CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 5 juin 2014

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GERMANY   (Application no. 31021/08)           JUDGMENT       STRASBOURG   5 June 2014         FINAL   13/10/2014   This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of I.S. v. Germany, The European Court of Human Rights (Fifth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Mark Villiger, President,   Angelika Nußberger,   Boštjan M. Zupančič,   Ann Power-Forde,   Ganna Yudkivska,   Helena Jäderblom,   Aleš Pejchal, judges, and Claudia Westerdiek, Section Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 6 May 2014, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 31021/08) against the Federal Republic of Germany lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a German national, Ms I.S. (“the applicant”), on 19   June 2008. The President of the Section acceded to the applicant’s request not to have her name disclosed (Rule 47 § 3 of the Rules of Court). 2.     The applicant was represented by Mr G. Rixe, a lawyer practising in Bielefeld. The German Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Ms K. Behr, Regierungsdirektorin , of the Federal Ministry of Justice. 3.     The applicant alleged that the decisions of the German courts violated her rights to respect for her family life and private life under Article 8 of the Convention. Although she had placed her newborn twin children for adoption she was promised a “half-open” adoption with contact with and information about the children. This had not been respected by the German courts. 4.     On 9 January 2012 the application was communicated to the Government. On 20 June 2012 the applicant informed the Court that she did not wish further to pursue her complaint under Article 6 of the Convention. THE FACTS 5.     The applicant, Ms I. S., was born in 1962 and lives in Bielefeld. I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE A.     Background to the case 6.     The applicant married in 1986 and had two children. In 1991 and 1992 she suffered miscarriages and a stillbirth, which caused her a long lasting psychological trauma. 7.     In summer 1999 she became pregnant with twins after an extramarital affair. The natural father insisted on an abortion, as did the husband of the applicant. Both men threatened to leave her. 8.     In November 1999 the husband of the applicant moved out and threatened to stop paying maintenance for his two sons and to the applicant. He put further pressure on her by threatening to break off all contact with his sons if she sued for maintenance. Instead, he offered to move back in with the applicant if she gave away the “illegitimate” children. The applicant’s sister and her mother refused to support her. The applicant felt extremely guilty for having destroyed the family situation for her two sons, yet she was determined not to have an abortion. 9.     On 19 April 2000 the twin sisters, S. and M., were born prematurely. The applicant and the newborn children had to remain in hospital, where until 7 May 2000 the applicant cared for the children. The applicant did not specify the identity of the natural father of the twins. B.     The adoption proceedings 10.     The applicant made initial contact with the Bielefeld Youth Office during her pregnancy. She allegedly initially thought about having the twins placed in foster care, due to her difficult family and financial situation. The Bielefeld Youth Office – according to the applicant – instead suggested adoption as the applicant herself or her husband would have to pay for the foster care. 11.     From January until October 2000 the applicant received psychological treatment on the advice of her gynaecologist. According to her psychoanalyst the applicant was depressed, had suicidal tendencies, and suffered from anxiety, panic attacks and extreme feelings of guilt as well as a sleeping disorder. The applicant felt overwhelmed by the situation and the decisions to be taken. The potential adoption was a topic of discussion during the treatment. 12.     As the applicant could not take the newborn children home she consented to having them placed in provisional care with a view to later adoption. In this way she hoped to avoid too many changes of the children’s primary carers. She was allegedly told that if placed in foster care the newborns would first be given to an emergency foster family for six months before being handed over to a long-term foster family. 13.     From 8 May 2000 onwards a staff member from the Bielefeld Youth Office advised the applicant to stop visiting the children if she really intended to give them up for adoption. 14.     On 19 May 2000 the children were handed over to the couple who later became their adoptive parents. 15.     In summer 2000 the applicant personally met the future adoptive parents of the twin sisters. The applicant was allegedly so upset that she burst into tears and had to cut the visit short. 16.     On 1 September 2000 it was legally acknowledged that the husband of the applicant was not the father of the twin sisters by judgment of the Bielefeld District Court (no. 34 F 1306/00). The applicant began to work full time in order to support herself and her two sons. 17.     