CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 30 mai 2013

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margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .s48DB3670 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:36pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s7CB9076 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sFB5BB313 { width:29.88pt; display:inline-block } .sB736FED6 { width:142.07pt; display:inline-block } .sA2E62387 { width:204.97pt; display:inline-block }       FIRST SECTION           CASE OF DAVITIDZE v. RUSSIA   (Application no. 8810/05)               JUDGMENT     STRASBOURG   30 May 2013   FINAL   07/10/2013   This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Davitidze v. Russia, The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Isabelle Berro-Lefèvre, President,   Mirjana Lazarova Trajkovska,   Julia Laffranque,   Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos,   Erik Møse,   Ksenija Turković,   Dmitry Dedov, judges, and André Wampach, Deputy Section Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 7 May 2013, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 8810/05) against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Georgian national, Mr Levan Aleksandrovich Davitidze (“the applicant”), on 7 February 2005. 2.     The applicant was represented by Mr A.   Yablokov, a lawyer practising in Moscow. The Russian Government (“the Government”) were represented by Mr G. Matyushkin, Representative of the Russian Federation at the European Court of Human Rights. 3.     The applicant alleged that the use of force against him during the arrest had been excessive and that there had been no effective investigation; that he had not been provided with adequate medical assistance after the arrest and during his detention in the remand centre pending investigation in his criminal case; and that he had not had a fair trial, inter alia , on account of police entrapment. He referred to Articles 3 and 6 of the Convention. 4.     On 25 November 2008 the application was communicated to the Government. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article 29 § 1). On the same date, the Georgian Government were informed of their right to intervene in the proceedings in accordance with Article 36 § 1. They chose not to avail themselves of this right. THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 5.     The applicant was born in 1960. It appears that the applicant is currently serving a sentence of imprisonment in the Stavropol Region, Russia. A.     The “test purchase” of drugs and the applicant’s arrest on 20   August 2003 1.     The Government’s account 6.     On an unspecified date and in unspecified circumstances, the applicant acquired 13.4 g of heroin and divided it into two parcels. 7 .     On 20 August 2003 a Mr S. came to Obruchevskiy police station in Moscow and made a written statement indicating that he had met a Mr T., who had told him that a person of “Georgian origin” named Levan, around 40 years old, was a heroin supplier. S. expressed his readiness to assist the police in collecting evidence of Levan’s alleged criminal activities (see also paragraph 17 below). 8 .     On the same date, referring to S.’s statement, Police Officer K. issued an order authorising a “test purchase” of drugs: “... [S.] stated that he had become acquainted with a person of Georgian origin; this man had offered him heroin for 600 roubles per gram. Their meeting is expected to take place today, when this man will hand over heroin to [S.] ... I order a “test purchase” of drugs in order to document the criminal activities of an unidentified person called “Levan” and arrest him in flagrante delicto .” This order bears the approval note and signature of the chief officer of the police station. 9.     As is stated in the police records, S. was subjected to a body search in the presence of two attesting witnesses. The search disclosed that he had no drugs or other prohibited items on him. The police then provided S. with 100 US dollars (USD) and 3,000 Russian roubles (RUB). Before that, the banknotes had been photocopied and a record was drawn up to document this. 10.     The applicant was arrested after he had handed over one of the two parcels of heroin (weighing 6.9 g) to S. This parcel was seized from   S. in the police station. The money (the above-mentioned banknotes) and the other parcel (weighing 6.5   g) were seized from the applicant in the police station. 2.     The applicant’s account 11.     In July and August 2003 the applicant was undergoing outpatient treatment at a psychiatric hospital for cyclothymic disorder. 12 .     