced with a different preventive measure. 12.     On 30 August 2002 the applicant was indicted on numerous counts of extortion of money from a minor and other related offences. 13.     His pre ‑ trial detention was extended by decisions of the Szczytno District Court of 5   August, 6   September and 31   October   2002. The last two decisions were upheld by the Olsztyn Regional Court on 27 September and 22   November 2002 respectively. The domestic courts reiterated that there was strong evidence against the applicant and a likelihood that a severe penalty would be imposed, and referred again to the need to secure the proper course of the proceedings. Additionally, it was noted that the authorities needed more time to hear the witnesses for the defence and to complete other investigative steps. 14.     In the meantime, on 1 July and 25 October 2002, the Olsztyn Regional Court dismissed the applicant’s requests to have the measure in question lifted for humanitarian reasons. 15.     The first hearing was held on 10 October 2002. 16.     On 31 October 2002 the Szczytno District Court convicted the applicant of several of the charges and sentenced him to three years’ imprisonment. 17.     On 17 January 2003 the Olsztyn Regional Court decided to extend the applicant’s detention while his criminal case was pending on appeal. 18.     On 24   January 2003 the same court refused to lift the measure because the applicant had been convicted and sentenced to a term of imprisonment by the first ‑ instance court. In addition, the court relied on the assessment that, despite the applicant’s disability, his detention did not put his life or health at any risk. 19.     On 31   January 2003 the Olsztyn Regional Court upheld its own decision of 17 January 2003. 20.     On 19 February 2003 the Olsztyn Regional Court upheld the first ‑ instance judgment in the main part, changing the legal classification of one of the offences of which the applicant had been convicted by the first ‑ instance court. The judgment was served on the applicant on 26   May   2003. 21.     No cassation appeal was lodged in the case. 22.     Throughout the proceedings the applicant was represented by a lawyer of his choice. B.     The conditions of the applicant’s detention 1.     The chronology of the applicant’s detention 23.     From 19 June 2002 until 5 March 2003 the applicant was detained in Szczytno Remand Centre. From 5 until 28 March 2003 he was committed to Olsztyn Remand Centre. From 28 March until 7 July 2003 he was again detained in Szczytno Remand Centre. 24.     On 7 July 2003 the applicant was granted leave from serving his sentence (przerwa w odbywaniu kary ) to seek orthopaedic care outside the penitentiary system. 25.     After his leave came to an end, the applicant was held in Szczytno and Olsztyn Remand Centres alternately. He was detained in the former facility from 13 July 2004 until 15 February 2005, from 9 until 17 August 2005 and from 25 April until 21   October 2006. He was detained in the latter facility from 15 February until 9   August 2005 and from 17 August 2005 until 25 April 2006. 26.     On 21 October 2006 the applicant was granted parole ( warunkowe zwolnienie) and is currently at liberty. 2.     The description of the conditions of the applicant’s detention and procedure for obtaining arm prostheses (a)     From 19 June 2002 until 7 July 2003- without prostheses 27.     In Szczytno Remand Centre (from 19 June 2002 until 5 March 2003 and from 28 March until 7 July 2003) the applicant was held in various multi-occupancy cells in the general wing. 28.     The applicant claimed that the conditions in Szczytno Remand Centre had not been adapted to his specific needs. He asserted that, despite his disability, the remand centre staff had not provided him with any special care. That had made his life in detention very difficult. The applicant had not been able to carry out many of his daily or routine tasks, such as serving his meals, making his bed, cutting his toenails, washing, shaving and getting dressed, and cleaning himself after going to the bathroom. He had had to seek help from his fellow inmates, which had put him in a position of dependency. 29.     The Government submitted that during his detention the applicant had been self-sufficient. He had his meals, got dressed, made his bed and read newspapers without the aid of another person. Occasionally, in very minor tasks such as making sandwiches, he received help from his fellow inmates. 30.     In their submission, the applicant was under the special care of the remand centre’s administration. He was released from the duty to clean his cell and benefited from various privileges, such as longer family visits, the right to receive additional food parcels and to take a shower six times per week. As a reward for winning various prison competitions, the applicant was granted unsupervised leave from the remand centre five times. Three of these periods of leave lasted a few days. The applicant was also under the supervision of the prison psychologist, whom he consulted eleven times. 31.     Prior to the applicant’s detention, on 15 March 2002 an orthopaedist of the Olsztyn Regional Specialised Hospital ( Wojewódzki Szpital Specjalistyczny ) issued a medical certificate ( zaświadczenie lekarskie ), stating that the applicant was not fit for self-sufficient existence and detention in a prison. 