CEDH · CASELAW;DECISIONS;ADMISSIBILITY;ENG — 20 octobre 2015

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border-left:0.75pt solid #949494; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top } .sDCDA54C9 { width:19.16%; border-top:0.75pt solid #949494; border-left:0.75pt solid #949494; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top } .s32563E28 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt }   FOURTH SECTION DECISION Application nos. 43331/09, 27877/10 and 36144/11 Emmanuel CHAKKAS and others against Cyprus Nikoletta PETROU and others against Cyprus and Evangelia CHAKKAS against Cyprus (see list appended) The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting on 20   October 2015 as a Chamber composed of:   Guido Raimondi, President,   Päivi Hirvelä,   George Nicolaou,   Nona Tsotsoria,   Paul Mahoney,   Krzysztof Wojtyczek,   Faris Vehabović, judges, and Françoise Elens-Passos, Section Registrar, Having regard to the above applications lodged on 29 July 2009, 8 April 2010 and 25 May 2011, Having deliberated, decides as follows: THE FACTS A.     The circumstances of the case 1.     The common feature of these three applications is that they are brought by Cypriot nationals who complain that the children of women displaced from the north of Cyprus after 1974 were not entitled to refugee cards (and thus the benefits to which the holders of such cards were entitled), whereas the children of displaced men were entitled to such cards. The difference in treatment was removed in 2013, that is, after the introduction of the present applications: see relevant domestic law and practice at paragraph 7 below. 2.     The applicants are all either displaced women or the children of displaced women. A list of the applicants is set out in the appendix. The applications were lodged on 29 July 2009, 8 April 2010 and 25 May 2011 respectively. The applicants in application nos. 43331/09 and 27877/10 are represented by Mr Loukis G. Loucaides. The applicants in application no.   36144/11 are separately represented by Mr Andreas S. Angelides. Mr   Loucaides and Mr Angelides both practise in Nicosia. 3.     The legislative provisions which, at the material time, granted refugee cards to the children of displaced men but not the children of displaced women were unsuccessfully challenged before the Supreme Court in Vrountou v. the Republic (appeal no. 3830): see paragraphs 8 and 9 below. The final judgment of the Supreme Court in that case was given on 3   March   2006. 4.     Following the Supreme Court’s judgment in Vrountou v. the Republic , Evangelia and Markella Chakkas, the applicants in application no.   36144/11, brought their own challenge to the refugee card scheme, lodging that challenge with the Supreme Court on 7 August 2006. They too alleged that, in according preferential treatment to the children of displaced men over the children of displaced women, the scheme was discriminatory and contrary to Article 14 of the Convention. That challenge was rejected by the Supreme Court at first instance on 19 January 2007 and on appeal to the revisional jurisdiction of the court on 1 December 2010, in each case for the reasons the court had given in its Vrountou v. the Republic judgment. B.     Relevant domestic law and practice 1.     The refugee aid scheme 5.     A scheme of aid for displaced and other affected persons was introduced by the Council of Ministers by decision no. 13.503 of 19   September 1974. Under the scheme, displaced persons were entitled to refugee cards. The holders of such cards were (and still are) eligible for a range of benefits including housing assistance. For the purposes of the scheme the term “displaced” was determined by the Council of Ministers as being any person whose permanent residence is in the occupied areas, or in an inaccessible area or in an area which was evacuated to meet the needs of the National Guard. 6.     A circular on the implementation of the scheme was issued by the Director of Care and Rehabilitation of Displaced Persons Service (“SCRDP”) on 10 September 1975. In relevant part it reads: “(a)     When a displaced woman marries a non-displaced man, the husband and children cannot be registered or considered as displaced persons; (b)     When a displaced man marries a non-displaced woman, the non-displaced wife will be registered on the refugee identity card of the husband. The children will be considered as refugees and will be registered on the refugee identity card of their father.” 7.     Although the scheme was progressively extended, it was not until the passage of the Census Bureau (Amendment) (No. 2) Law of 2013 (N.   174(I)/2013) that children of displaced women became entitled to refugee cards on the same terms as the children of displaced men. 2.     Vrountou v. the Republic 8 .     The pre-2013 scheme was unsuccessfully challenged before the Supreme Court by Maria Vrountou: Vrountou v. the Republic (appeal no.   3830). Ms Vrountou was the daughter of a displaced woman; she was refused a refugee card on 6 March 2003. Before the Supreme Court she claimed, inter alia , that the decision was in violation of the principle of equality safeguarded by Article 28 of the Constitution of Cyprus and in breach of Article 14 of the Convention taken in conjunction with Article   1   of Protocol No 1. She claimed that the scheme also breached Article   13 of the Convention. 