According to the applicant, on 20 August 2003 T. called him and asked for two anti-anxiety pills for his insomnia. The applicant’s friend drove him to T.’s place, where the applicant handed over the pills to T. T. gave the applicant USD 100 and RUB 3,000 as repayment of a debt. T. also introduced him to S., who asked for help with his drug addiction. The applicant refused to get involved and recommended inpatient treatment in a specialised hospital. The applicant left the house and was soon stopped by two men, who introduced themselves as police officers. The applicant complied with the officers’ request and presented his passport. Immediately thereafter, they attempted to handcuff him. While he did not resist his handcuffing with one hand, he resisted when the officer(s) started to twist his other arm behind his back. His resistance consisted of pressing his arm against his body and was a natural reaction to the pain caused by the arm twisting. Immediately thereafter, the officer(s) twice used a “suffocating” technique on him and beat him up. One of the officers hit him several times with a gun handle/barrel. The applicant sustained a concussion, a closed fracture of the jaw and numerous bruises. 13.     The applicant submitted to the Court that he had been taken to a police station, through the back door and without any formal recording of his arrival. The officers had threatened him and had punched and kicked him. 14 .     In the applicant’s submission, he had been suffering from severe pain and had remained under the influence of medication he had received in the hospital before his arrest. The officers had insisted that he confess to supplying drugs and “surrender” the drugs he had on him. The officers told him that after this they would allow the provision of medical assistance to him and would allow him to call his family. According to the applicant, he had not had any drugs on him and thus had not been able to comply with the officers’ order. However, he had managed to talk to his wife using a mobile phone. B.     Criminal proceedings against the applicant 15 .     It appears that on 21 August 2003 Ms A., acting head of the Investigations Unit at Obruchevskiy police station, interviewed the applicant in the presence of lawyer To., who advised him to admit to the charges. The applicant made self-incriminating statements. The record of this interrogation was subsequently invalidated by the trial court because the applicant had not been properly informed that any self-incriminating statements he made could subsequently be used to convict him. 16 .     The applicant claimed before the Court that he had complained to the investigator of the use of force during his arrest. In view of his psychiatric illness, for which he was receiving medication, the stress he had felt following his arrest and his physical suffering from the fracture of his jaw, he had not insisted on his complaint being recorded in the written record.   It appears that by a decision of 12   August 2004 the Moscow Bar Association decided that To. should be disbarred. The Bar Association established that, being told by the applicant of his psychiatric condition and his jaw injury, counsel had not sought any forensic examination or lodged any motions before the courts or submissions before the public authorities involved . 17 .     Also on 21 August 2003, investigator F. of the Investigations Unit at Obruchevskiy police station interviewed S., who made the following statement: “Some time ago I met T. and learnt that he consumed drugs. He told me that he had been buying them from Levan, who supplied large quantities and always had drugs on him ... T. dismissed my request to meet Levan ... I was waiting for an occasion to see Levan when I happened to meet with T. It happened on the same day, 20 August 2003, when I went to T.’s place. He told me that Levan would arrive soon. T. did not tell me that Levan would bring heroin but I guessed that he would ... When I again asked to be introduced to Levan, T. told me that Levan would call again and that we would meet him. I did not specify why I wanted to meet Levan ... When we met (for the first time), I took him aside and asked him to sell me some heroin. He accepted. I gave him 100 dollars and 3,000 roubles and he gave me a black parcel ...” S. added a handwritten note to the record stating that T. had only told him about the possibility of buying drugs from Levan and that T. had not previously bought any drugs from him. 18.     S. died in October 2003. 19.     The applicant was charged with unlawful procurement, possession and supply of heroin.   On an unspecified date, the applicant retracted his earlier statement alleging that the drugs had been planted on him in the police station. He asked for a confrontation to be held with the attesting witnesses who had been present during his body search on 20 August 2003. 20.     The criminal case against the applicant was set for trial before the Gagarinskiy District Court in Moscow. A number of trial hearings were held between November 2003 and April 2004. 21.     It appears that in or around November 2003 new counsel was assigned or retained to defend the applicant. Counsel complained before the trial court about the issues relating to the use of excessive force against the applicant during his arrest. 22.     At the trial the applicant stated that he had agreed to supply two anti-anxiety pills to T. According to the applicant, the drugs had been planted on him at the police station.   The trial judge examined the applicant’s version of events, heard a number of witnesses on his behalf and dismissed the applicant’s arguments as unfounded. 23 .     