CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 16 janvier 2014

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margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt }         FIRST SECTION                 CASE OF ZALOV AND KHAKULOVA v. RUSSIA   (Application no. 7988/09)               JUDGMENT     STRASBOURG   16 January 2014     FINAL   16/04/2014   This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.   In the case of Zalov and Khakulova v. Russia, The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Isabelle Berro-Lefèvre, President,   Mirjana Lazarova Trajkovska,   Julia Laffranque,   Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos,   Erik Møse,   Ksenija Turković,   Dmitry Dedov, judges, and Søren Nielsen, Section Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 17 December 2013, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 7988/09) against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by Russian nationals, Mr Mikhail Talostanovich Zalov and Mrs Maryam Mingireyevna Khakulova (“the applicants”), on 11   December 2008. 2.     The applicants were represented by Mr R. Lemaitre, Mr   A.   Nikolayev, Mr D. Itslayev and Mr A. Sakalov, lawyers from Stichting Russian Justice Initiative, Moscow, and Ms L. Kh. Dorogova, a lawyer practising in the town of Nalchik, the Republic of Kabardino-Balkariya. The Russian Government (“the Government”) were represented by Mr   G.   Matyushkin, Representative of the Russian Federation at the European Court of Human Rights. 3.     The applicants alleged, in particular, that the circumstances of identification of their deceased family members had been inhuman and degrading and that the decision not to return the bodies of these persons to their families had been unlawful and disproportionate, in breach of Articles   3, 8 and 9, taken alone and in conjunction with Articles 13 and 14 of the Convention. 4.     On 19 June 2009 the application was communicated to the Government. THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 5.     The applicants were born in 1933 and 1949 respectively. The first applicant lives in the village of Shalushka in the Republic of Kabardino ‑ Balkariya, whilst the second applicant is resident in the village of Pervomayskoe, Stavropol Region. A.     The attack of 13 October 2005 and subsequent events 6 .     Early in the morning of 13 October 2005 law-enforcement agencies in the town of Nalchik, the Republic of Kabardino-Balkariya, were attacked by a number of heavily armed people, who appear to have been local insurgents. The agencies included the Republican Department of the Ministry of the Interior, Centre T of the Main Department of the Ministry of the Interior, various district departments of the Ministry of the Interior, the Special Purpose Police Unit of the Republican Ministry of the Interior, various checkpoints of the Traffic Police, the Republican Department of the Federal Security Service, the Republican Department of the Federal Service for the Execution of Penalties and the office of the Border Guard Service of the Federal Security Service. Also, a few privately owned weapon shops were attacked. According to the Government, there were over two hundred and fifty participants in the attack. 7 .     The ensuing fight between the governmental forces and the insurgents lasted until at least 14 October 2005. B.     The family links of the applicants and the deceased 8 .     The applicants submitted that they were relatives of the persons who participated in the attack and died on 13 and 14 October 2005 or shortly afterwards. 9.     The first applicant refers to the death of his son Zamir Mikhaylovich Zalov, born on 13 November 1978, whilst the second applicant refers to the death of her son Murat Abubovich Khakulov, born on 26 March 1978. 10.     The Government stated that the authorities had killed a total of ninety-five insurgents in the anti-terrorist operations mounted in response to the attack of 13   October 2005. In essence, they acknowledged that the deceased referred to by the applicants were among those killed by the authorities. C.     Criminal case no. 25/78-05 1.     Decision to initiate proceedings of 13 October 2005 11.     It appears that on 13 October 2005 the authorities instituted criminal proceedings no. 25/78-05 in connection with the attack in Nalchik. 12 .     In the course of the investigation it was established that between 1999   and February 2005 a group of individuals, including A.   Maskhadov, Sh. Basayev, I. Gorchkhanov, A. Astemirov, Abu-Valid Khattab and Abu ‑ Dzeit, had formed a terrorist group. It was this group that organised the attack. Thirty-five law-enforcement officers and fifteen civilians were killed, whilst one hundred and thirty-one   law-enforcement officers and ninety-two civilians were injured. Massive damage was done to property. 13 .     The applicants did not have any procedural status in the criminal proceedings in case no. 25/78-05. 