9 .     That challenge was dismissed at first instance on 12 May 2004 and on appeal by the Supreme Court (revisional jurisdiction) on 3 March 2006, the latter finding that it was unable to extend the application of the scheme to the children of displaced women when the legislature had not done so. Ms   Vrountou lodged an application (33631/06) with this Court on 25 July 2006 and the Court gave judgment in her case on 13 October 2015. COMPLAINTS 10.     The applicants in all three applications complained that the difference in treatment between the children of displaced men and the children of displaced women was discriminatory. They thus alleged violations of Article 8 alone or taken in conjunction with Article 14 of the Convention, Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 alone or taken in conjunction with Article 14 of the Convention, and Article 1 of Protocol No. 12. They also allege that they were deprived of an effective remedy, in violation of Article   13 alone or taken in conjunction with Article 14 of the Convention. 11.     Evangelia and Markella Chakkas in their application (no. 36144/11) also alleged that the difference in treatment was inhuman and degrading treatment, contrary to Article 3 of the Convention and that, in failing properly to examine their complaints on the basis of the Convention, on the basis of European Union law and on the basis of relevant international treaties and jurisprudence, the Supreme Court had deprived them of the right to a fair trial, in violation of Article 6 of the Convention. THE LAW 12.     The Court considers that, in accordance with Rule 42 § 1 of the Rules of Court, the applications should be joined, given their similar factual and legal background. 13.     Having done so, the Court must first determine whether the applicants in these cases have complied with the admissibility requirements contained in Article 34 and Article 35 § 1 of the Convention. In particular, it is necessary to consider two questions: first, whether those applicants who are displaced women themselves (rather than the children of displaced women) have victim status for the purposes of Article 34 and second, whether the applicants in general have complied with the six-month rule contained in Article 35 § 1. A.     General principles 1.     Victim status for the purposes of Article 34 14.     In so far as relevant, Article 34 provides as follows: “The Court may receive applications from any person, non-governmental organisation or group of individuals claiming to be the victim of a violation by one of the High Contracting Parties of the rights set forth in the Convention or the Protocols thereto ...” 15.     The Court has interpreted Article 34 as meaning that, in order to be able to rely on the substantive provisions of the Convention, two conditions must be met: an applicant must fall into one of the categories of petitioners mentioned in Article 34 of the Convention, and he or she must be able to make out a prima facie case that he or she is the victim of a violation of the Convention. The term “victim” used in Article 34 of the Convention denotes the person directly affected by the act or omission which is in issue (see, as a recent authority, Lolova and Popova v. Bulgaria (dec.), no.   68053/10, 20 January 2015). 16.     The present applications have been brought by displaced women and the children of displaced women. The central complaint is that the children of displaced women were not entitled to refugee cards. However, those applicants who are themselves displaced women were entitled to refugee cards; only their children were not entitled to those cards. There is nothing to suggest that displaced women were in any way adversely affected by the inability of their children to obtain refugee cards. It follows that those applicants who are displaced women have not made out a prima facie case that they are victims of a violation of the Convention. Accordingly, the complaints made by the applicants who are displaced women are incompatible ratione personae with the provisions of the Convention within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 and must be rejected in accordance with Article 35 § 4. 2.     The six-month rule 17.     Article 35 § 1 of the Convention stipulates: “The Court may only deal with the matter after all domestic remedies have been exhausted, according to the generally recognised rules of international law, and within a period of six months from the date on which the final decision was taken.” 18.     