CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 7 janvier 2014

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text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s7CB9076 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s216DBE45 { width:187.29pt; display:inline-block } .s7602FED2 { width:18.21pt; display:inline-block } .sC1AC44A4 { width:228.11pt; display:inline-block }       SECOND SECTION               CASE OF A.A. v. SWITZERLAND   (Application no. 58802/12)               JUDGMENT         STRASBOURG   7 January 2014     FINAL   07/04/2014   This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.   In the case of A.A. v. Switzerland, The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Guido Raimondi, President,   Peer Lorenzen,   Dragoljub Popović,   Nebojša Vučinić,   Paulo Pinto de Albuquerque,   Helen Keller,   Egidijus Kūris, judges, and Stanley Naismith, Section Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 3 December 2013, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 58802/12) against the Swiss Confederation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Sudanese national, Mr A.A. (“the applicant”), on 11   September 2012. The President of the Section acceded to the applicant’s request not to have his name disclosed (Rule 47 § 3 of the Rules of Court). 2.     The applicant was represented by Mrs S. Motz and Mr T. Hassan, lawyers practising in Zurich. The Swiss Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr F. Schürmann, and their Deputy Agent, Mr A. Scheidegger, of the Federal Office of Justice. 3.     The applicant alleged that his expulsion to Sudan would be in breach of Article 3 of the Convention and, furthermore, that there had been a violation of Article 13 in combination with Article 3 of the Convention because he had had no effective remedy at his disposal regarding the establishment of his origins, the Swiss authorities having failed in their obligations in this regard. 4.     Pending the proceedings before the Court the applicant requested that Rule 39 of the Rules of Court be applied. On 14 September 2012 the Vice-President of the Second Section, to which the case was allocated, decided to apply Rule 39 of the Rules of Court, and to grant priority to the application under Rule 41. 5.     On 14 September 2012 the application was communicated to the Government under Article 3 of the Convention. It was also decided to rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same time (Article   29 § 1). 6.     On 11 June 2013 the President of the Section further required the parties to submit observations to the Court under Article 13 in combination with Article 3 of the Convention (Rule 54 § 2 (c) of the Rules of Court). THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 7.     The applicant claimed that he was born in 1985 in Zalingei, a village near the town of Kutum in the region of North Darfur, Sudan. He currently lives in the Canton of Zurich. 8.     He also claimed to belong to the Fur ethnic group through his paternal line, and the Bergo ethnic group through his maternal line. He further alleged to have lived in Zalingei until 25 July 2004, when he had had to flee his village. He stated that shortly before he fled, his father had been killed and he had been mistreated by the Janjaweed, a militia that operates in Darfur and is in conflict with Darfur rebel groups, the Sudan Liberation Movement (hereinafter “the SLM”) and the Justice and Equality Movement (hereinafter “the JEM”). His village had been burnt down by them, many of its inhabitants had been killed, and had had their cattle stolen. On 25   July   2004 he travelled from his home region to Port Sudan, from where he left by boat on 1 August 2004. Twenty days later he arrived in Calais, France, from where he went by train to Paris and then Geneva. 9.     The applicant entered Switzerland on 23 August 2004 and applied for asylum the same day to the (former) Federal Office for Refugees ( Bundesamt f ü r Flüchtlinge – hereinafter “the FOR”). Since he was unable to produce any identity papers, on 13 September 2004 the FOR carried out a so-called “Lingua analysis”, during which his cultural knowledge and Arab dialect were assessed by an expert in order to ascertain whether he originated from North Darfur. The FOR also held a hearing as per Article 29 of the Asylum Act. By a decision of 25 October 2004 it dismissed the applicant’s asylum request, ruling that the Lingua analyst had demonstrated that the applicant definitely originated from Sudan but, owing to his Arab dialect, had concluded that he had most probably been socialised in Central or East Sudan, not in Darfur. The FOR further held that the applicant’s statements regarding the region he allegedly originated from, the itinerary he had taken while fleeing, and the whereabouts of his relatives had been contradictory, incomplete or partly wrong. He had shown difficulties in pinpointing neighbouring towns and refugee camps near to the village where he had grown up, as well as in describing street conditions and the climatic particularities of that region. His knowledge of the Janjaweed had also been incomplete. Those inconsistencies led the FOR to conclude that the applicant’s declarations regarding his origins in North Darfur and the expulsion from his village at the hands of the Janjaweed were implausible. He could therefore safely be returned to Sudan without being put at risk of treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention. 