On 9 November 2000 the applicant formally consented to the adoption of the children in a deed before the civil law notary, D.R., in Bielefeld. The declaration reads as follows: “I hereby give consent for my children, S. and M., born 19.04.2000 in Bielefeld, to be adopted by the married couple identified under no. [...] on the list of the Bielefeld City Youth Office. I declare this for the use of the competent family court. I am aware that this declaration cannot be revoked. I have been instructed by the civil law notary as to the legal consequences of the adoption, in particular the fact that all kinship of the children and their children to me and my relatives will cease as will all duties and rights that follow from kinship. Although I do not know the names of the future parents of my children I trust that the Bielefeld City Youth Office has made a proper choice regarding the parents and respected the interests of the children. In case the family court wishes to inform me about the beginning or the end of care, the beginning or the end of guardianship regarding my children or about the granting of adoption, I hereby empower the Bielefeld City Youth Office to receive that information for me.” 18.     As the identity of the natural father of the children remained unknown, he could not consent to or object to the adoption. 19.     After the declaration of consent had been made, the applicant, the prospective adoptive parents and the twin infants met again in person. On 25 November 2000 an oral agreement was reached between the prospective adoptive parents and the applicant at a meeting at Stormarn District Social Services in the presence of a staff member. It was considered that the adoptive parents would send a short report together with photographs of the children to the applicant once a year through the Bielefeld Youth Office. Whether this agreement laid down any rules regarding regular meetings between the children and the applicant is disputed. A personal meeting in summer 2001 was considered, but did not take place. 20.     On 1 February 2001 the future adoptive parents declared in a deed before a civil law notary that they wished to adopt the twin sisters S. and M. 21.     In March 2001 the District Administrator ( Landrat ) of Stormarn District, Department of Social Services and Adoption gave an expert opinion on the development of the children in the care of the prospective adoptive parents. 22.     On 21 June 2001 the guardianship division of the Reinbek District Court (proceedings no. 2 XVI 1/01) held a hearing with the prospective adoptive parents in the presence of the twins. The record of the hearing reads: “It was debated how the children have been getting on in the family. Particular attention was paid to addressing anxieties resulting from the fact that the natural mother is obviously having enormous difficulties coping on a psychological level with the fact that she has given away her children. There are signs, given that a half-open adoption was agreed on, which lead to the conclusion that the mother seeks contact with the twins. However, the arrangement involving the staff of the Youth Office and the natural mother remains valid, namely, that photographs of the children are to be sent annually to the natural mother. The children will also be told early on that they were adopted.” 23.     On the same day the Reinbek District Court concluded the adoption of S. and M. and declared them the legitimate children of the adoptive parents. The family and the given names of the children were changed accordingly. C.     Proceedings to declare the applicant’s consent to adoption void 24.     On 11 April 2002 the applicant commenced proceedings before the Bielefeld District Court in order to declare her consent to the adoption void. The court transferred the case to the competent Reinbek District Court (no.   2 XVI 6/02). The applicant argued that the adoption was void because the father of the child had not consented to the adoption. She further argued that at the time of giving her consent she had been either in a temporary or in a pathological state of mental disturbance, which had prevented the free exercise of her will. She had not been aware of what she had been doing. She argued – referring to medical evidence – that she had been suffering from an “aggravated reactive form of depression with acute risk of suicide” since 1992, when she had been traumatised by the stillbirth. 25.     The guardian ad litem of the children argued that a revocation of the adoption would be against the best interests of the children, as since their birth they had been almost continuously in the care of the adoptive parents who had established a very good parental relationship with them. 26.     In reaction to the arguments of the guardian ad litem the applicant partly withdrew her application with regard to custody rights and made clear that her aim was no longer to integrate the children into her own family. She acknowledged that the children were well cared for and fully settled in the adoptive family. She underlined that her aim was to regain kinship in order to have a right to contact with the children. In her view her vulnerable situation at the time of the birth had been exploited by the Bielefeld Youth Office; she now felt that she had been unduly influenced to put the children up for adoption. 27.     