2.     The applicants’ letters to the authorities in the initial stages of the investigation 14.     It appears that on several occasions the applicants requested various officials, including the prosecutors, to return the bodies of their sons for burial. 15.     The requests either remained unanswered or were refused. 16.     The applicants were furnished with death certificates in respect of their sons, indicating 13 October 2005 as the date of death in respect of both individuals and 23 January 2007 (in respect of Zamir Zalov) and 7   April   2008 (Murat Khakulov) as the dates of issue. 3.     Decisions not to prosecute the applicants’ sons dated 13   April 2006 17 .     On 13 April 2006 the investigation authority terminated the criminal proceedings in respect of the ninety-five deceased on account of their deaths, having taken an individual decision in respect of each deceased person. Each decision described the degree and character of their individual involvement and concluded that these persons had taken part in the attack and died in the course of the ensuing gunfight. It appears that the deceased referred to by the applicants were among those concerned by this decision. 18.     The decision of 13 April 2006 in respect of Zamir Mikhaylovich Zalov stated that his body was located on 13 October 2005 at 127   Malbakhov Street, Nalchik. The investigators found a Makarov pistol containing four cartridges near the corpse and a Makarov pistol containing seven cartridges in his trousers. The deceased held an armed hand grenade in his left hand. The subsequent expert report identified the cause of death as a gunshot wound to the chest, which damaged his heart and caused a massive loss of blood and traumatic shock. 19.     In view of the collected evidence, the investigation concluded that at around 9   a.m. on 13 October 2005 the deceased, acting in concert with other participants, carried out a pre-planned and armed attack on an arms shop with a view to capturing arms and ammunition. The attack resulted in the deaths of at least three persons and the wounding of two more. The deceased personally killed one of the victims and ordered the killing of another. 20.     The decision of 13 April 2006 in respect of Murat Abubovich Khakulov stated that his body was located on 13 October 2005 in the vicinity of the local premises of the Special Purpose Police Unit of the Republican Ministry of the Interior. The investigators found eighty used bullet cartridges nearby. The subsequent expert report identified the cause of his death as multiple gunshot wounds to the legs, leading to massive loss of blood and traumatic shock. 21 .     Based on the collected evidence, the investigation concluded that the deceased, along with four other persons, organised and carried out an armed attack on the building of the Special Purpose Police Unit. The deceased took part in the attack for two hours, by shooting at police and passer-bys from an automatic rifle and throwing hand grenades at them. He was later killed when the police returned fire. The attack resulted in the death of one civilian, the wounding of two more and injuries to four police agents. 22 .     The Prosecutor General’s Office notified the applicants of the above decisions on 14 April 2006, but no copies of the decisions in question were attached to the notifications. 4.     Decision not to return the bodies of the deceased to their families, dated 15   May 2006 23 .     According to the Government, ninety-five corpses of the presumed terrorists were cremated on 22 June 2006. From the applicants’ submissions, it appears that they first learned of the cremations from the Government’s observations in the present case. 24 .     According to the Government, the cremations took place pursuant to a decision not to return the bodies of the deceased to their families, dated 15   May 2006. In contrast to the individual decisions of 13   April 2006, the decision of 15 May 2006 referred to the deceased persons collectively. The decision stated, in particular: “... the head of investigation group ... [official S.], having examined the materials in case file no. 25/78-05, established: ... [that] in the course of the counter-terrorist special operation aimed at tackling the attack, 95 terrorists were eliminated, namely: [the decision names among the deceased the persons referred to by the applicants] At present all forensic expert examinations, including molecular genetic examinations, involving ... the corpses of the deceased terrorists, have been finalised and their identities have been established by way of proper procedure. By decisions of 13-14 April 2006 the criminal proceedings in respect of these 95   persons, who had committed ... the attack on various sites and law-enforcement agents of the town of Nalchik ... was discontinued on account of their deaths, under Article 27 part 1 subpart 2 and Article 24 part 1 subpart 2 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Pursuant to section 14.1 of the Federal Interment and Burial Act (Law no. 8-FZ): ‘the interment of persons against whom a criminal investigation in connection with their terrorist activities has been closed because of their death following interception of the said terrorist act shall take place in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Russian Federation. Their bodies shall not be handed over for burial and the place of their burial shall not be revealed.’ Pursuant to part 3 of Decree no. 164, ‘On interment of persons whose death was caused by the interception of terrorist acts carried out by them’, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on 20   March 2003, ‘the interment of [these] persons shall take place in the locality where death occurred and shall be carried out by agencies specialising in funeral arrangements, set up by organs of the executive branch of the subjects of the Russian Federation or by organs of local government ...’. [In view of the above, official S. decided to:] bury the bodies of the 95 terrorists... forward the decision to the President of the Republic of Kabardino-Balkariya for execution; inform [his superiors] of this decision”. 25 .     The Government alleged that the authorities had notified the applicants of the decision of 15 May 2006, but acknowledged that no copy of that decision had been provided to them. 26 .     It appears that on several occasions the Prosecutor General’s Office informed the applicants, in substance, of the refusal to return the bodies. It does not appear that the applicants were furnished with a copy of the decision of 15 May 2006. 5.     The applicants’ attempts to bring court proceedings in respect of these two decisions 27.     The applicants’ initial attempts to obtain judicial review of the decisions of 13 April and 15 May 2006 were unsuccessful, as the courts refused to examine their arguments. (a)     Proceedings before the Constitutional Court 28 .     The relatives of other deceased participants in the attack contested the legislation governing the interment of terrorists before the Constitutional Court. Their initial complaints were rejected as premature. Eventually, some complaints were accepted for examination. 29 .     On 28 June 2007 the Constitutional Court delivered a judgment (no.   8-P) in which, in essence, it rejected their complaints alleging that section 14(1) of the Interment and Burial Act and Decree no. 164 of the Government of the Russian Federation of 20 March 2003 were unconstitutional. The ruling stated, in particular, that the impugned legal provisions were, in the circumstances, necessary and justified. The court reached the following conclusions regarding the legitimate aims and necessity of the legislation in question: “... At the same time, the interest in fighting terrorism, in preventing terrorism in general and specific terms and in providing redress for the effects of terrorist acts, coupled with the risk of mass disorder, clashes between different ethnic groups and aggression by the next of kin of those involved in terrorist activity against the population at large and law-enforcement officials, and lastly the threat to human life and limb, may, in a given historical context, justify the establishment of a particular legal regime, such as that provided for by section 14(1) of the Federal Act, governing the burial of persons who escape prosecution in connection with terrorist activity on account of their death following the interception of a terrorist act ... Those provisions are logically connected to the provisions of paragraph 4 of Recommendation 1687 (2004) of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on combating terrorism through culture, dated 23 November 2005, in which it was stressed that extremist interpretations of elements of a particular culture or religion, such as heroic martyrdom, self-sacrifice, apocalypse or holy war, as well as secular ideologies (nationalist or revolutionary) could also be used for the justification of terrorist acts. 3.2.     Action to minimise the informational and psychological impact of the terrorist act on the population, including the weakening of its propaganda effect, is one of the means necessary to protect public security and the morals, health, rights and legal interests of citizens. It therefore pursues exactly those aims for which the Constitution of the Russian Federation and international legal instruments permit restrictions on the relevant rights and freedoms. The burial of those who have taken part in a terrorist act, in close proximity to the graves of the victims of their acts, and the observance of rites of burial and remembrance with the paying of respects, as a symbolic act of worship, serve as a means of propaganda for terrorist ideas and also cause offence to relatives of the victims of the