10.     The applicant appealed against this decision to the (former) Swiss Appeal Board for Asylum ( Schweizerische Asylrekurskommission – hereinafter “the Appeal Board”). Specifically asked in those proceedings for personal documents, he stated that he had never possessed identity papers, and that all his other personal documents had been burnt during the Janjaweed’s assault on his house. He had only known his date of birth because his parents had told him. On 15   February 2005 the Appeal Board endorsed the FOR’s decision. In this decision it was also established that the FOR had breached the applicant’s right to be heard because it had not given him an opportunity to contest the results of the Lingua analysis. The applicant had however been able to submit comments on the Lingua Analysis to the Appeal Board. The FOR’s procedural failure had therefore been remedied. 11.     After January 2008 the domestic authorities assumed that the applicant had left Switzerland unchecked. On 2 January 2009 he was however arrested and imprisoned in St Gallen for illegal residence in Switzerland. 12.     On 7 January and 2 February 2009 respectively, the applicant lodged a second asylum request with the Federal Office for Migration (hereinafter “the FOM”), indicating that he had in the meantime become a political activist in Switzerland in such a way that he would face a real risk of persecution if expelled to Sudan. He explained that he had become an active member of the Sudan Liberation Movement-Unity (hereinafter “the SLM ‑ Unity”) in Switzerland, had been appointed its human rights officer, and had participated in several of its public activities since 2006. In addition, he also had become a member of the newly-founded Darfur Peace and Development Centre (hereinafter “the DFEZ”) in Switzerland. He stated that because of an interview broadcast on a local TV channel in Eastern Switzerland, as well as several press releases in which his name had appeared, the Sudanese authorities had certainly identified him as an SLM ‑ Unity member. It followed that if expelled, he would in all probability be arrested at the airport in Sudan and be exposed to a risk of treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention, not least because he originated from Darfur, had applied for asylum abroad and had spent many years outside his home country. With regard to his origins, he submitted an official extract from the birth register in Sudan issued on 26 July 1987 stating that he was born in Kutum, North Darfur, and a petition signed by twenty Darfuris living in Switzerland who confirmed that he originated from that region. 13.     On 15 May 2009 the FOM dismissed the applicant’s second asylum request; however, that decision was quashed on appeal by the Federal Administrative Court (hereinafter “the FAC”) on 28 May 2009. It ruled that, in accordance with domestic law, the FOM was under an obligation to consider the applicant’s allegation regarding his political activities and possible grounds for asylum on the merits, and to conduct an oral hearing with him. 14.     In the ensuing proceedings, the FOM formally granted the applicant the right to be heard regarding his political activities and possible grounds for asylum. The applicant thereby submitted his member pass for the SLM ‑ Unity Switzerland, a membership confirmation letter from the president of that organisation, several pictures of himself at its demonstrations and meetings, and his entry passes to sessions of the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2009 and 2010. 15.     By a decision of 8 June 2012 the FOM rejected the applicant’s asylum request. It ruled that he had only joined the SLM-Unity after he had left his home country and after his first asylum request had been dismissed in 2005. He had not proven that he had in-depth knowledge of the structure and agenda of the SLM-Unity, nor had he been able to precisely describe his responsibilities as human rights officer of that organisation. According to the FOM, it was therefore evident that his political activities only served to create subjective post-flight grounds ( subjektive Nachfluchtgründe ). Furthermore, his statements regarding the interview given to the local TV channel had been very vague, and it was not established that the interview had been broadcast at national or international level. While the FOM did not dispute that the Sudanese government was monitoring political activities of opposition leaders abroad, it held that the authorities were only focusing on people with a high political profile. They did not have the resources to monitor people like the applicant, whose activities were carried out at low level. It was therefore unlikely that his political involvement had attracted their attention. In addition, the FOM ruled that the applicant, who had failed to submit identity papers and had made contradictory statements regarding his ethnicity, could a fortiori be returned to Sudan because the Lingua analysis had shown that he did not originate from Darfur, but from Central or East Sudan. Even assuming that he did originate from Darfur, this would not prevent him from relocating to another part of Sudan, for example Khartoum. It was also established that he had family ties in Sudan, and that his professional experience would facilitate his return. 