The Reinbek District Court procured a psychiatric opinion on whether the applicant had been temporarily legally incapable of acting at the time of consenting to the adoption. The expert contacted the applicant, her psychoanalyst at the time and her long-term gynaecologist. According to the psychiatric expert the applicant had been in a situation of extreme conflict from the time she had become aware of her pregnancy. This had aggravated the depression she was already suffering from due to the accidental stillbirth in 1992. He put the applicant’s decision to put the twin sisters up for adoption down to her desire to “get her husband back”. He diagnosed a certain weakness in the applicant’s personality and a dependency on male authority. However, he could not diagnose any past or present psychotic illnesses and therefore concluded that although she had been suffering from a deep inner conflict at the time of consenting to the adoption, the applicant had been legally capable of making a decision on her own. 28.     On 4 June 2003 the court heard the applicant, who explained how, in her view, the Bielefeld Youth Office had unduly used her wish to see her children in the summer of 2000 in order to pressurise her into signing the adoption declaration. 29.     In a decision of 10 June 2003 the Reinbek District Court dismissed the applicant’s claim. It acknowledged the situation of extreme conflict the applicant had been in at the time of consenting to the adoption and the psychological implications of that. It stated that solutions other than putting the children up for adoption might have been available to resolve the applicant’s personal crisis. In line with the expert opinion, however, the court held that the applicant had still been capable of making decisions. Furthermore, the court stated that the applicant had no legal standing to rely on the lack of consent of the children’s father to the adoption. 30.     Since the applicant did not appeal against the decision, it became final. D.     The proceedings concerning contact and/or information rights of the applicant 1.     Proceedings before Reinbek District Court 31.     On 14 November 2002 the applicant filed proceedings (no.   1   F   32/02) for contact with the children and the right to receive information about them at the Reinbek District Court. She argued that she had been promised meetings with the children every six months and letters and photos of them. A meeting with the children in June 2001 had been scheduled according to the agreement, but did not take place because the responsible member of Bielefeld Youth Office was on extended leave. No other member of the Youth Office had replaced the absent staff member. In September 2001 the applicant received photos of the children. When she mentioned that she was thinking about revoking her consent to the adoption, staff of the Bielefeld Youth Office threatened to stop her contact with the children. A letter that the applicant wrote to the adoptive parents and handed over to the Bielefeld Youth Office was returned with the remark that the applicant should seek psychological treatment. The applicant based her claim for contact on Article 1666 and additionally on Article 1685 § 2 of the Civil Code (see “Relevant domestic law” below). Her claim for the right to receive information about the children was based on Article 1686 of the Civil Code. 32.     On 2 July 2003 the adoptive parents were heard. They opposed the claim of the applicant and asked for it to be dismissed. They referred to the legal basis of adoption under the Civil Code, which only provided for anonymous adoption. According to the hearing record the adoptive parents declared that they still intended to inform the children about the adoption before they started primary school. They had planned to see the mother of the children together with the children in spring 2001. This meeting had been set up for the sole benefit of the applicant, as the children would not have benefited from it. They had had the intention of sending letters to the applicant with information about the children. Now, in view of the court proceedings, they felt insecure and preferred to wait for the court decisions. 33.     In a decision of 21 July 2003 the Reinbek District Court dismissed the applicant’s request for contact with the children. According to the court Article 1684 of the Civil Code was not applicable to the applicant’s case as she had lost her legal status as a parent as a result of the adoption. An analogous application of the Article was, according to a decision of the Federal Constitutional Court of 9 April 2003 (no. 1 BvR 1493/96), not possible. Article 1685 of the Civil Code was applicable, but would not grant contact rights to the applicant as she did not fulfil the legal requirements. The applicant could not be considered as a person who had cared for the children for an extended period of time. In fact, she had only cared for them for two weeks. Even if the criteria of the Federal Constitutional Court in the above-mentioned decision – whether there was a social and family relationship – were applied, the applicant could not be granted contact, as she had not created a significant social and family relationship with the children. The time of pregnancy and the two weeks after the birth did not suffice. The Civil Code grants to the adoptive parents the sole right to establish, grant or deny contact with the children even in respect of the natural mother. Furthermore, the court argued that the children, who were only three years old, might be overwhelmed by the fact that they had two mothers. 34.     On 28 July 2003 the court also dismissed the applicant’s claim in regard to the right to receive information about the children. Article 1686 of the Civil Code was not applicable, as the applicant was not a parent any more. Insofar as Article 1686 might be construed more widely, it would not apply to the applicant as her case did not fall under the scope of Article 1685 of the Civil Code. 2.     