32.     On 19 August 2002 the Head of the Medical Establishment at Szczytno Remand Centre ( Zakład Opieki Zdrowotnej ) issued a memorandum to the Governor ( Dyrektor ) of Szczytno Remand Centre, in which he stated that there was no medical reason to transfer the applicant to a specialist facility since his health was good. It was noted that the assistance which the applicant required was not of a medical nature but, rather, related to his physical inability to carry out his daily tasks independently. 33.     In a letter of 3 September 2002 the remand centre governor informed the applicant that his complaints about the conditions of his pre ‑ trial detention had been considered ill ‑ founded. It was noted that the remand centre doctor had not found any medical reasons to justify the applicant’s transfer to another place of detention or his release. Furthermore it was stated that the applicant was independent in his daily routines in the remand centre. He could dress himself, make his bed, eat, and read newspapers without anyone’s assistance. In other daily tasks the applicant received help from his inmates. 34.     On 13 October 2002 the applicant was informed by an official of a local self ‑ government organisation, who visited him in the remand centre, about the procedure for renewing his application for prostheses. 35.     The same day, the Szczytno Remand Centre’s in-house doctor made an official application for prostheses on the applicant’s behalf. 36.     On 23   January   2003 the State-run Sick Fund ( Kasa Chorych ) approved a full reimbursement of the cost of basic mechanical prostheses ( protezy mechaniczne ), which was PLN 3,600 (approximately EUR 860). The prostheses were to be made by the Orthopaedic Equipment Establishment ( Zakład Sprzętu Ortopedycznego ) in Olsztyn. 37.     By a letter of 28 February 2003 the Director of the Olsztyn Regional Prison Service ( Dyrektor Okręgowy Służby Więziennej ) replied to allegations that the Szczytno Remand Centre had not supported the applicant in his efforts to obtain forearm prostheses and that the medical care provided during his detention had been inadequate. It was observed that, prior to the applicant’s detention, in July   2001 the Sick Fund had approved the applicant’s request to obtain forearm prostheses free of charge. However, the grant could not be executed due to a shortage of funds. On 15   March 2002 the State Sick Fund extended the validity of its prostheses approval until 30   September   2002. On 13 October 2002 the applicant was informed by an official of a local self ‑ government organisation, who visited him in the remand centre, about the procedure for renewing his application for prostheses. Despite this, the applicant did not proceed with his application for four months. Finally, thanks to the remand centre’s assistance, on 23   January   2003 the State Sick Fund approved a full reimbursement of the cost of the prostheses. The applicant was scheduled to be transferred to Olsztyn Remand Centre in order to have the prostheses made in a local orthopaedic centre. It was concluded that the applicant’s detention did not put his life or health at any risk and that, having had his forearms amputated six years previously, he was now perfectly independent in carrying out his daily routines in detention. 38.     On 5 March 2003 the applicant was transferred to Olsztyn Remand Centre in order to have the prostheses made. The basic prostheses offered, however, did not suit the applicant. He declared that he would only accept bio-mechanical (kinetic) prostheses ( protezy biomechaniczne ). That type of prostheses were not made in Olsztyn but by the Independent Public Establishment for Orthopaedic Supplies ( Samodzielny Publiczny Zakład Zaopatrzenia Ortopedycznego) in Poznań. 39.     On 28 March 2003 the applicant was transferred back to Szczytno Remand Centre. An application for bio-mechanical prostheses was made by the prison authorities on his behalf. 40.     On 7 May 2003 the Szczytno District Court found that the applicant’s detention in Szczytno Remand Centre did not put his life or health in danger but created only minor difficulties for him. 41.     The total cost of the applicant’s bio-mechanical prostheses was estimated at 50,000 Polish zlotys (PLN) (approximately EUR 12,000). On an unspecified date the applicant was informed that a refund of PLN 3,600 (approximately EUR 860) could be granted by the National Health Fund ( Narodowy Fundusz Zdrowia ). Under the applicable law every patient seeking to obtain bio-mechanical prosthesis had to pay the difference from his or her own budget. 42.     On 12 May 2003 the Olsztyn Regional Court ruled that the applicant be transferred to Poznań Remand Centre, where he could have fittings for his bio-mechanical prostheses, provided that he undertook to pay the non ‑ refundable portion of the price. In the Government’s submission, the applicant did not agree to that. 43.     