The court heard Mr Ma., who had allegedly taken the applicant in his car to T.’s place. Ma. affirmed that he had seen two men approach the applicant, who had presented some documents. As soon as a third man had arrived, they had started to twist the applicant’s arms and use “wrestling techniques”. Being afraid, Ma. had left in his car. 24.     The trial court also heard Ms Ko., who stated that she had attended the same school as S. and that S. had introduced her to drugs. She had last seen him in 1996. According to Ko., S. had been a police informant. The trial court noted that this statement was unsubstantiated and based on conjecture. The court concluded that it could not cast doubt on S.’s voluntary decision to assist the police in uncovering criminal activities relating to drug trafficking. 25.     The trial judge declared admissible most pieces of physical and other evidence collected during the test purchase and thereafter. Despite the applicant’s objections, the trial judge declared S.’s pre-trial deposition admissible. Upon the applicant’s request, the court heard a handwriting expert who testified that he had “serious doubts” that the statement made on 20 August 2003 and the subsequent deposition had been signed by the same person. 26.     Although the money and the parcel of heroin were not presented at the trial, the judge based her assessment on the relevant written record. 27.     The court heard T., who had introduced S. to the applicant. T. submitted that he had known the applicant for four years and that S. had been aware that the applicant had “healed” his drug addiction. T. had dismissed S.’s requests to meet the applicant because T. had owed USD   1,000 to the applicant and had not wanted to see him. After S. had offered to advance up to USD 300 to T. if he arranged a meeting, T. had called the applicant and had asked him for some medication he could not buy himself. After some hesitation, the applicant had agreed to meet T. Later on, S. had returned to T.’s place and had handed over USD   100 and RUB 3,000 to T. When the applicant had arrived, T. had handed over the money to him. At that point, the applicant was first told of S. and introduced to him. The applicant had told S. that he could not help him with his drug addiction. 28 .     The court also examined T.’s pre-trial statement in which he had stated that S. had asked him where he had acquired drugs. T. had replied vaguely that he knew someone called Levan who could supply a substantial quantity of drugs and normally had drugs on him. T. had told S. that he did not buy drugs from him. Without specifying the purpose, S. had asked to meet Levan. When S. had arrived at T.’s place on 20   August 2003, the applicant had been about to arrive too. They had all met in front of the house. S. had talked to the applicant about something. 29.     At the trial the applicant maintained that the officers, in particular Officer M., had beaten him up during his arrest and that one of them had hit him on the face with a gun; he, however, admitted that he had resisted handcuffing. 30 .     Officer K. was questioned at the trial as a witness, having been warned that he could face criminal liability for false testimony or a refusal to testify. The officer agreed to testify and was interviewed in the presence of the applicant. The officer stated that he had had to use a combat fighting/wrestling technique and to handcuff the applicant with one hand because he had been swinging his hands and had tried to escape; that he and the applicant had fallen to the ground on several occasions; that he had sustained a cut lip but had not sought medical assistance; and that there had been no visible injuries on the applicant after the arrest and that he had not had any difficulty talking. 31 .     Officers Su. and M. were also questioned at the trial and confirmed K.’s testimony. Investigator F. affirmed that she had not been alerted to any physical or psychological duress against the applicant, and that counsel had been present during the interviews. 32.     In the meantime, on 15 April 2004 the Gagarinskiy district prosecutor refused to bring criminal proceedings against the officers (see paragraph 43 below). 33.     By a judgment of 30 April 2004 the District Court convicted the applicant of the procurement, possession and supply of heroin. It sentenced him to eight years’ imprisonment. 34.     The applicant appealed. He argued that the statements of the police officers and S. were contradictory and should not have served as a basis for convicting him; and that there were discrepancies between the timing of various events and the compiling of related procedural documents. 35.     On 17 August 2004 the Moscow City Court upheld the judgment. 36.     On 13 March 2009 the Presidium of the City Court considered that since the drugs had been seized during a test purchase from the applicant, he should be convicted of an attempted offence relating to the supply of drugs. The Presidium Court “excluded” his conviction of procurement and possession of drugs. As a result of this supervisory review, the applicant was sentenced to seven years and six months’ imprisonment. C.     The inquiry into the allegation of police brutality 37 .     