Proceedings before the Schleswig Court of Appeal 35.     On 11 August 2003 the applicant filed an appeal with the Schleswig Court of Appeal. She mainly complained that the Reinbek District Court had neither decided on Article 1666 of the Civil Code as a potential basis of her claim nor on whether a contractual agreement existed; furthermore, her petition for an expert opinion on the children’s best interests had been ignored. She further argued that the criteria of a “long duration”, when applied to parent-child relationships, had to be interpreted from the perspective of the child, whose concept of time differed from that of adults. The natural mother was always a “relevant person” in the sense of Article 1685 of the Civil Code, and this evaluation did not change even after the natural mother ceased to have legal responsibilities. Regarding the right to information, she argued that although she had consented to the adoption, she remained the natural mother and the constitutional protection of the family applied to her. Even the Federal Constitutional Court had acknowledged that during pregnancy a psycho-social relationship between mother and the foetus was established (judgment of 29 January 2003 – 1 BvL 20/99 and 1   BvR 933/01). Lastly, she complained about the length of the proceedings. 36.     On 22 October 2003 the applicant was granted legal aid. 37.     On 30 January 2004 the Schleswig Court of Appeal (10 UF 199/03 and 10 UF 222/03) dismissed the applicant’s appeal against the decisions of the Reinbek District Court of 21 and 28 July 2003. Two hearings, one on 15   December   2003 and the other on 30 January 2004, had taken place. Regarding the length of the proceedings before the district court, the Schleswig Court of Appeal found that that court had dealt adequately with the complex case within seven and a half months. Concerning the contact rights of the applicant, the court found that only Article 1685 Civil Code was applicable. Although the applicant was the children’s natural mother, she did not belong to the circle of people who had lived in “domestic community” with the child for a long period of time. According to the court, only foster parents are covered by this terminology. Furthermore, in order to determine “a long period of time” one had to establish whether a child had come to accept that his or her “relevant surroundings” ( Bezugswelt ) were with the individual in question. In the present case, the time of pregnancy was irrelevant, as an unborn child does not have a concept of its surroundings. Article 1685 Civil Code was in line with the constitutional protection of the family. The natural mother ceased to have contact or custody rights at the moment of adoption. The legal provisions regarding adoption were aimed at the undisturbed development of the child, and they served the best interests of the adopted child, who had to be fully integrated into the adoptive family; the biological family became irrelevant in accordance with the law. Even if the criteria of the judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court of 9 April 2003 regarding the natural father of a child born out of wedlock were applied, the natural mother would have to have lived with the children for a considerable time, which was not the case here. As the applicant knew, the right to contact on the basis of a contractual agreement could not be enforced by the family courts, as they were not empowered to regulate such matters. Article 1666 of the Civil Code did not give grounds for a different solution. 38.     Having considered the claim for the right to receive information about the children under Article 1686 of the Civil Code, the court found that the applicant had ceased to be a parent at the moment of adoption. As the legal basis was unambiguous and the circle of people who had a right to such information was strictly limited to the parents, the court found no room for a different interpretation. 3.     Proceedings before the Federal Constitutional Court 39.     On 8 March 2004 the applicant raised a constitutional complaint regarding the denial of her rights to receive information about and have contact with the twin sisters after their adoption. 40.     In a decision of 13 December 2007, served on the applicant’s representative on 19 December 2007, a panel of three constitutional judges refused to admit the constitutional complaint. E.     Other developments and proceedings 41.     The applicant also commenced proceedings in June 2003 concerning the appointment of a guardian ad litem for the twin sisters, in order for the children to be able to raise a constitutional complaint against the adoption decision of the guardianship division of the Reinbek District Court of 21   June 2001 (no. 2 XVI 1/01). These proceedings are the issue of another complaint before this Court (application no. 30296/08). 42.     The applicant divorced her husband and is now remarried. She had a child with her new husband in 2003. 43.     By letter of 16 December 2011 this Court informed the applicant that on 3 December 2011 the Law on a remedy against lengthy court proceedings and criminal investigations (Federal Law Gazette Part I, 2011, page 2302 et seq.) had come into force in the Federal Republic of Germany. II.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW A.     Article 6 § 1 and 2 of the Basic Law “(1) Marriage and the family shall enjoy the special protection of the State.   (2) The care and upbringing of children is the natural right of parents and a duty primarily incumbent upon them. The State shall watch over them in the performance of this duty.” B.     Relevant provisions of the Civil Code 1.     Parental custody, principles 44.     Article 1626 provides that parents have the duty and the right to care for their minor children (parental care). Parental custody encompasses both care for the person and for the property of the children. 45.     By judgment given on 29 January 2003 (1 BvL 20/99, 1   BvR   933/01) the Federal Constitutional Court accepted the legislator’s decision originally to grant parental authority over children born out of wedlock to the mother. The Federal Constitutional Court considered that, quite apart from the biological bond, mother and child developed a relationship during pregnancy which was continued after birth. 2.     Provisions on adoption 46.     Article 1747 stipulates that the consent of the parents is necessary for the adoption of a child. Consent may not be given until the child is eight weeks old. It is effective even if the person who gives consent does not know the adoptive parents, who have already been chosen. 47.     Article 1750 provides that the consent must be declared to the family court and recorded by a notary. The consent becomes effective on the date it is received by the family court. It may not be given subject to a condition or a stipulation as to time. It is irrevocable. 48.     Pursuant to Article 1751 § 1, after the consent of one parent to adoption the parental custody of this parent is suspended and the right to have personal contact with the child may not be exercised. 49.     Pursuant to Article 1754, insofar as it is relevant to this case, adoption has the effect that the adopted child attains the legal status of the child of the adoptive parents. Parental custody is held by the adoptive parents jointly. Article 1755 provides that when the adoption takes effect, the relationship of the child and its descendants to its previous relatives and the rights and duties arising from this are extinguished. 50.     Article 1758 § 1 provides that facts pertaining to the adoption and its circumstances may not be revealed or inquired into without the approval of the adoptive parent and of the child, unless special reasons of public interest make this necessary. 51.     The terms “open” or “half-open” adoption are not used in the Civil Code. 3.     Provisions on contact with a child 52.     Under Article 1684 § 1, a child is entitled to have contact with both parents; each parent is obliged to have contact with, and entitled to have contact with, the child. 53.     Under Article 1685 §§ 1 and 2 in the version applicable when the courts of first instance and the appeal court decided in this case, grandparents and siblings had a right to contact the child if this served the best interests of the child. The same applied to the spouse or former spouse and the civil partner or former civil partner of a parent, where this person had lived in domestic community with the child for a long period, and to persons with whom the child had spent a long period of time as a foster child. 54.     Under the current version – ­ ­ valid since 23 April 2004 – persons with whom the child has a close relationship ( enge Bezugspersonen) have a right to contact with the child if it serves its best interests and if they have or have had “actual responsibility” for the child (a “social and family relationship”). It is assumed that actual responsibility has been taken if the person has lived for a long period of time in domestic community with the child. The law had to be changed because the Federal Constitutional Court, by judgment of 9 April 2003 (1 BvR 1493/96, 1724/01), declared Article 1685 in its old version incompatible with Article 6 § 1 of the Basic Law regarding natural fathers who had a “social and family relationship” with their children. 4.     Provision on information on a child 55.     In accordance with Article 1686, each parent may, when it is justified, request information from the other parent on the personal circumstances of the child, to the extent that this is not inconsistent with the best interests of the child. Disputes are decided by the family court. 5.     Provision on urgent measures in the best interest of the child 56.     Pursuant to Article 1666 in the version applicable before July 2008 the family court was empowered to take the necessary measures if the parents were not willing or were not able to avert a danger to the physical, mental or psychological best interests of a child caused by abuse of parental custody, neglect of the child or by any other failure of the parents to carry out their duty. C.     Law on a remedy against lengthy court proceedings and criminal investigations 57.     Under this Act ( Gesetz über den Rechtsschutz bei überlangen Gerichtsverfahren und strafrechtlichen Ermittlungsverfahren ), which came into force on 3 December 2011, a national remedy against the excessive length of court proceedings and criminal investigations was created. According to its Article 23, the transitory provision, the new remedy is applicable to pending cases as well as to cases where the proceedings have terminated on the national level but which already form part of an application to the European Court of Human Rights. D.     International Conventions 1.     1967 European Convention on the Adoption of Children 58.     