On 29 May 2003 a psychiatrist at Szczytno Remand Centre diagnosed the applicant with a form of depression which in his opinion could be attributed to the applicant’s fear of not being able to obtain forearm prostheses. It was noted that the applicant had twice attempted to commit suicide when he had been held in a correction centre when he was a minor. The doctor did not make any recommendation as to the conditions of the applicant’s detention or his treatment. 44.     A copy of the applicant’s medical records reveals that during this part of his detention, he was consulted by various specialists on approximately twelve occasions. 45.     On 7 July 2003 the applicant was granted a six ‑ month period of leave from serving his sentence to seek orthopaedic care outside the penitentiary system. The domestic court observed that, even though the applicant’s disability did not make him, strictly speaking, unfit for detention, it was nevertheless making it more difficult for him, especially without prostheses. The leave was subsequently extended until 7 July 2004. (b)     From 13 July 2004 until 21   October 2006 – with prostheses 46.     While at liberty, presumably in March 2004, the applicant obtained two basic mechanical forearm prostheses and underwent the necessary physiotherapy (rehabilitation). 47.     On 18 March 2004 the applicant obtained a medical certificate from a private medical clinic, stating that he had recently received new prostheses and urgently required physiotherapy. It was further noted that the applicant was not self-sufficient and required the aid of third persons, and that he could not be detained in prison. 48.     On 7 July 2004 the applicant’s leave came to an end but he failed to return to prison. On 13   July   2004 he was arrested and committed to Szczytno Remand Centre to serve the rest of his prison sentence. 49.     The applicant was detained in Szczytno Remand Centre from 13   July   2004 until 15 February 2005, from 9   until 17 August 2005 and from 25 April until 21   October 2006. He was also detained in Olsztyn Remand Centre from 15 February until 9   August 2005 and from 17 August 2005 until 25 April 2006. 50.     By letter of 25 November 2004 the director of a rehabilitation centre in Szczytno ( Ponadlokalne Centrum Rehabilitacyjno-Edukacyjne dla Dzieci i Młodzieży Niepełnosprawnej ) provided the applicant with the following information. According to the results of the medical consultation of 10   November 2004 and the opinion of a specialist in rehabilitation, the applicant did not require any further rehabilitation or training in using his arm prostheses. With his basic mechanical prostheses, the applicant could carry out simple daily tasks such as eating and brushing his teeth. Those prostheses, however, did not allow for high precision movements, such as those necessary for washing, putting on smaller items of clothing, shaving or going to the bathroom. 51.     On 26 November 2004 the Governor of Szczytno Remand Centre applied to the Szczytno District Court for permission to transfer the applicant to a detention facility near Poznań in order to enable him to undergo further physiotherapy. On 30 November 2004 the request was rejected by the Szczytno District Court on the ground that the applicant’s presence was necessary in Szczytno, where new criminal proceedings were pending against him. 52.     On 17 January 2005 the Szczytno Remand Centre governor informed the applicant, in reply to the latter’s query, that during his detention “adequate help was secured [to him] by the remand centre administration through the applicant’s inmates”. It was also noted that the applicant had refused to work with a physiotherapist whose presence at the remand centre had been arranged by the administration. 53.     On 7   and 20   April   2005 an in ‑ house doctor at Olsztyn Remand Centre issued two medical certificates stating that the applicant could not receive adequate care and treatment in prison because of the nature of his disability. 54.     On 25 April 2005 the Szczytno District Court asked for an expert medical report to verify whether or not the applicant was fit to be kept in prison. 55.     On 21 June 2005 two experts, in cardiology and orthopaedics respectively, issued a report, stating that although the applicant found his prostheses helpful, he still needed the assistance of others in many of his daily activities, as his mechanical prostheses did not allow him to make any precise movements. It was noted that the applicant had expressed a wish to obtain more advanced bio ‑ mechanical prostheses, which were available from the Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Equipment Establishment in Poznań. In addition, the applicant was diagnosed with hypertension. Nevertheless, the experts concluded that the applicant had adapted well to his disability and that his overall health was good which, in turn, made him fit to continue his detention. On the other hand, it was pointed out that some assistance should be provided to the applicant in his daily routines by the remand centre staff. 56.     