acts in question, creating the preconditions for increasing inter-ethnic and religious tension. In the conditions which have arisen in the Russian Federation as a result of the commission of a series of terrorist acts which produced numerous human victims, resulted in widespread negative social reaction and had a major impact on the collective consciousness, the return of the body to the relatives ... may create a threat to social order and peace and to the rights and legal interests of other persons and their security, including incitement to hatred and incitement to engage in acts of vandalism, violence, mass disorder and clashes which may produce further victims. Meanwhile, the burial places of participants in terrorist acts may become a shrine for certain extremist individuals and be used by them as a means of propaganda for the ideology of terrorism and involvement in terrorist activity. In such circumstances, the federal legislature may introduce special arrangements governing the burial of individuals whose death occurred as a result of the interception of a terrorist act in which they were taking part. ...” 30 .     The ruling further noted that the application of the measures prescribed in the legislation could be regarded as justified if proper procedural safeguards, such as effective judicial review, were in place to protect individuals from arbitrariness. The court noted that Articles 123-127 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provided for such review. 31 .     In sum, the Constitutional Court upheld the impugned provisions as being in conformity with the Constitution but at the same time interpreted them as requiring that the authorities refrain from burying bodies unless a court had confirmed the competent authority’s decision. It reasoned as follows: “... The constitutional and legal meaning of the existing norms presupposes the possibility of bringing court proceedings to challenge a decision to discontinue, on account of the deaths of the suspects, a criminal case against or prosecution of participants in a terrorist act. Accordingly, they also presuppose an obligation on the court’s part to examine the substance of the complaint, that is, to verify the lawfulness and well-foundedness of the decision and the conclusions therein as regards the participation of the persons concerned in a terrorist act, and to establish the absence of grounds for rehabilitating [the suspects] and discontinuing the criminal case. They thus entail an examination of the lawfulness of the application of the aforementioned restrictive measures. Until the entry into force of the court judgment the deceased’s remains cannot be buried; the relevant State bodies and officials must take all necessary measures to ensure that the bodies are disposed of in accordance with custom and tradition, in particular through the burial of the remains in the ground ... or by [cremation], individually, if possible, and to ensure compliance prior thereto with the requirements concerning the identification of the deceased ... and of the time, location and cause of death ...” 32 .     Judge G.A. Gadzhiyev issued a separate opinion in which he agreed that the impugned provisions were in conformity with the Constitution but held a different view as to how they should be interpreted. The opinion stated as follows: “... if the relevant law-enforcement agencies find, as a result of a preliminary investigation, that a terrorist act has been committed and that a given person was involved, but the criminal proceedings against that person ... are discontinued on account of his or her death following interception of the terrorist act, and if they then conclude that the decision to return the body to the family for burial is capable of threatening public order and peace and the health, morals, rights, lawful interests and safety of others, they are entitled to take a decision refusing to hand over the body and applying special arrangements for burial. At the same time, in the event of a refusal to return the body of an individual whose death occurred as the result of the interception of a terrorist act committed by him, the authorities competent to take a decision concerning the burial must secure compliance with all the requirements concerning the establishment of the deceased’s identity, the time and place of death, the cause of death, the place of burial and the data necessary for the proper identification of the grave (a given location and number). The burial must take place with the participation of the relatives, in accordance with custom and tradition and with humanitarian respect for the dead. The administrative authorities of a State governed by the rule of law must respect the cultural values of a multi-ethnic society, transmitted from generation to generation. ...” 33 .     