Germany signed the 1967 Convention in April 1967 and ratified it in November 1980. It entered into force in Germany on 11 February 1981. The relevant provisions of the Convention read as follows: “Article 20 1. Provision shall be made to enable an adoption to be completed without disclosing to the child’s family the identity of the adopter. 2. Provision shall be made to require or permit adoption proceedings to take place in camera. ” 2.     European Convention on the Adoption of Children (revised 2008) 59.     The revised European Convention on the Adoption of Children was opened for signature on 27 November 2008 and entered into force on 1   September 2011. Germany has not signed the revised Convention. The relevant provisions of the 2008 Convention read as follows: “Article 22 1. Provision may be made to enable an adoption to be completed without disclosing the identity of the adopter to the child’s family of origin. 2. [as Article 20 § 2 above].” THE LAW I.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 8 OF THE CONVENTION 60.     The applicant complained that the decisions of the German courts denying her the right to have contact with and receive information about the children of whom she is the natural mother violated her right to respect for her family and private life under Article 8 of the Convention, which reads as follows: “1.     Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. 2.     There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.” 61.     The Government contested that argument. A.     Admissibility 62.     The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible. B.     Merits 1.     The applicant’s submissions 63.     The applicant emphasised in particular that her consent to the placement of her children for adoption did not automatically end her “family life” within the meaning of Article 8 of the Convention. By signing the deed she had merely waived her right as a legal parent, but not as a natural mother. 64.     The applicant stressed that as the natural mother of the adopted children, contact with them and information about their well-being formed at least a part of her “private life”, as it concerned an important part of her identity even though she had ceased to have legal rights over the children. Refusal to allow a natural mother contact with her child after it had been adopted was disproportionate, especially in this case, where the adoptive parents, the Bielefeld Youth Office and the applicant had agreed to a “half ‑ open” adoption, which meant that the applicant would be informed about the development of the children and would be able to meet them twice a year. 2.     The Government’s submissions 65.     The Government argued that there had been no interference with the applicant’s right to respect for her family life. All forms of family relationship had been extinguished at the latest at the time of the adoption. Citing Schneider v. Germany , no. 17080/07, § 80, 15 September 2011, the Government pointed out that biological kinship between a biological parent and child alone, without any further legal and factual elements indicating the existence of a close personal relationship, was insufficient to attract the protection of Article 8 of the Convention. The Government noted that in the case at hand the children never lived with the applicant. 66.     The Government conceded that the applicant’s relationship with her adopted children might fall within the scope of Article 8 of the Convention under the notion of “private life”. They acknowledged that the fact of the children’s existence would always be an important aspect of the applicant’s life history, given that she was their natural mother. However, they doubted that the decisions of the domestic courts regarding contact and information rights infringed the applicant’s right to respect for her private life. The Government pointed out that the applicant had been informed about the legal effects of the placement order. They further stressed that the alleged arrangements concerning a “half-open” adoption were made only after the applicant had placed the children for adoption. At the time of consenting to the adoption, the applicant had had no grounds whatsoever to assume that she would be able to continue any form of relationship with the children. 3.     Assessment by the Court (a)     Whether there has been an interference or a positive obligation 67.     The Court observes at the outset that the instant application exclusively concerns the domestic courts’ refusal to grant the applicant contact with and information about her natural children. The applicant does not, in fact, contest the validity of her consent to the placement of the newborn children for adoption. 68.     The Court notes that the relationship of the applicant with her children fell under the protection of Article 8, under the notion of “family life”, at the time when the children were born. The relationship between the applicant and the children might have ceased to fall within the scope of “family life” when the applicant signed the deed which irrevocably placed the children for adoption at the civil law notary’s office on 9   November   2000. 69.     