16.     The applicant appealed against this decision to the FAC. Regarding his origins in Darfur, he claimed that the FOM had ignored his birth certificate and had insisted on using the results of the Lingua analysis without explaining the discrepancies between the two documents. With respect to the assessment of his Arab accent in the Lingua analysis, he stated that he had learnt its correct pronunciation at the madrasa (Koran school) and not from his parents. Furthermore, if he did not originate from Darfur and had not personally experienced the people’s suffering there or lost almost all his relatives in the conflict, he would never have become so actively involved in the political cause of that region. Regarding his political activities, the applicant further stated that he had been the human rights officer of the SLM-Unity in Switzerland since 2009 and as such had participated in many political activities and international meetings. On one occasion, he had even met the current Sudanese president’s brother in the United Nations building in Geneva, and had had an argument with him. He claimed to have appeared in the national and international news, on CNN, and to have featured with his picture in the St Galler Tagblatt , a Swiss newspaper. Therefore, he had certainly attracted the attention of the Sudanese authorities. Owing to his political involvement and to the general situation in Darfur, he alleged that he would be subjected to treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention if expelled there. 17.     On 6 August 2012 the FAC dismissed the applicant’s appeal. It held that the applicant’s statements regarding the itinerary he had taken while fleeing already lacked credibility. Owing to rigid border controls, it was according to them almost impossible to get to Calais without any travel documents, even if they were only forged. The applicant should therefore have been able to submit some form of travel document. The FAC further considered that the birth certificate submitted had no value as evidence. It ruled that it could have been forged, since in Sudan such certificates were obtainable in exchange for bribes. However, even assuming that it was authentic, it was only evidence that the applicant had been born in Darfur, but not where he had grown up and been socialised. By contrast, the Lingua analysis of 21 September 2004 gave clear answers to those questions and had shown that the applicant originated from Central Sudan. Regarding the applicant’s political involvement, the FAC endorsed the FOM’s findings that his profile was not so high that it would have attracted the Sudanese government’s attention or created a risk of persecution if returned to Sudan. The applicant’s expulsion would therefore not be in breach of Article 3 of the Convention. 18.     On 27 August 2012 the applicant’s representative asked the FOM for access to the transcript of the Lingua analysis. By letter of 3   September   2012 it informed the representative that the applicant could listen to the interview conducted by the expert at its offices, but that the transcript contained some confidential information so could not be provided in full. The following details could be disclosed. The expert who had carried out the analysis originated from Central Sudan, where he had lived for thirty   years; he had a university degree in linguistics, and had worked for the FOM since August 2003. He had interviewed the applicant on the following subjects regarding Sudan: (i) government and administration; (ii) agriculture; (iii) geography and (public) transport; (iv) traditions and customs; and (v) daily life. The applicant had answered all the questions correctly. His knowledge of his mother tongue Bargu had also been tested, but he had been unable to count from one to ten in Bargu and his Arab dialect had resembled more that of someone from Central or East Sudan. The applicant had also lacked knowledge of a plant commonly grown in Darfur. The expert had therefore concluded that the applicant certainly originated from (Central) Sudan, but not from Darfur. II.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION ON SUDAN A. Domestic Law 19.     Articles 3, 7, 29 and 54 of the Asylum Act of 26 June 1998, as in force at the relevant time, read as follows: Art. 3: Definition of the term refugee “1. Refugees are persons who in their native country or in their country of last residence are subject to serious disadvantages or have a well-founded fear of being exposed to such disadvantages for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or on account of their political opinions.   2. Serious disadvantages include a threat to life, physical integrity or freedom as well as measures that exert intolerable psychological pressure. Motives for seeking asylum specific to women must be taken into account.   3. Persons who are subject to serious disadvantages or have a well-founded fear of being exposed to such disadvantages because they have refused to perform military service or have deserted are not refugees. The provisions of the Convention of 28   July   19511 relating to the Status of Refugees are reserved.” Art. 7: Proof of refugee status “1. Any person who applies for asylum must prove or at least credibly demonstrate their refugee status.   