From 20 or 21 to 24 August 2003 the applicant was held in a temporary detention centre. On 24 August 2003 Moscow remand centre no.   77/2 refused to admit him in view of his apparent injuries. Before or after this, the applicant was taken to the trauma unit in hospital no.   1. In the afternoon, he was taken to hospital no.   36, where a doctor confirmed that he had suffered a fracture of the jaw.   The applicant was then detained in the medical unit of remand centre no.   77/1 from 24 August to 8 September 2003 and was provided with medical assistance in relation to the fracture of the jaw. Thereafter, the applicant was kept in remand centre no.   77/2. 38 .     According to the applicant, he complained about his state of health in the temporary detention centre and remand centre no.   77/2. There was no inquiry about the use of force against him during the arrest, neither in these detention facilities nor after his admission to remand centre no.   77/1. 39.     The applicant submitted that on an unspecified date he had written to the Prosecutor General’s Office complaining of ill-treatment during and after his arrest on 20 August 2003. He received no reply. 40.     In October 2003 the applicant gave his wife written authority to act on his behalf and represent him before various public authorities. 41 .     While the applicant’s trial was pending (see above), on 19 March 2004 his wife complained to various public authorities, including the prosecutor’s office, alleging that the case against the applicant had been “fabricated”, that the evidence had been manipulated and that the applicant had been ill-treated during his arrest. 42.     On an unspecified date, an initial inquiry ( доследственная проверка ) was opened. 43 .     Officer M. stated that they had had to restrain the applicant using a wrestling technique because he had resisted arrest. Officers K. and Su. submitted that the applicant had actively resisted arrest. Officer R. stated that in the police station the applicant had been “in good health”, without any bodily injuries and had provided clear answers to various questions.   On 15 April 2004 the Gagarinskiy district prosecutor refused to bring criminal proceedings against the officers for abuse of power (Article 286 of the Criminal Code). The prosecutor relied on the depositions made by the officers and referred to the applicant’s statements made during his trial. 44.     The applicant’s wife sought judicial review of the above refusal. She argued that the initial inquiry had not been thorough, and asked the court to order a forensic report in order to clarify whether the applicant’s injuries had been sustained (i) during his and K.’s falling down to the ground following the use of a combat fighting or wrestling technique by this officer, or (ii) because K. had hit him with a gun handle/barrel. 45.     On 18 June 2004 the Gagarinskiy District Court examined the above refusal on judicial review. Having heard the applicant’s wife and a lawyer, the court upheld the refusal, noting that the prosecutor’s decision had relied on the depositions made by the officers and “other witnesses who had testified at the trial”. Lastly, the court stated that it had no jurisdiction to order a forensic medical examination of the applicant’s injuries. 46 .     On 7   July 2004 the Moscow City Court upheld the first-instance judgment. It held as follows: “The [lower] court confirmed the conclusions of the inquiry to the effect that [the applicant] had sustained a fracture of the jaw during his arrest when he displayed resistance to the police”. 47.     However, on 24 September 2004 the higher prosecutor annulled the refusal of 15 April 2004. He indicated that the inquiry had been insufficiently thorough because some of the allegations made by the applicant’s wife had not been properly assessed; and several persons had not been interviewed, including investigator F., who had dealt with the applicant’s criminal case, and the attesting witnesses who had been present on 20 August 2003. 48.     In the resumed inquiry, Mr Ro. stated that he had been an attesting witness and that “all measures relating to the applicant taken in his presence had been lawful”. Investigator F. made no statement relating to the alleged ill-treatment. Instead, she refuted the allegation concerning the alleged seizure of money from the applicant. 49.     On 21 October 2004 another prosecutor in the Gagarinskiy District Prosecutor’s Office refused to prosecute the officers under Article 286 of the Criminal Code. The refusal referred to various testimonies given at the trial and the factual and legal findings made in respect of the applicant in the trial judgment. 50 .     The higher prosecutor confirmed this decision on 25   October 2004.   However, on 27 December 2004 the District Court annulled the refusal of 21 October 2004. It indicated in substance that the complaint concerned allegations of ill-treatment and abusive use of force, rather than abuse of power. 51.     A further inquiry was entrusted to the same district prosecutor. On 11 March 2005 he issued a decision refusing to prosecute the officers for abuse of power, forced testimony and falsification of evidence (Articles 286, 301-303, 306-307 of the Criminal Code). It appears that that decision was later annulled for unspecified reasons. 