The Court reiterates that biological kinship between a natural parent and a child alone, without any further legal or factual elements indicating the existence of a close personal relationship, might be insufficient to attract the protection of Article 8 (see Schneider v. Germany , cited above, 17080/07, § 80, and Hülsmann v. Germany (dec.), no. 33375/03, 18   March   2008). Notwithstanding that the Court has in some cases considered that even “intended family life” might, exceptionally, fall within the ambit of Article 8, (see Anayo v. Germany , no. 20578/07, § 57, 21   December 2010), the Court observes that in the present case the existing family relationship was intentionally severed by the applicant. However, the Court considers that the determination of remaining or newly established rights between the applicant, the adoptive parents and her biological children, even if they fall outside the scope of “family life”, concern an important part of the applicant’s identity as a biological mother and thus her “private life” within the meaning of Article 8 § 1. 70.     The Court observes that the applicant complains about the decisions of the German courts refusing her the right to have contact with, and the right to receive information about, the adopted children. The Court reiterates that while the essential object of Article 8 is to protect the individual against arbitrary interference by the public authorities, it does not merely compel the State to abstain from such interference: in addition to this negative undertaking, there may be positive obligations inherent in an effective respect for private or family life. In the instant case, there are elements which suggest that the German courts’ decisions could be considered in the light of a positive obligation. However, the boundaries between the State’s positive and negative obligations under Article 8 do not lend themselves to precise definition. The applicable principles are nonetheless similar. In determining whether or not such an obligation exists, regard must be had to the fair balance which has to be struck between the general interest and the interests of the individual; and in both contexts the State enjoys a certain margin of appreciation (see, for instance, Mikulić v. Croatia , no. 53176/99, § 58, ECHR 2002 ‑ I; Evans v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 6339/05, § 75, ECHR 2007 ‑ I; and S.H. and Others v. Austria [GC], no. 57813/00, § 88, ECHR 2011). (b)     Justification under paragraph 2 of Article 8 71.     The Court will thus continue its examination by determining whether the impugned court decisions were “in accordance with the law” pursued an aim or aims that are legitimate and can be regarded as “necessary in a democratic society”. (i)     In accordance with the law 72.     The Court notes that neither Article 1684 nor Article 1685 of the Civil Code conferred on biological parents a right to have contact with their children as such. The same can be said for Article 1686 of the Civil Code which does not give them a right to have information about their adopted children. 73.     The Court further notes that when examining the applicant’s request the domestic courts did not limit their legal analysis to a literal reading of the provisions of the Civil Code. In conformity with a decision of the Federal Constitutional Court, they construed the named provisions beyond their literal wording insofar as they asked whether a “social and family relationship” between the children and the applicant had already been established and whether for this reason contact would serve the best interests of the children. In applying this standard the domestic courts took the individual circumstances of the case into account. In coming to the conclusion that such a relationship had not yet been established between the applicant and the twin children, the domestic courts emphasised in particular the short period of nineteen days that they had actually spent together after the children’s birth. In this context, the Court reiterates that is is not its task to deal with errors of fact or law allegedly committed by a national court unless and insofar as they may have infringed rights and freedoms protected by the Convention (see Garcia Ruiz v. Spain [GC], no.   30544/96, § 28, ECHR 1999-I). 74.     Under the pertinent provisions, the termination of the applicant’s legal right as a parent is the consequence of her consent to the deed before the civil law notary. By this act her rights to contact with the children and information about them terminated. In conformity with the statutory law, the applicant was made aware of the legal consequences of placing the children for adoption by a civil law notary prior to signing the adoption deed. The Court notes that the explanations given by the civil law notary regarding the statutory law were not in dispute. According to the declaration adopted before the notary, there was no allusion made to a “half-open adoption” in this context. The Court further notes that civil law notaries are lawyers who have undergone special counseling training before being admitted to the notary bar. 75.     The Court observes that the domestic courts had established in separate proceedings that the adoption deed in the pertinent case was valid. The domestic courts established, on the basis of an expert report, that the applicant had been capable of understanding the impact of the adoption deed and of acting accordingly. As a consequence of this the applicant’s parental rights were finally extinguished when the adoption took effect in accordance with Article 1755 of the Civil Code. (ii)     Legitimate aim 76.     