2. Refugee status is credibly demonstrated if the authority regards it as proven on the balance of probabilities.   3. Cases are not credible in particular if they are unfounded in essential points or are inherently contradictory, do not correspond to the facts or are substantially based on forged or falsified evidence.” Art. 29: Hearing on the grounds for asylum “1 . The Federal Office shall interview asylum seekers on their grounds for asylum: a. in reception centres; or b. in the canton, within 20 days of the decision on allocation   1bis . If necessary, an interpreter shall be summoned.   2 . Asylum seekers may be accompanied by a representative and interpreter of their choice who are not themselves asylum seekers.   3 . Minutes shall be taken of the hearing. They shall be signed by those in the hearing, with the exception of the representative of the charitable organisations.   4 . The Federal Office may entrust the cantonal authorities with the conduct of the hearing if this leads to a considerable acceleration of the procedure. The hearing shall be conducted in accordance with paragraphs 1-3.” Art. 54 Subjective post-flight grounds “Refugees shall not be granted asylum if they only became refugees in accordance with Article 3 by leaving their native country or country of origin or on account of their conduct after their departure.” B.     Relevant international information on Sudan 1.     U.S. Department of State’s 2011 Country report on human rights practices, Sudan 20.     In the Executive Summary of its report, the U.S. Department of State observed that Sudan had been a republic transitioning, after the secession of South Sudan, toward a new constitution from a power-sharing arrangement established by the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement. The National Congress Party had controlled the government. The Republic of South Sudan had formally gained its independence in July 2011. Conflict had however continued in Darfur and in the three border areas of Abyei, Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile. 21.     The main human rights abuses documented had included government forces and government-aligned groups committing extrajudicial and other unlawful killings, security forces committing torture, beatings, rape and other cruel and inhuman treatment or punishment, and prison and detention conditions being harsh and life-threatening. Other major abuses had concerned arbitrary arrests and arbitrary, incommunicado, and prolonged pre-trial detention, executive interference with the judiciary and denial of due process and obstruction of humanitarian assistance. Except in rare cases, the government had not taken any steps to prosecute or punish officials in the security services and others in the government who had committed abuses. It was also reported that the government had harassed, arrested, beaten, and prosecuted human rights activists for their activities. Government security forces had beaten and tortured people in detention, including members of the political opposition, civil society activists, and journalists. These people had often been subsequently released without charge. 2.     UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office’s 2012 Human Rights and Democracy Report and 2013 Country update on Sudan 22.     The Foreign and Commonwealth Office wrote that the human rights situation in Sudan had deteriorated in 2012, including new restrictions on civil and political rights. The ongoing conflict in Darfur and the border areas with South Sudan had led to a worsening humanitarian situation, with continued reports of indiscriminate military tactics employed by the Sudanese Armed Forces leading to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people within Sudan and into South Sudan. There had been widespread reports that security forces routinely carried out torture, beatings, rape and other cruel and inhumane treatment or punishment. Prison and detention centre conditions had sometimes been harsh and life threatening. With regard to NGO staff and political activists the Foreign and Commonwealth Office had received credible reports that they had been detained and interrogated by security services in 2012, particularly if they had been suspected of opposing the regime or of having links to the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement North (hereinafter “the SPLM-North”) or to South Sudan. 23.     In its Country update of 30 June 2013 on Sudan, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office also observed that the human rights situation there had deteriorated significantly between April and June 2013, largely due to escalating conflict and insecurity. Fighting between the Sudanese government and the Sudan Revolutionary Front (hereinafter “the SRF”, an alliance between the SPLM-North and the Justice and Equality Movement) had intensified. According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) figures, 63,000 people had been displaced in this fighting. Human rights groups also reported that the Sudanese government continued to detain without charge civilians suspected of being members of the SPLM-North in government-held areas in the Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile states. In Darfur, worsening insecurity had led to massive displacements, with the OCHA estimating that there had been over 300,000 new internally displaced people since the beginning of the year. Access to people affected by conflict in Darfur remained constrained owing to the Sudanese government’s new Directives for Humanitarian Work issued in March, under which access by international humanitarian organisations and their staff to conflict areas became fully restricted. 