52 .     On 14 September 2005 the district prosecutor re-examined the above matters and again refused to prosecute the officers. The prosecutor referred to a medical forensic report of an unspecified date which had concluded that the applicant had suffered a haematoma in his left scapular area. This haematoma did not amount to health damage by national standards. In view of the absence of any description of the haematoma (colour, form, size, etc.), it was not possible to determine the timing of this injury. 53.     On 7 November 2005 the Moscow deputy prosecutor annulled the above decision and held that the lower prosecutor should have collected more medical evidence and should have commissioned a forensic report in order to determine the origin and the exact nature of the injuries. 54 .     During the resumed inquiry, the applicant’s medical file compiled in the remand centre had been seized. The State forensic expert office refused to carry out a forensic examination in the absence of the X-ray images taken in the hospital in August 2003. However, the prosecutor had had access to the applicant’s medical file compiled in prison, including recent X-ray images. On 22   February 2006 an expert issued a report indicating that in addition to the hematoma the applicant had sustained bruises on his right shoulder-blade, hips, his left iliac region and both sides of the groin. Those bruises had been inflicted by blows with a solid item or items. However, the expert was unable to determine the date when they had been sustained due to the “incompleteness of the initial information”. According to the information in the applicant’s remand file, the applicant had suffered a closed fracture of the jaw. However, the expert was again unable to confirm that it had been sustained in August 2003. 55.     The prosecutor also heard Ms A., the investigator who had interviewed the applicant on 21 August 2003 (see paragraph 15 above). She stated that she could not remember the circumstances of that interview well, but stated that she had not been aware that the applicant had been suffering from a psychiatric condition. 56.     On 17 March 2006 the district prosecutor decided not to institute criminal proceedings against the officers . 57.     On 5 July 2006 the Moscow deputy prosecutor annulled the above decision and ordered the district prosecutor to take measures to obtain the applicant’s medical file compiled in hospital no. 36. It appeared that the file was, at the time, in the possession of an Officer P. The Moscow deputy prosecutor also required that the lower prosecutor ask for official confirmation that the remand centre had not been (or no longer was) in possession of the applicant’s 2003 X-ray images; and that an expert be provided with a copy of the officers’ statements on the use of force. 58.     On 11 January 2007 the expert confirmed the findings made in the report of 22 February 2006. 59.     On 25 January 2007 the district prosecutor re-examined the matter and refused to prosecute the officers . In addition to his previous findings, he added that he had received the applicant’s hospital file and had ordered a new forensic report. 60.     On 3 April 2007 that decision was annulled, because the prosecutor had not properly examined the complaint relating to the test purchase and the alleged falsification of procedural documents. 61.     On 9 June 2007 the district prosecutor issued a new refusal to initiate criminal proceedings, upholding the findings made in the decision of 25   January 2007 in relation to the alleged ill-treatment. 62.     The applicant sought judicial review of the above refusal. On 4   December 2007 the District Court annulled the decision of 9   June 2007 because the district prosecutor had not properly addressed the ill-treatment complaint. On 23   January 2008 the City Court set aside this judgment. 63 .     Having re-examined the case, on 8 February 2008 another District Court judge upheld the decision of 9 June 2007. On 12 March 2008 the City Court upheld that judgment. II.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE A.     Investigative techniques 64.     The Operational-Search Activities Act 1995 (Federal Law no.   144-FZ of 12 August 1995) provides for overt or covert activities carried out by operational divisions of certain State agencies (section 1 of the Act). Operational-search activities are aimed at detecting, preventing, intercepting and investigating criminal offences, as well as searching for and identifying those responsible for planning or committing them (section 2). A person who considers that an agency conducting operational-search activities has acted in breach of his or her rights and freedoms may challenge the acts of that agency before a higher-ranking agency conducting operational-search activities, a prosecutor’s office or a court (section 5). On 24 July 2007 section 5 of the Act was amended to prohibit agencies conducting operational-search activities from directly or indirectly inducing or inciting the commission of offences. 65.     