On 8 November 2005 the Head of the Healthcare Establishment ( Kierownik Zakładu Opieki Zdrowotnej ) of Olsztyn Remand Centre informed the applicant of the following: the applicant’s disability did not require any medical treatment; his other ailments could be treated within the prison healthcare system; bio-mechanical prostheses were not refunded by the National Health Fund; and lastly, according to the applicable law, a person with a first-degree disability required the assistance of another person in his or her daily existence. Such assistance could not be provided to the applicant in the remand centre. Nevertheless, as stated in the expert opinion of 21 June 2005 (see paragraph 49 above), the applicant was fit for detention because he was well-adjusted to his disability. 57.     The applicant provided the Court with a document dated 23   December 2005 in which the Deputy Governor of Olsztyn Remand Centre stated that the applicant had been detained in a four-person cell in wing A, which was not adapted for special needs prisoners. It was also noted that Olsztyn Remand Centre as such did not possess any cells in which special arrangements had been made to accommodate the needs of physically disabled persons. 58.     The Government submitted that in Olsztyn Remand Centre the applicant had been committed to a wing in which cells had been kept open almost all day long. Other than that, the conditions of the applicant’s detention there were similar to those in Szczytno Remand Centre. 59.     A copy of the applicant’s medical records reveals that during this part of his detention, he was consulted by various specialists on approximately sixty occasions. 3.     Actions concerning the conditions of the applicant’s detention. 60.     The applicant lodged numerous complaints with the administration of Szczytno Remand Centre, domestic courts and penitentiary authorities, arguing that he should not be detained due to his disability or, alternatively, that he should be offered special care. In addition, he complained about the difficulties he had had in obtaining forearm prostheses (see paragraphs 28, 29, 32 and 35 above). 61.     On 13 October 2003 the Szczytno District Prosecutor ( Prokurator Rejonowy ) discontinued an inquiry into the applicant’s allegations that between 19 June 2002 and 7 July 2003 the staff of Szczytno Remand Centre had failed in undertaking the necessary actions to provide the applicant with arm prostheses. The authorities referred to the events described in paragraphs 34-42 above and concluded that the prison authorities had not acted to the applicant’s detriment but, to the contrary, had made extensive efforts to provide him with arm prostheses. II.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE A.     General conditions of detention 62.     A detailed description of the relevant domestic law and practice concerning general rules governing conditions of detention in Poland and domestic remedies available to detainees alleging that the conditions of their detention were inadequate are set out in the Court’s pilot judgments given in the cases of Orchowski v. Poland (no. 17885/04) and Norbert Sikorski v. Poland (no. 17599/05) on 22 October 2009 (see §§ 75-85 and §§   45 ‑ 88   respectively and in the case of Kaprykowski v. Poland , no.   23052/05, §§ 40-47, 3 February 2009). B.     Detention of disabled detainees 63.     Article 96 of the Code of Enforcement of Criminal Sentences (“the Code”) establishes a “therapeutic regime” under which convicted persons with mental of physical disabilities who require specialised treatment, in particular psychological or medical care, or rehabilitation, can serve their prison sentences. 64.     Furthermore, Article 97 § 1 of the Code provides that with regard to prisoners serving their penalty under a therapeutic regime, the authorities should be guided, inter alia , by the need to prepare these prisoners for a self-sufficient life. According to paragraph 2 of that provision, the execution of the prison sentence is to be adapted to the prisoner’s needs in the area of medical treatment and hygiene and sanitary requirements. Lastly, paragraph 3 of this provision provides that convicted persons who no longer require specialised treatment should be transferred to another appropriate prison regime. 65.     On the basis of Article 249 of the Code, on 25   August   2003 the Minister of Justice issued the Ordinance on the code of practice for the organisation and arrangement of pre ‑ trial detention ( Rozporządzenie Ministra Sprawiedliwości w sprawie regulaminu organizacyjno ‑ porządkowego wykonywania tymczasowego aresztowania ) (“the 2003 Ordinance on Pre-Trial Detention”) and the Ordinance on the code of practice for the organisation and arrangement of imprisonment ( Rozporządzenie Ministra Sprawiedliwości w sprawie regulaminu organizacyjno ‑ porządkowego wykonywania kary pozbawienia wolności ) (“the 2003 Ordinance on Imprisonment”). Both ordinances entered into force on 1 September 2003. 66.     The 2003 Ordinance on Pre ‑ Trial Detention and the 2003 Ordinance on Imprisonment both state that pre ‑ trial detention and detention after a conviction must take place in remand centres and prisons respectively. However, both acts provide for exceptions to the standard regime of detention. 67.     Paragraph 28 of the 2003 Ordinance on Pre ‑ Trial Detention and paragraph   26 of the 2003 Ordinance on Imprisonment provide that the governor of a remand centre or a prison may, at the request of or after consultation with a doctor, make necessary exceptions to the arrangements for pre ‑ trial detention or imprisonment as laid down in the relevant code of practice, in so far as this is justified by the state of health of the detainee concerned. The provisions apply to detainees with a physical disability. 