3.     Tenth periodic report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in the Sudan, 2008 24.     In its report dated 28 November 2008, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights observed that Darfuris in the Khartoum area had been at a heightened risk of being subjected to arbitrary arrests, in particular if they had been suspected of maintaining links with Darfuri rebel groups or political movements. Darfuris might have raised the suspicion of the security forces by the mere fact of travelling from other parts of Sudan to Darfur, by having travelled abroad, or by having been in contact with individuals and organisations abroad. United Nations human rights officers had conducted numerous interviews with Darfuris who had been arbitrarily arrested and detained. Many reported that they had been ill-treated and tortured. Reports on the questioning they had undergone in detention indicated that most of the detentions had been carried out to obtain information about Darfuri political groups and rebel movements. 4.     Non-Governmental Organisations’ reports 25.     The Amnesty International Annual Report 2013 on Sudan established that post-independence agreements on the sharing of oil, citizenship and border demarcation had continued to be negotiated with South Sudan. Conflict had however continued in Darfur and in the Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile states. The National Security Service (NSS) and other government agents had continued to commit human rights violations against perceived critics of the government for exercising their rights to freedom of expression, association and assembly. In reaction to demonstrations that started on 16 June 2012, the NSS had carried out a wave of arrests across civil society, detaining hundreds of individuals, including not only protesters, but also lawyers, NGO staff, doctors, and members of youth organisations and political parties – regardless of their involvement in the protests. Many had been detained without charge, or had been tried summarily for rioting or disrupting public order and sentenced to fines or lashes. Many of them had been tortured or otherwise ill-treated by the NSS. 26.     The Sudanese government had also continued its harassment of members of opposition groups. In October and November 2012, over 100   people suspected of being affiliated to the SPLM-North had been arrested in or around Kadugli and Dilling in Southern Kordofan. Grave human rights abuses had continued throughout Darfur amid continued fighting between the government and armed opposition groups, and a breakdown of government control over government-affiliated militias. Attacks on civilians by pro-government militias, aerial bombings, and looting and destruction of property had been widespread. 27.     The Human Rights Watch World Report 2013 on Sudan stated in its Executive Summary that Sudan’s relations with South Sudan had deteriorated in early 2012, leading to clashes along the shared border in April 2012. Although the two governments had signed an agreement in September to allow for the resumption of oil production, fighting between Sudanese government forces and rebel movements had continued in Darfur, as well as in the Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile states, where Sudan’s indiscriminate bombardment and obstruction of humanitarian assistance had forced more than 170,000 people to flee to refugee camps in South Sudan. 28.     The Sudanese authorities had harassed and arbitrarily arrested and detained other perceived opponents of the government, including suspected members of the SPLM-North, members of other opposition parties, civil society leaders and journalists. Many people had been detained because of their real or perceived links to the SPLM-North, which had been banned in September 2011 when war broke out in the Blue Nile state, or as a result of their human rights activism. C.     Relevant case-law 29.     The United Kingdom Asylum and Immigration Tribunal held in the case of AA (Non-Arab Darfuris - relocation) Sudan CG [2009] UKAIT   00056 (18 December 2009) that all non-Arab Darfuris, regardless of their political or other affiliations, were at risk of persecution in Darfur and could not reasonably be expected to relocate elsewhere in Sudan. Therefore, claimants who did not fall within the exclusion clauses were likely to qualify for asylum. 30.     