Operational-search activities may be performed when there are pending criminal proceedings or information has been obtained by the agencies conducting operational-search activities which indicates that an offence is being planned or has already been committed, or points to persons who are planning or committing or have committed an offence, if there is insufficient evidence for a decision to institute criminal proceedings (section 7). Test purchases or infiltration by agents of the agencies conducting operational-search activities or individuals assisting them, must be carried out pursuant to an order issued by the head of the agency conducting operational-search activities (section 8). 66.     Information gathered as a result of operational-search activities may be used for the preparation and conduct of the investigation and court proceedings and used as evidence in criminal proceedings in accordance with legal provisions regulating the collection, evaluation and assessment of evidence (section 11). B.     Use of force by the police and medical assistance to detainees 67.     The Police Act 1991 (Federal Law no.   1026-I of 18 April 1991) authorises police officers to use physical force, including combat fighting techniques, for putting an end to criminal offences, for apprehending offenders, and for overcoming resistance to lawful orders, if less intrusive means have not allowed the officer(s) to fulfil his or her functions (section 13 of the Act). 68.     Everyone should comply with a lawful order given by a police officer. Failure to comply with such an order or obstruction in relation to such an order entails legal liability on the part of the person concerned. Police officers cannot be held responsible for pecuniary, non-pecuniary or health damage which was caused by the use of physical force, if the damage is proportionate to the force applied to the person concerned (section 23 of the Act). 69.     According to the Internal Regulations for Temporary Detention Centres, adopted by the Ministry of the Interior on 26 January 1996, the officer on duty at a detention centre should question detainees upon their arrival there as to their state of health and possible complaints (§ 9.3). If a complaint has been raised, or in view of the detainee’s visible injuries or symptoms, the officer should immediately call for an emergency squad. The above matters should be recorded in the relevant logbook. If the detainee has sustained physical injuries, his medical examination should be carried out at a hospital without delay or at another medical institution upon the detainee’s request. 70.     Pursuant to the Internal Regulations for Remand Centres, adopted by the Ministry of Justice on 12 May 2000 and amended in 2002, on their arrival at the remand centre detainees should undergo a medical check (§§   16 and 130). If physical injuries have been detected, the medical staff should issue a certificate and an inquiry should be ordered. Its conclusions should be forwarded to a prosecutor, who should decide whether or not to open a criminal case (§§ 16 and 137). THE LAW I.     ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION 71.     The applicant complained under Article 3 of the Convention that he had been ill-treated up by police officers on 20 and 21 August 2003, and that there had been no effective investigation into the alleged ill-treatment. 72.     Article 3 of the Convention reads as follows: “No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” A.     The parties’ submissions 1.     The applicant 73.     The applicant alleged that he had been ill-treated during his arrest. There had been no proof of the applicant’s active resistance to his arrest. He had complied with the officers’ orders and had presented his identity documents. He had not been warned that force could be used against him. His resistance had been no more than a spontaneous reaction to the unexpected recourse to force against him and the physical pain caused by the twisting of his arm by the officer. The ensuing beatings and his being hit with a gun had been both unlawful and disproportionate. 74.     The applicant also argued that later on in the police station he had also been ill-treated, intimidated and threatened in order to obtain a confession (see paragraphs 12-14 above). 75.     Furthermore, the applicant contended that all his complaints, including those made before the investigator on 21   August 2003, had been left unanswered. No inquiry had been initiated to promptly deal with his allegations of ill-treatment. 2.     The Government 76.     The Government submitted that the applicant had actively resisted his arrest on 20 August 2003. The police had lawfully used physical force against him, which thus could not have amounted to a form of degrading or inhuman treatment. Later on, the applicant had been interviewed in the presence of a lawyer and had made no complaints about his health. All circumstances relating to the arrest had been subject to a through inquiry, which had included the collection of depositions (from the police officers, other public officials, the lawyer and others) and medical evidence such as a forensic examination. B.     The Court’s assessment 1.     Admissibility 77.     The Court notes that this part of the application is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible. 2.     