68.     The detention of disabled persons is not regulated any further by Polish domestic law. THE LAW I.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION 69.     The applicant complained that in view of his disability and his special needs, his protracted detention in the conditions of Szczytno and Olsztyn Remand Centres had been in breach of Article 3 of the Convention, which reads as follows: “No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” A.     Admissibility The Government’s objection on exhaustion of domestic remedies 70.     The Government raised a preliminary objection, arguing that the applicant had not exhausted the domestic remedies available to him. (a)     The Government 71.     They submitted, in their letter dated 3 March 2008, that the applicant should have brought a civil action for compensation under Articles 23 and 24 of the Civil Code, read in conjunction with Article 448 of that Code. That remedy would have enabled him to seek compensation for the alleged infringement of his personal rights, namely, his dignity and health, suffered on account of the authorities’ alleged failure to secure to him care and conditions adequate to his special needs during his detention. 72.     In that connection the Government referred to nine judgments in which domestic courts had examined claims for compensation brought by former detainees on account of the alleged infringement of their personal rights (see, for example, Orchowski , cited above, §§ 82 and 83, and Sławomir Musiał v. Poland , no. 28300/06, § 59, 20 January 2009). 73.     In four of the cases cited by the Government, which had been examined by domestic courts in 2005, 2006 and 2007, the plaintiffs, non ‑ smokers detained with smoking inmates, had been awarded compensation (ranging from PLN 2,000 to PLN 5,000) because it had been found that they had been at risk of suffering or had actually suffered a health disorder (plaintiffs W.L., N.S., L.W. and K.K.) 74.     One of these cases was examined under Articles 23 and 224 of the Civil Code, read in conjunction with Article 448 of that Code. The remaining three cases were examined under Article 417 or 445 of the Civil Code. The notion of damage under the latter provisions was linked with the liability ex delicto . The provisions relied on concerned both material and non ‑ material damage. The former was defined as a physical injury or health disorder resulting from an unlawful act or omission. The latter could be manifested by negative mental experiences suffered by the plaintiff as a result of his physical injury or health disorder. 75.     Another of the cases referred to concerned a prisoner who had suffered food poisoning in prison (plaintiff S.L.; judgment of the Olsztyn Regional Court of 6 March 2007) and another concerned a detainee who had been beaten up by a fellow inmate (plaintiff M.P.; judgment of the Szczecin Court of Appeal of 29 March 2007). 76.     In another case, brought by a certain J.K., who had been detained for seven days in an overcrowded and insanitary cell, the Warsaw Court of Appeal (judgment of 27 July 2006) granted partial compensation on account of the fact that the prison governor had failed to inform the competent penitentiary judge, in compliance with the applicable procedure, about the problem of overcrowding at the time when the plaintiff was serving his sentence there. In the similar case of a certain S.G. the Cracow Court of Appeal (judgment of 23   February 2007) held that there had been no legal basis to grant compensation for detaining the plaintiff in an overcrowded cell. 77.     Lastly, in the case of a certain R.D. the Łódź Court of Appeal (judgment of 8   September 2006) awarded the applicant compensation in the amount of PLN 7,500 because the plaintiff was found to have been at a real risk of contracting a disease from his HIV-positive fellow inmates and had experienced significant psychological suffering. 78.     The Government further submitted that under the above-mentioned provisions of the Civil Code a plaintiff could also ask the civil court to impose an injunction, requiring the penitentiary authorities to cease the infringement of his personal rights, for example, by relocating him to another cell. They did not supply any specific example of a successful request to this effect. 79.     In view of the foregoing, the Government invited the Court to reject this part of the application for non-exhaustion of domestic remedies, pursuant to Article 35 § 1 of the Convention. (b)     The applicant 80.     The applicant did not submit any comments in that regard. (c)     The Court’s assessment 81.     The Court observes that the rule of exhaustion of domestic remedies contained in Article 35 § 1 of the Convention requires that normal recourse should be had by an applicant to remedies which are available and sufficient to afford redress in respect of the breaches alleged. The existence of   the   remedies in question must be sufficiently certain not only in theory but in practice, failing which they will lack the requisite accessibility and   effectiveness (see, among other authorities, Akdivar and Others v.   