In a relatively recent judgment of 31 May 2013 (E-1979/2008) , the Swiss Federal Administrative Court held that subjective post-flight grounds – so-called sur place activities – constituted a risk for a Sudanese national of being exposed to treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention if expelled to Sudan. The FAC thereby undertook a thorough assessment of the current political and human rights situation in Sudan and Darfur. On the one hand, it found that although the security situation in Darfur remained generally unstable, it had improved in so far as the attacks targeted against particular ethnic groups (the non-Arab Darfuris) had diminished. Therefore, applicants had to show additional distinguishing features, such as political or other affiliations, to make their claim regarding persecution in Darfur credible. On the other hand, the FAC observed that the current human rights situation in Sudan was such that people who had publicly criticised the Sudanese government and had expressed their views about the current situation in Sudan and Darfur, or members of a Sudanese rebel group, were registered and often detained by the Sudanese government and the National Intelligence and Security Services. It cited country reports which established that Sudanese nationals who were returning to their home country after having stayed abroad for some time were likely to be interrogated by the Sudanese authorities, who would specifically question them about their contacts with opposition movements abroad. Therefore, people who had been in contact with the SLM, or who had even been publicly involved in their cause at the human rights meetings in Geneva, had certainly been registered by the Sudanese government and were at risk of being detained upon arrival. In the specific case the FAC concluded that the claimant could not be returned to Sudan because he had, on account of his publicly exposed political activities as high-ranking SLM member in Switzerland, certainly been registered by the Sudanese government and would therefore be at risk of persecution in his country of origin. THE LAW I.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION 31.     The applicant complained that his expulsion to Sudan would expose him to a risk of treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention on account of his political activities in Switzerland. Article 3 of the Convention reads as follows:   “No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” 32.     The Government contested this complaint. A.     Admissibility 33.     The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible. B.     Merits 1.     The parties’ submissions 34.     The applicant alleged that his political activities as a member of the SLM-Unity and the DFEZ in Switzerland would put him at a real risk of persecution contrary to Article 3 of the Convention if returned to Sudan. Relying on the case of S.F. and Others v. Sweden (no. 52077/10, § 68, 15   May 2012) he pointed out that the Court had recognised that political and human rights activities in the state of residence – the so-called sur place activities – were of relevance for the determination of the risk on return to the country of origin. Depending on the situation of the country of origin, even people with a rather low political profile in their home country could be at risk of persecution if their activities abroad had been publicly exposed and visible. The applicant reiterated that he had participated in many public activities and demonstrations with the SLM-Unity in Switzerland and that his appointment as human rights officer for that organisation had been published online in 2009. He submitted that he had taken part in, amongst other meetings, the 11 th and 13 th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva, and in the Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy in March 2010, at which he had met the current Sudanese President’s brother, who had reproached him by saying that people like him had brought Sudan before the International Criminal Court. He had also attended a seminar with judges of the International Criminal Court in Zurich in August 2010, at which representatives of the Sudanese embassy had been present. He claimed that his political activities had even had repercussions in the media at international level, which certainly had not gone unnoticed by the Sudanese authorities, who were monitoring the political activities of their citizens abroad. Relying on a report of the Swiss Refugee Council entitled Sudan: Persecution of returning nationals on the ground of their political activities in exile of 28 September 2005, he pointed out that the Sudanese government had infiltrated the JEM and the SLM domestically as well as abroad. Therefore, if people had stayed in contact with those organisations in Switzerland, they had certainly attracted the attention of the Sudanese authorities and were at risk of being detained. He concluded that if returned to Sudan, he would be detained, interrogated and tortured as soon as he got to the airport in Khartoum. Because of this, even relocation within Sudan was not possible. 35.     