Judge A.L. Kononov issued a dissenting opinion in which he described the legislation in question as incompatible with the Constitution. In particular, he noted: “... The impugned norms banning the return of the deceased’s bodies to their relatives and providing for their anonymous burial are, in our view, absolutely immoral and reflect the most uncivilised, barbaric and base views of previous generations ... The right of every person to be buried in a dignified manner in accordance with the traditions and customs of his family hardly requires special justification or even to be secured in written form in law. This right is clearly self-evident and stems from human nature as, perhaps, no other natural right. Equally natural and uncontested is the right of every person to conduct the burial of a person who is related and dear to them, to have an opportunity to perform one’s moral duty and display one’s human qualities, to bid farewell, to grieve, mourn and commemorate the deceased, however he may be regarded by society and the state, to have the right to a grave, which in all civilisations represents a sacred value and the symbol of memory. ...” (b)     Subsequent proceedings 34 .     After the Constitutional Court’s judgment of 28 June 2007 the domestic courts apparently changed their approach and agreed to review the formal lawfulness of the decisions of 13 April and 15 May 2006. The domestic courts still could not review the need for application of the measures set out in section 14 (1) of the Interment and Burial Act and Decree no. 164 of 20 March 2003 in individual cases. 35.     The applicants contested the actions of the authorities before the courts. 36.     In April 2008, in order to prepare the cases for examination, the presiding judge made repeated requests to the officials of the Prosecutor’s Office, including the Head of the Investigation Committee of the Prosecutor General, seeking copies of the materials relating to the investigation of the deaths of both applicants’ sons. It appears that these requests remained unanswered. 37.     By a judgment of 29 May 2008 the Nalchik Town Court of the Republic of Kabardino-Balkariya partly granted the claims of the second applicant in respect of his son. In particular, the court quashed both the decision dated 13 April 2006 to terminate criminal proceedings in respect of the second applicant’s son because of his death and the decision dated 15   May   2006 not to return the body of the second applicant’s son to his family. The court noted that the decision of 13 April 2006 had failed to take account of the new law on terrorism, adopted on 6 March and 27   June   2006, and that therefore the decision of 15 May 2006 had been premature. The court ordered the prosecution authorities to examine the relevant issues afresh. 38.     A similar judgment was taken on 3   July 2008 by the Nalchik Town Court of the Republic of Kabardino-Balkariya in respect of the first applicant’s son. 39 .     The judgments were appealed against by both parties. 40.     The Supreme Court of the Republic of Kabardino-Balkariya upheld the judgments on 15 July and 12 August 2008 respectively. 41 .     The parties have not submitted any information about the subsequent events in the applicants’ domestic cases. D.     The conditions of storage and identification of the bodies of the deceased following the attack of 13 October 2005 1.     The applicants’ initial account 42 .     According to those relatives of the deceased who took part in the identification of the bodies, for several days following the events of 13 and 14 October 2005 the corpses were kept in the town morgue and other locations in wholly unsatisfactory conditions. In particular, the bodies gave off an intense smell owing to the lack of proper refrigeration and were chaotically piled on top of each other. 43.     The applicants did not participate in identification of their deceased relatives in person. 2.     The Government’ observations 44.     The Government submitted that Zamir Mikhaylovich Zalov had been identified by his cousin Z.Kh. on 19 October 2005, whilst Murat Abubovich Khakulov had been identified by his cousin A.R. on 24 October 2005. 45 .     The Government submitted that the corpses in question had been initially held in the Nalchik morgue. Between 14 and 18   October 2005 the applicants examined the corpses and the clothing. Thereafter the bodies were placed in two refrigerator wagons. On 1   November 2005 the wagons were moved to the town of Rostov-on-Don for molecular genetic examinations and on 22 June 2006 all of the bodies were cremated. Between 13 and 22 October 2005 the person in charge of the identification proceedings was the head of the investigation group, investigator P. From 22 October 2005 he was replaced by investigator S. The Government also acknowledged that immediately after the attack no facilities had been available to keep the bodies. 46.     