The Court observes that the German provisions on anonymous adoption, by not providing a right to contact with and information about the adopted children, aim at protecting the adopted child’s private and family life. At the core of this lies the intention to safeguard the adopted child’s right to develop and bond with his or her adoptive parents. The same applies to the adoptive parents who also hold a right to protect their private and family life, including a corresponding right to bond with their adopted children and to develop undisturbed family life. In pursuing this aim the German provisions are in conformity with Article 20 of the 1967 European Convention on the Adoption of Children, as well as with Article 22 of the 2008 revised version of that Convention, although the Court takes note that Germany has neither signed nor ratified this revised Convention. The Conventions provide for anonymous adoptions, the purpose of which, according to the explanatory reports of those conventions, is to avoid difficulties which may arise from the natural parents’ knowledge of the adopter’s identity. The Court observes in this context that even if the more recent Convention allows for less strict regulations on adoption, it does not favour such an approach. In this context it is also necessary to take into account if a State has rules on foster care which allow natural parents to retain, to a great extent, their legal status as parents. This is the case for Germany. The Court notes that the applicant was made aware of the existence of foster care prior to the adoption process even if, as the applicant alleges, the information given was not comprehensive (compare paragraph 12, above). 77.     The decision of the Schleswig Court of Appeal was aimed at complying with the legislator’s will to give preference to a newly established family relationship between the children and their adoptive parents, with whom the children actually lived and who were providing parental care on a daily basis. The courts further emphasised the importance of allowing the very young children to develop in their adoptive family without disruption. 78.     In the light of these considerations the Court accepts that the decisions at issue pursued the legitimate aim of protecting the rights and freedoms of others. (iii)     Necessary in a democratic society 79.     The question the Court now has to address is whether the decisions of the domestic courts with regard to contact and information were necessary to pursue the aforementioned aim and struck a fair balance between the rights of the children in question, the adoptive family and the private life of the applicant as the children’s natural mother. 80.     In this context the Court notes that the adoptive parents had given – a representative of the Youth Office being present – the applicant reason to expect a “half-open” adoption and had consented orally to at least an exchange of information about the children after the adoption. 81.     Although the terms “open” and “half-open” adoption are not used in the Civil Code, the Court takes note of the Government’s argument that German law permitted “open” and “half-open” forms of adoption. Under such an agreement there could be contact of a greater or lesser degree of intensity – either direct or mediated by the Youth Office – between the adoptive parents, the child and the biological parents. The Government further explained that such forms of adoption were dependent on the consent of the adoptive parents, who held custody rights and exercised parental care in the best interests of the child. Regarding the agreement in the case at hand, the Government emphasised that it only contained reference to the applicant’s right to have information about the children. The Government assessed the legal value of such arrangements as mere declarations of intent which were not enforceable against the adoptive parents’ will. According to the Government, making such decisions enforceable was not considered expedient as adoptive parents should have freedom in the exercise of their custody rights. The Government further pointed to Article 1750 of the Civil Code, which stipulated that a declaration of consent to adoption could not be made subject to any condition or have any condition attached to it later. 82.     The applicant argued, in line with the Government, that an “open” or “half-open” adoption only differed from a classic adoption to the extent that details as to the identity of the adoptive parents were disclosed. Concerning the “agreement”, she emphasised that she had demanded that an agreement on contact rights and information be made before she signed the deed ceding her parental rights. However, the Youth Office had urged her to cede her rights first and had only afterwards arranged a meeting between her and the adoptive parents. 83.     The Court notes that nothing indicates that either the Youth Office or the prospective adoptive parents had wanted to deviate from the German statutory law on adoption, which provides for an anonymous adoption but permits disclosure of identity by the adoptive parents themselves. 84.     The Court emphasises that the oral arrangements between the applicant and the adoptive parents were concluded after the applicant had been informed by an independent lawyer, a civil law notary, about the legal consequences of her intention to declare her irrevocable consent to the adoption. The Court notes that the requirement that formal legal advice be provided by an independent lawyer is an essential safeguard against misunderstandings of the nature of the deed, which cannot be revoked and cannot have conditions attached to it later. 85.     To the Court this clearly indicates that the applicant understood the “arrangements” in the way the Government described them: namely, as a declaration of intent in the context of a prospective voluntary setting aside of anonymity by the adoptive parents.