In response to the Government’s assumption that he had only become a political activist in order to create post-flight grounds, the applicant maintained that his political involvement was indeed genuine. He explained that after the dismissal of his first asylum request he had gone into hiding out of fear of being removed to Sudan. Despite his illegal residence status in Switzerland he had nevertheless decided to join the SLM-Unity in 2006, which demonstrated his commitment to the cause. Furthermore, in the interviews carried out by the FOM he had proved himself to possess in-depth knowledge of the structure and agenda of the SLM-Unity. Lastly, he stated that the organisation was very concerned about being infiltrated by people secretly reporting to the Sudanese government. If he was not from Darfur and had not been genuinely interested in the SLM-Unity’s political agenda, its president would never have written him a confirmation letter and the organisation would have excluded him a long time ago. 36.     According to the Government, the applicant’s political activities within the SLM-Unity were low level and had not attracted national and international media coverage. The applicant had not participated particularly actively in the international human rights meetings he mentioned, and most of those meetings had taken place in 2010. He had not been particularly active thereafter. Regarding the interview given to the TV channel in Eastern Switzerland, the Government maintained that it had not disclosed his political activities. His rather vague descriptions of his responsibilities as human rights officer of the SLM-Unity in the course of the second asylum proceedings had not pointed to the fact that he occupied an important position, nor had the pictures he submitted showed him to be a particularly prominent figure within that organisation. His political involvement would therefore not put him at a risk of treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention if returned to Sudan, even more so considering that he did not originate from Darfur. Lastly, the Government observed that even if the applicant did originate from Darfur, he could also relocate to another part of Sudan, for example Khartoum. 37.     The Government further argued that the applicant’s political involvement in the SLM-Unity and the DFEZ was not genuine and that he had only become a political activist in order to create subjective post-flight grounds not to be expelled to Sudan. Relying on the Court’s case-law, they submitted that this factor had to be taken into account when assessing the applicant’s risk of persecution ( N. v. Finland , no. 38885/02, § 165, 26   July   2005, and Kolesnik v. Russia , no. 26876/08, § 70, 17 June 2010). 2.     The Court’s assessment 38.     As established in the Court’s case-law, Contracting States have the right as a matter of international law and subject to their treaty obligations, including the Convention, to control the entry, residence and expulsion of aliens (see Üner v. the Netherlands [GC], no. 46410/99, § 54, ECHR   2006 ‑ XII). Expulsion by a Contracting State may however give rise to an issue under Article 3, and hence engage the responsibility of that State under the Convention, where substantial grounds have been shown for believing that the person concerned, if deported, faces a real risk of being subjected to treatment contrary to Article 3. In such a case, Article 3 implies an obligation not to deport the person in question to that country (see Saadi   v. Italy [GC], no. 37201/06, § 125, ECHR 2008). 39.     As established in the case of Mohammed v. Austria (no. 2283/12, §   109, 6 June 2013) the security and human rights situation in Sudan is alarming. Country reports further indicate that the situation has even deteriorated in the last few months (see paragraphs 20-28 above). However, while the Court has never ruled out the possibility of a situation of general violence in a country of origin triggering the application, and subsequently a breach of Article 3 upon the deportation of an applicant to the said country, it has also held that such an approach would only be adopted in the most extreme cases. It has generally insisted that an applicant shows that special distinguishing features existed in his case that could or ought to have enabled the Contracting State’s authorities to foresee that he or she would be treated in a manner incompatible with Article 3 (see, mutatis mutandis , NA. v. the United Kingdom , no. 25904/07, §§ 114-115, 17 July 2008). 40.     With regard to the situation of political opponents of the Sudanese government, the Court nevertheless holds that the situation is very precarious. From the Country reports and the relevant case law above (see paragraphs 20-30), it is evident that suspected members of the SPLM-North, members of other opposition parties, civil society leaders and journalists are frequently harassed, arrested, beaten, tortured and prosecuted by the Sudanese authorities. Because of the ongoing war in different states, the SPLM-North has been banned by the Sudanese government and accordingly many people were detained because of their real or perceived links with that organisation. Furthermore, not only leaders of political organisations or other high-profile people are at risk of being detained, ill-treated and tortured in Sudan, but anyone who opposes or is only suspected of opposing the current regime. Moreover, it has been acknowledged that the Sudanese government monitors activities of political opponents abroad. 41.     