According to the Government’s most recent submissions, the overall amount of human casualties as a result of the events of 13   October 2005 was twelve   civilians, thirty-five police and law-enforcement officers and eighty ‑ seven participants in the attack. II.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE 47.     For a summary of the relevant domestic law, see Sabanchiyeva and Others v. Russia , no. 38450/05, §§ 33-37 and 65-90, ECHR 2013 (extracts) and Maskhadova and Others v. Russia , no. 18071/05, §§ 116-146, 6 June 2013. III.     OTHER RELEVANT SOURCES 48.     For a summary of other relevant sources referred to by the applicants, see Sabanchiyeva and Others , cited above, §§ 91-96 and also Maskhadova and Others , cited above, §§ 147-150. THE LAW I.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION 49.     The applicants complained about the conditions in which the bodies of their deceased relatives had been stored during the identification process. According to the applicants, this treatment by the authorities caused them such mental suffering that this amounted to a breach of Article 3 of the Convention, which provides: “No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.” A.     The submissions by the parties 50.     The Government disagreed. They submitted that following the events in question the corpses had first been directed to the Nalchik morgue, where they had been stripped naked and the clothes had been sent for forensic examination. Thereafter all the corpses had been placed in two refrigerated wagons equipped with all necessary storage facilities. Some time later the corpses were sent to the town of Rostov-on-Don for genetic examination. They also acknowledged that immediately after the attack no facilities had been available to store the bodies and that this had probably been referred to in the video-recording on the record submitted by the applicants. At the same time, the Government also mentioned that participation in the identification process had been voluntary. 51.     The applicants maintained their complaints. They argued that the conditions in question were inhuman and degrading both to them and to their deceased relatives. B.     The Court’s assessment 1.     Admissibility 52.     On the basis of the material submitted, the Court observes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article   35 §   3   (a) of the Convention. It further notes that this part of the case is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible. 2.     Merits (a)     General principles 53.     The Court has observed on many occasions that Article 3 enshrines one of the fundamental values of democratic society. Even in the most difficult of circumstances, such as the fight against terrorism or organised crime, the Convention prohibits in absolute terms torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Unlike most of the substantive clauses of the Convention and of its Protocols, Article 3 makes no provision for exceptions and no derogation from it is permissible under Article 15 even in the event of a public emergency threatening the life of the nation (see, among other authorities, Aksoy v. Turkey , 18 December 1996, § 62, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996-VI). Ill-treatment must attain a minimum level of severity if it is to fall within the scope of Article 3. The assessment of this minimum is relative: it depends on all the circumstances of the case, such as the duration of the treatment, its physical and/or mental effects and, in some cases, the sex, age and state of health of the victim (see, among other authorities, Ireland v. the United Kingdom , 18 January 1978, § 162, Series A no. 25). 54.     As regards complaints about moral suffering brought under Article   3 of the Convention by relatives of alleged victims of security operations carried out by the authorities, the Court has adopted a restrictive approach, stating that while a family member of a “disappeared person” can claim to be a victim of treatment contrary to Article 3 (see Kurt v. Turkey , 25 May 1998, §§ 130-34, Reports 1998 ‑ III), the same principle would not usually apply to situations where the person taken into custody has later been found dead (see, for example, Tanlı v. Turkey , no. 26129/95, § 159, ECHR   2001 ‑ III; Yasin Ateş v. Turkey , no. 30949/96, § 135, 31 May 2005; and Bitiyeva and Others v. Russia , no. 36156/04, § 106, 23 April 2009). In such cases the Court has normally limited its findings to Article 2. On the other hand, the Court has found a violation of Article 3 on account of mental suffering endured by applicants as a result of the acts of security forces who had burnt down their homes and possessions before their eyes (see Selçuk and Asker v. Turkey , 24 April 1998, §§ 77-80, Reports 1998 ‑ II; Yöyler v.   Turkey , no. 26973/95, §§ 74-76, 24 July 2003; and Ayder and Others v.   Turkey , no. 23656/94, §§ 109-11, 8 January 2004). 55.     