Turkey , 16   September   1996, §   65, Reports of Judgments and   Decisions 1996-IV). 82.     In the area of the exhaustion of domestic remedies there is   a   distribution of the burden of proof. It is incumbent on the Government claiming non-exhaustion to satisfy the Court that the remedy was an   effective one available in theory and practice at the relevant time, that   is   to say, that it was accessible, was capable of providing redress in   respect of the applicant’s complaints and offered reasonable prospects of   success. However, once this burden has been satisfied it falls to   the   applicant to   establish that the remedy advanced by the Government was in fact exhausted or was for some reason inadequate and ineffective in   the   particular circumstances of the case or that there existed special circumstances absolving him or her from the requirement (ibid., §   68). In addition, Article 35 § 1 must be applied with some degree of   flexibility and without excessive formalism. This means amongst other things that it must take realistic account not only of the existence of formal remedies in the legal system of the Contracting Party concerned but also of   the general legal and political context in which they operate as well as   the   personal circumstances of the applicants (ibid., § 69). 83.     It must be noted that the applicant lodged his application with the Court on 2 May 2003. By that time he had already spent nearly one year in continuous detention (see paragraph 23 above). He complained to the Court that in view of his disability and his special needs, his protracted detention in the conditions of Szczytno and Olsztyn Remand Centres had been in breach of Article 3 of the Convention. The applicant filed numerous applications for release from pre-trial detention on humanitarian grounds and lodged many complaints with the administration of Szczytno Remand Centre, domestic courts and penitentiary authorities, arguing that he should not be detained due to his disability and, alternatively, that he should be offered special care. He also complained to various domestic authorities about the difficulties he had had in obtaining forearm prostheses (see paragraphs 9, 14, 18, 32, 33, 37, 40, 52, 54, 56 and 60 above). 84.     The Government argued that the applicant should have brought, in addition to the above-mentioned appeals, a civil action for compensation under Articles 23 and 24 of the Civil Code, read in conjunction with Article 448 of that Code. In their opinion, that remedy would have enabled him to seek compensation for the alleged infringement of his personal rights, suffered on account of the authorities’ alleged failure to secure to him care and conditions adequate to his special needs during his detention. 85.     In the Court’s view, it cannot be said that the applicant did not sufficiently bring his situation to the attention of the competent authorities or seek improvement of the conditions of his detention. In the first year the authorities decided to maintain the detention measure because the applicant was considered fit for it. Subsequently, the applicant was granted a twelve-month-long period of leave from serving his sentence to seek orthopaedic care outside the penitentiary system. The second term of the applicant’s detention lasted two years and three months despite discrepancies between different medical reports concerning his level of self-sufficiency and fitness for detention. Eventually, the applicant was released on parole. 86.     The Court takes note, however, of the examples of domestic cases provided by the Government, in which various provisions of the Civil Code had been successfully relied on with the effect of granting prisoners compensation for non-material damage which had been suffered on account of an unlawful interference with their right to protect themselves from passive smoking, food poisoning, being beaten up by a fellow inmate or of being exposed to a real risk of contracting a disease from HIV positive inmates. It should be stressed that almost all the judgments referred to by the Government were rendered after the date on which the applicant had lodged his application with the Court. 87.     The issue of the effectiveness and adequacy of the Polish civil remedies was already examined by the Court in a case similar to the present one, in which an epileptic prisoner complained of inadequate medical care (see Kaprykowski , cited above). The Court welcomed the developments in domestic jurisprudence in the field of personal rights. It was not persuaded, however, that the judgments referred to by the Government could have any parallel effect in the area of claims arising from inadequate medical care in detention and whether they could be considered examples of a common and well-established practice (see Kaprykowski , cited above, § 55). 88.     It must be observed that the applicant in the instant case did not suffer during his detention from any health ailment requiring that he be provided with medical supervision or treatment. He had a serious physical disability, which, as he alleged, made him unable to attend to himself without the aid of another person and meant that he needed special care. 89.     