In the applicant’s case, the Court notes that he has been a member of the SLM-Unity in Switzerland for several years. The Government however disputed the genuineness of his activities. In this regard, the Court acknowledges that it is generally very difficult to assess in cases regarding sur place activities whether a person is genuinely interested in the political cause or has only become involved in it in order to create post-flight grounds. In similar cases, the Court has therefore taken into account factors such as whether the applicant was a political activist prior to fleeing his home country, and whether he played an active role in making his asylum case known to the public in the respondent State (see S.F. and Others v.   Sweden , no. 52077/10, §§ 66-67, 15 May 2012, and N. v. Finland , no.   38885/02, § 165, 26 July 2005). In the present case, the Court however also has regard to the fact that the applicant joined the SLM-Unity in Switzerland several years before he launched his second asylum request, at a time when it still might not have been foreseeable for him to apply for asylum in Switzerland a second time. In view of the importance which the Court attaches to Article 3 of the Convention as set out above (see paragraph 38), and the irreversible nature of the damage which results if the risk of torture or ill-treatment materialises, the Court therefore prefers to assess the applicant’s claim on the grounds of the political activities he effectively carried out. 42.     In this regard, the Court considers that the applicant’s political activities have increased in importance over time, as illustrated by his appointment as human rights officer of the SLM-Unity in Switzerland and his participation in international meetings on the human rights situation in Sudan. The Court however agrees with the Government insofar as the applicant’s political profile had not been very exposed. He had not, for example, delivered any talks in those conferences, and in the interview broadcast on the TV channel in Eastern Switzerland, he had not mentioned his political activities. The Court therefore considers that if the applicant were to be expelled to a country where the human rights situation of political opponents was less worrying than in Sudan, he would, on account of his political activities, not be exposed to a risk of treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention. 43.     However, as set out above (see paragraph 40), not only leaders and high-profile people, but also those merely suspected of supporting opposition movements are at risk of treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention in Sudan. In the case of politically involved Sudanese nationals abroad, in particular those who had been seen to be affiliated with the SLM at the international meetings in Geneva, it has furthermore been established that they had been registered by the Sudanese authorities (see paragraph 30 above). In view of the applicant’s participation in the international human right meetings, where representatives of the Sudanese government were present and where usually only a few citizens of one country participate so that they are relatively easily identifiable, as well the applicant’s argument with the current Sudanese president’s brother, the Court cannot therefore rule out that he, as an individual, attracted the Sudanese government’s attention. Having also participated in some of those meetings on behalf of the SLM-Unity Switzerland, the Court believes that the applicant might, at least, be suspected of being affiliated with an opposition movement by the Sudanese government. It therefore finds that there are substantial grounds for believing that he might be known to the Sudanese government and would be at risk of being detained, interrogated and tortured as soon as he arrived at the airport in Sudan. Moreover, he would not have the opportunity to relocate. Accordingly, the Court finds that the implementation of the deportation order against the applicant would give rise to a violation of Article 3 of the Convention. II.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 13 IN COMBINATION WITH ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION 44.     Under Article 13 in combination with Article 3 of the Convention, the applicant complained that he had had no effective domestic remedy to assert his claims that he originated from Darfur and would be exposed to a risk of treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention if expelled there. Article 13 reads as follows: “Everyone whose rights and freedoms as set forth in [the] Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national authority notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity.” 45.     The Government contested this complaint. A.     Admissibility 46.     The Government observed that the applicant had not submitted any new evidence in the second asylum proceedings which would have put into question the earlier Appeal Board’s decision of 15 February 2005, which had held that he did not originate from Darfur. The domestic authorities in the second asylum proceedings had therefore lawfully relied on that decision, and the applicant’s complaints regarding the assessment of his origins by the domestic authorities were belated for the purposes of Article   35 § 1 of the Convention. The Government also argued that he had not contested the results of the Lingua analysis in either the first or second asylum proceedings. According to the Government, he had therefore failed to exhaust domestic remedies as required by Article