Finally, the Court reiterates its established case-law according to which allegations of ill-treatment must be supported by appropriate evidence (see, mutatis mutandis , Klaas v. Germany , 22 September 1993, §   30, Series A no. 269). To assess this evidence, the Court adopts the standard of proof “beyond reasonable doubt” but adds that such proof may follow from the coexistence of sufficiently strong, clear and concordant inferences or of similar unrebutted presumptions of fact (see Ireland v.   the   United Kingdom , cited above, § 161). (b)     The application of these principles 56.     The parties agreed that between 14 and 18 October 2005 the bodies of those who died as a result of the events of 13-14 October 2005 were stored in the Nalchik town morgue of Nalchik and that from 19 to 31   October 2005 they were placed in two refrigerator wagons on at the outskirts of Nalchik (see paragraphs 42 and 45 above). It is also undisputed that the overall number amount of casualties resulting from the attack greatly exceeded the storage capacity of the relevant local facilities and that for the first four days some of the bodies had to be stored outside. 57 .     The Court has little doubt that in view of the conditions of storage of the bodies the applicants, as relatives of the deceased, may have endured some degree of mental suffering in this connection. 58.     The Court’s task is to ascertain whether in view of the specific circumstances of the case that suffering had a dimension capable of bringing it within the scope of Article   3. 59.     The Court would note, firstly, that the present case is different from the cases brought before the Court by family members of the victims of “disappearances” or extra-judicial killings committed by the security forces (see, for example, Luluyev and Others v. Russia , no. 69480/01, §§ 116-118, ECHR 2006 ‑ XIII (extracts)). The death of the applicants’ relatives in the present case did not result from any actions by of the authorities in contravention of with Article 2 of the Convention (compare to Esmukhambetov and Others v. Russia , no.   23445/03, §§   138-151 and 190, 29 March 2011) and the applicants cannot be said to have been suffering from any prolonged uncertainty regarding the fate of their relatives (compare to Luluyev and Others , cited above, §§ 116-118). 60.     The Court further notes that the present case is also distinguishable from the Turkish cases concerning the deliberate destruction of property which the applicants were made to witness. In particular, in the case of Selçuk and Asker the Court had regard to the manner in which the applicants’ homes had been destroyed, and namely to the fact that the exercise had been premeditated and carried out contemptuously and without respect for the feelings of the applicants, whose protests had been ignored (see Selçuk and Asker , cited above, § 77), and, with this in mind, found that the acts of the security forces had amounted to “inhuman treatment” within the meaning of Article   3 of the Convention. A similar line of reasoning appears to be implicit in the cases of Yöyler and Ayder and Others (both cited above). In the above ‑ mentioned cases the security forces burnt the applicants’ homes and possessions with a view to causing them mental suffering, which enabled the Court to find a violation of Article 3   on that account. 61.     In the present case, however, the Court has no evidence to be able to reach the same conclusion. It is true that, as admitted by the Government, the relevant local facilities for refrigerated storage of corpses during the first four days may have been insufficient during the first four days to contain all of the bodies (see paragraph 45 above) and that even thereafter the bodies had to be piled on top of one another for storage in the refrigerator wagons (see paragraph 42 above). However, these lapses resulted from objective logistical difficulties arising from the character of the events of 13 ‑ 14   October 2005 and the number of casualties and can hardly be said to have had as its purpose to subject the applicants to inhuman treatment, and in particular, to cause them moral suffering. 62.     To sum up, the Court does not find that the circumstances could give the suffering of the applicants a dimension and character distinct from the emotional distress which may be regarded as inevitably caused to any family member of a deceased person in a comparable situation. The Court is therefore unable to find a violation of Article 3 of the Convention in the circumstances of the present case. II.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 8 OF THE CONVENTION 63.     Relying on Article 8 of the Convention, the applicants also complained about the authorities’ refusal to return the bodies of their deceased relatives. This provision reads as follows: Article 8 of the Convention “1.     Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. 2.     There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.” A.     