It cannot therefore be said that the examples from domestic case-law supplied by the Government show that, in the circumstances of the instant case and, more particularly, in May 2003, when the applicant brought his application under the   Convention, an action under Article 445 or Article 448 of the Civil Code could have offered him reasonable prospects of securing more adequate conditions or a special care regime during his detention (see Kaprykowsk i, cited above, §§ 54-57 and Kulikowski v. Poland (no. 2) , no. 16831/07, § 52, 9 October 2012). 90.     In view of the above, the Court is not satisfied that the civil remedies relied on by the Government in the present case would have been adequate and   effective in connection with the applicant’s complaint concerning the lack of special care during his detention. Nor does it consider that the Government have demonstrated the   effectiveness, at the time when the applicant lodged the application with the Court, of any other remedy in the domestic law system which the applicant should have used to obtain the requisite relief in addition to his administrative and penitentiary complaints or his habeas corpus applications. Accordingly, the Government’s objection on the ground of non ‑ exhaustion of domestic remedies must be rejected. 91.     The Court also notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible. B.     Merits 1.     The parties’ submissions (a)     The applicant 92.     The applicant complained that in view of his disability and his special needs, his protracted detention in the conditions of Szczytno and Olsztyn Remand Centres had been in breach of Article 3 of the Convention. More precisely, the applicant asserted that, despite his disability, the remand centre staff had not provided him with any special care. That had made his life in detention very difficult because he had not been able to carry out many of his daily or routine tasks, such as serving his meals, making his bed, cutting his toenails, washing, shaving and getting dressed, and cleaning himself after going to the bathroom. He had had to seek help from his inmates, which had put him in a position of dependency. 93.     In addition, the applicant complained that the penitentiary authorities had failed to arrange for him to be provided with the necessary forearm prostheses. (b)     The Government 94.     The Government argued that during his detention the applicant had not suffered inhuman or degrading treatment which had attained the minimum level of severity within the meaning of Article 3 of the Convention. 95.     Moreover, they submitted that the applicant’s disability had been taken into consideration when the domestic court decided to remand him in custody in connection with the criminal proceedings pending against him at that time. The applicant remained under medical supervision throughout his entire detention and his fitness for detention was the subject of regular assessment by the domestic courts and penitentiary authorities. 96.     Lastly, the Government noted that the relevant authorities had actively assisted the applicant in the procedure for obtaining mechanical and bio-mechanical prostheses. In view of the applicant’s passive attitude, it was only thanks to the administration of Szczytno Remand Centre that the State Sick Fund approved a full reimbursement of the mechanical prostheses. The applicant was transferred without undue delay to Olsztyn Remand Centre, where the prostheses were to be made. The fact that they were not made during the applicant’s first term of detention was to be blamed entirely on the applicant, who declared that he would only accept the more advanced bio-mechanical prostheses. 97.     It was also stressed that the applicant had had his arms amputated many years before his detention. He was well-adjusted to his disability, as he had not used prostheses when he was at liberty. He could therefore function in detention without experiencing any particular discomfort on account of his amputated forearms. (c)     The Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights 98.     The written comments submitted on 31 January 2008 by the Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights ( Helsińska Fundacja Praw Człowieka ) (“the Foundation”) contain an extensive overview of the domestic law and practice concerning the detention of persons with disabilities and a comparative study of relevant regulations and practices in the United Kingdom and the United States. 2.     The Court’s assessment 99.     In accordance with the Court’s settled case-law ill-treatment must attain a minimum level of severity to fall under Article   3 of the Convention. The assessment of this minimum level of severity is relative; it depends on all the circumstances of the case, such as the duration of the treatment, its physical and mental effects and, in some cases, the sex, age and state of health of the victim (see, among other authorities, Kudła v.   Poland [GC], no.   30210/96, § 91, ECHR 2000-XI; Price v. the United Kingdom , no. 33394/96, § 24, ECHR 2001-VII; and Enea v. Italy [GC], no. 74912/01, §   55, ECHR 2009). 100.     The Court has considered treatment to be “degrading” within the meaning of Article 3 because it was such as to arouse in the victims feeling