Merits (a)     Use of force against the applicant and alleged beatings (i)     General principles 78.     The Court reiterates that Article 3 of the Convention prohibits in absolute terms torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In order to fall within the scope of Article 3 , the ill-treatment must attain a minimum level of severity, the assessment of which depends on all the circumstances of the case, such as the duration of the treatment, its physical or mental effects and, in some cases, the sex, age and state of health of the victim (see, among other authorities, Ireland v. the United Kingdom , 18   January 1978, §   162, Series   A no.   25). 79.     In respect of a person deprived of his liberty, recourse to physical force which has not been made strictly necessary by his own conduct diminishes human dignity and is in principle an infringement of the right set forth in Article 3 of the Convention (see, among others, Labita v. Italy [GC], no. 26772/95, § 120, ECHR 2000 ‑ IV, and Ribitsch v. Austria , 4   December 1995, § 38, Series A no. 336, concerning allegations of ill-treatment in police custody or detention facilities). 80.     In respect of recourse to physical force during an arrest, the Court reiterates that while Article 3 does not prohibit the use of force for effecting a lawful arrest, such force must not be excessive (see, among others, Polyakov v. Russia , no. 77018/01, § 25, 29 January 2009). 81.     The Court reiterates that, in view of the subsidiary nature of its role, it must be cautious in taking on the role of a   first-instance tribunal of fact where this is not rendered unavoidable by the circumstances of a particular case. The Court has held in various contexts that where domestic proceedings have taken place, it is not the Court’s task to substitute its own assessment of the facts for that of the domestic courts and, as a general rule, it is for those courts to assess the evidence before them (see, among other authorities, Giuliani and Gaggio v. Italy [GC], no. 23458/02, §§ 179 and 180, 24 March 2011). Although the Court is not bound by the findings of domestic courts, in normal circumstances it requires cogent elements to lead it to depart from the findings of fact reached by those courts (ibid.). 82.     At the same time, in accordance with Article 19 of the Convention, the Court’s duty is to ensure the observance of the engagements undertaken by the Contracting Parties to the Convention. Where allegations are made under Article 3 of the Convention, the Court must apply a particularly thorough scrutiny. 83.     In assessing evidence in cases concerning Article 3 of the Convention, the Court has generally applied the standard of proof “beyond reasonable doubt”. However, it has never been its purpose to borrow the approach of the national legal systems that use that standard. Its role is not to rule on criminal guilt or civil liability but on Contracting States’ responsibility under the Convention. The specificity of its task under Article 19 of the Convention – to ensure the observance by the Contracting States of their engagement to secure the fundamental rights enshrined in the Convention – conditions its approach to the issues of evidence and proof. In proceedings before the Court, there are no procedural barriers to the admissibility of evidence or pre-determined formulae for its assessment. It adopts the conclusions that are, in its view, supported by the free evaluation of all evidence, including such inferences as may flow from the facts and the parties’ submissions. According to its established case-law, proof may follow from the coexistence of sufficiently strong, clear and concordant inferences or of similar unrebutted presumptions of fact. Moreover, the level of persuasion necessary for reaching a particular conclusion and, in this connection, the distribution of the burden of proof, are intrinsically linked to the specificity of the facts, the nature of the allegation made and the Convention right at stake. The Court is also attentive to the seriousness that attaches to a ruling that a Contracting State has violated fundamental rights (see Nachova and Others v. Bulgaria [GC], nos. 43577/98 and 43579/98, §   147, ECHR 2005-VII). 84.     Convention proceedings do not in all cases lend themselves to a strict application of the principle affirmanti incumbit probatio . The Court reiterates its case-law under Articles 2 and 3 of the Convention to the effect that where the events in issue lie within the exclusive knowledge of the authorities, as in the case of persons under their control in custody, strong presumptions of fact will arise in respect of injuries and death occurring during that detention. The burden of proof in such a case may be regarded as resting on the authorities to provide a satisfactory and convincing explanation (see Salman v. Turkey [GC], no. 21986/93, § 100, ECHR 2000-VII; Çakıcı v. Turkey [GC], no. 23657/94, § 85, ECHR 1999-IV; and Creangă v. Romania [GC], no. 29226/03, § 90, 23 February 2012). (ii)     Application of the principles to the present case 85.     