The submissions by the parties 64.     The Government maintained that the decision not to return the bodies of the applicants’ relatives had been taken pursuant to the Suppression of Terrorism Act, the Interment and Burial Act and the decree on combating terrorism, and were justified in view of the reasons provided by the Constitutional Court in its ruling of 28 June 2007 (see paragraphs   29 ‑ 31 above). They stated that both of the applicants had received official notification and replies from the authorities and that no restrictions on access to a court had been imposed in connection with the decisions in question. 65.     The applicants stated that the authorities’ refusal to return the bodies was unlawful and disproportionate. Firstly, they argued that the refusal had been unlawful in that the Constitutional Court’s judgment imposed on the authorities an obligation to await the outcome of the investigation before deciding whether to return the bodies and that the authorities had clearly failed to comply with that obligation. Secondly, they submitted that the law contained vague notions such as “terrorist action”, “terrorist activity” and “terrorist act”, and was unclear as regards: the cremation policy (the applicants were aggrieved that their relatives had been cremated rather than buried), the specific official with authority to take the decision, the possibility of bringing appeal proceedings, the policy concerning disclosure of the date of the burials, and the need to observe rituals during the burials. Thirdly, they submitted that the measure was disproportionate in that no other European country had similar legislation; although the Israeli authorities had had a similar administrative policy, this had since been condemned by the Israeli courts; international humanitarian law prohibited such treatment and that other, less restrictive, measures were available to the authorities to address terrorism-related concerns. They further claimed that the relevant law was discriminatory. The applicants also complained that the domestic legal system afforded them no effective remedy to complain about the refusal to return the bodies. B.     The Court’s assessment 1.     Admissibility 66 .     The Court notes that this part of the application is not manifestly ill ‑ founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible. 2.     Merits (a)     Whether Article 8 was applicable in the present case 67.     The Court reiterates that under its Article 8 case-law the concepts of “private life” and “family life” are broad terms not susceptible to exhaustive definition (see, for example, Pretty v. the United Kingdom , no.   2346/02, §   61, ECHR 2002 ‑ III). In the cases of Pannullo and Forte v.   France (no.   37794/97, §§ 35-36, ECHR 2001 ‑ X) and Girard v. France (no.   22590/04, § 107, 30 June 2011) the Court recognised that an excessive delay in the restitution of the body after an autopsy or of bodily samples on completion of the relevant criminal proceedings may constitute an interference with both the “private life” and the “family life” of the surviving family members. In the case of Elli Poluhas Dödsbo v. Sweden (no.   61564/00, § 24, ECHR 2006 ‑ I) the Court found that the refusal to transfer an urn containing the ashes of the applicant’s husband could also be seen as falling within the ambit of Article 8. Lastly, in the case of Hadri ‑ Vionnet v. Switzerland (no. 55525/00, § 52, 14 February 2008) the Court decided that the possibility for the applicant to be present at the funeral of her stillborn child, along with the related transfer and ceremonial arrangements, was also capable of falling within the ambit of both “private” and “family life” within the meaning of Article 8. 68.     The Court firstly notes that the Government did not dispute that the decision of 15 May 2006 constituted an interference with the applicants’ rights to private and family life protected by Article 8 of the Convention. 69.     The Court further observes that on 15 May 2006, having finalised the investigative actions in respect of the bodies of the deceased persons, the investigator decided not to return the bodies to the applicants and ordered their burial in an unspecified location (see paragraph 24 above). This decision was taken in accordance with Article 3 of Decree no. 164, dated 20   March 2003, and section 14 (1) of the Interment and Burial Act, which precluded the competent authorities from returning the bodies of terrorists who had died as a result of the interception of a terrorist act. 70.     Having examined the applicable domestic legislation, the Court finds that in Russia the relatives of a deceased person who are willing to organise that person’s interment generally enjoy a statutory guarantee of having the person’s body returned to them for burial promptly after the establishment of the cause of death. They also benefit from a legal regime which m