Along with the allegation of beating during his arrest, the applicant also alleged before the Court that after he was taken to the police station the arresting officer(s) had punched and kicked him. It remains unclear, however, whether this allegation was sufficiently raised in the domestic proceedings. The domestic decisions and the Government’s observations contain no specific findings in this respect. The Court will assess whether the use of force during the applicant’s arrest was excessive, presuming that that all the injuries (complained of and documented) were sustained during the arrest. 86.     The applicant sustained a fracture of the jaw and some other injuries (see paragraphs 37, 46, 52 and 54 above).   Although some of the injuries did not constitute damage to health by national standards, this does not prevent the national authorities and the Court from establishing whether those injuries were sufficiently serious to reach the “minimum level of severity” under Article 3 of the Convention. Giving an affirmative answer to this, it remains for the Court to examine whether the State should be held responsible under Article 3 for the injuries. 87.     The domestic inquiry concluded that the applicant had resisted a lawful arrest and that the police officers had had to apply physical force and handcuffing to overcome the applicant’s resistance. 88.     Bearing in mind the difficulties involved in policing modern societies, the unpredictability of human conduct and the operational choices which must be made in terms of priorities and resources, the Court has previously stated, particularly in the context of Article 2 of the Convention, that an impossible burden should not be imposed on the authorities when they have to face situations of disorder or violence capable of giving rise to unpredictable developments (see Makaratzis v. Greece [GC], no. 50385/99, § 69, ECHR 2004 ‑ XI, and Zelilof v. Greece , no.   17060/03, § 48, 24 May 2007). 89.     According to the Court’s case-law, the substantive limb of Article 3 of the Convention requires that a proper assessment of an allegedly excessive use of force should determine whether the degree of physical force was excessive, having regard to the relevant circumstances such as the person’s own conduct. Turning to the circumstances of the present case, the Court is not satisfied that the domestic inquiry in the present case resulted in an assessment which corresponded, at least in substance, to this requirement. Nor did the judicial proceedings under Article 125 of the CCrP cure any related defects. 90.     The Court observes that the applicant’s injuries were sustained during a police operation. Nothing in the circumstances of the present case disclosed any particular urgency. Thus, the authorities should have been able to plan their operation (see Rehbock v. Slovenia , no.   29462/95, § 72, ECHR 2000 ‑ XII). In this connection, it transpires that the police operation was carried out by three police officers, who also effected the applicant’s arrest. It appears that before proceeding to arrest the applicant, they identified themselves and asked the applicant to produce his identity document, which he did. The subsequent events are a matter of disagreement between the parties. 91 .     The Court was not provided with any reports or depositions made in August 2003 by the police officers, for instance to their superiors, in relation to the use of force or firearms during the applicant’s arrest. The domestic decisions taken in 2004 and thereafter mentioned the applicant’s resistance during the arrest, at times qualifying it as active. Indeed, Officer K. stated at the applicant’s criminal trial that while he was trying to apprehend the applicant, the latter’s resistance had caused them to fall down to the ground. This might have accounted for certain minor injuries. Similarly, it might be relevant to assess whether the officer(s) sustained any injuries during the applicant’s arrest. However, it does not follow from the available decisions that these factors were part of the domestic assessment during the inquiry. 92.     The Court is not oblivious to the fact that the Police Act authorised police officers to use physical force, if less intrusive means had not allowed the officer(s) to fulfil his or her functions (section 13 of the Act). Police officers could not be held responsible for damage which was caused by the use of physical force, if the damage was proportionate to the force applied to the person concerned (section 23 of the Act). 93 .     In fact, in the present case no fair attempt was made to ascertain exactly what such resistance had consisted of (an attempt to run away, use of coarse language, use of martial arts, or some other form of resistance) or to determine the exact scope of the officers’ perception of the situation, their actual reaction to it and the proportionality of such reaction. In particular, the Court is not convinced that the injuries, in particular the fracture of the jaw, were caused during the applicant’s and the officer’s falling down to the ground following the use of a combat fighting or wrestling technique by this officer. No clear stance was taken by the inquiring authority as to whether any officer was in possession of a firearm and could have used it to inflict the facture of the jaw, as was