The rule of exhaustion of domestic remedies referred to in Article   35   §   1 of the Convention obliges those seeking to bring a case against a State to use first the remedies provided by the national legal system, thus allowing States the opportunity to put matters right through their own legal systems before being required to answer for their acts before an international body. In order to comply with the rule, normal recourse should be had by an applicant to remedies which are available and sufficient to afford redress in respect of the breaches alleged; there is no obligation to have recourse to remedies which are inadequate or ineffective. 19.     The six-month rule stipulated in Article 35 § 1 is intended to promote security of the law and to ensure that cases raising issues under the Convention are dealt with within a reasonable time. It protects the authorities and other persons concerned from uncertainty for a prolonged period of time. Finally, it ensures that, insofar as possible, matters are examined while they are still fresh, before the passage of time makes it difficult to ascertain the pertinent facts and renders a fair examination of the question at issue almost impossible. 20.     In assessing whether an applicant has complied with Article 35 § 1, it is important to recall that the requirements contained in that Article concerning the exhaustion of domestic remedies and the six-month period are closely interrelated. 21.     Thus where no effective remedy is available to an applicant, the time-limit expires six months after the date of the acts or measures about which he complains, or after the date of knowledge of that act or its effect or prejudice on the applicant. 22.     The pursuit of remedies which do not satisfy the requirements of Article   35   §   1 will not be considered by the Court for the purposes of establishing the date of the “final decision” or calculating the starting point for the running of the six-month rule (see, for example, Lang and Hastie v.   the United Kingdom (dec.), nos. 19/11 and 36395/11, §§ 24-28, with further references therein). 23 .     Finally, a remedy will be ineffective inter alia if it offers no reasonable prospects of success. This will include instances where there is recent, negative case-law of the domestic appeal court in cases which are factually or legally similar to the applicant’s case and where there is no likelihood of the appeal court reversing its own recent precedent (see, for instance, Maktouf and Damjanović v. Bosnia and Herzegovina [GC], nos.   2312/08 and 34179/08, §§ 59 and 60, ECHR 2013 (extracts); Paksas v.   Lithuania [GC], no. 34932/04, § 76, ECHR 2011 (extracts); Gas and Dubois v. France (dec.), no. 25951/07, 31 August 2010; Salah Sheekh v. the Netherlands , no. 1948/04, §§ 121–123, 11 January 2007). 24.     Applying those principles to the remaining applicants in present three cases (that is, those applicants who are the children of displaced women), the Court considers that the Supreme Court’s judgment in Vrountou v. the Republic settled the question as to whether, as a matter of domestic law, the children of displaced women should be given refugee cards on the same terms as the children of displaced men. In concluding that the refugee aid scheme could not be so extended without usurping the function of the legislature, the Supreme Court heard full argument on the question of the compatibility of the scheme with the provisions of the Convention, particularly Article 14. Once the Supreme Court had given judgment on 3 March 2006 there were, therefore, no further effective remedies which could be pursued in Cyprus by the children of displaced women. Therefore, to comply with the six-month rule, any application by the child of a displaced woman should have been lodged with this Court within six months of 3 March 2006. 25.     However, the applicants covered by the first and second applications waited until 29 July 2009 and 8 April 2010 respectively before lodging their applications with the Court. They have given no reason for the delay in doing so. Indeed, in their applications they referred to the fact that, in light of Vrountou v. the Republic , they had no effective remedy in Cyprus. Accordingly, these applications, having been lodged well after 3 March 2006, are out of time and must therefore be rejected pursuant to Article   35   §§   1 and 4 of the Convention. 26.     For the remaining applicant in the third application, Evangelia Chakkas, the position is no different. Although Ms Chakkas brought her own challenge in the Supreme Court, in light of Vrountou v. the Republic , that challenge was bound to fail. There was no likelihood of the Supreme Court overruling its Vrountou judgment, not least when her submissions before the Supreme Court were substantially the same as those made by Ms   Vrountou in her case (see Maktouf and Damjanović and the other cases cited at paragraph 23 above). Accordingly, the complaints made by Ms   Chakkas in this application concerning Articles 8, 13 and 14 of the Convention, Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 and Article 1 of Protocol No. 12, having been lodged more than six months after 3 March 2006, are also out of time and must be rejected pursuant to Article 35 §§ 1 and 4 of the Convention. 27.     To the extent that Ms Chakkas makes complaints not considered by the Supreme Court in Vrountou , namely that the scheme also violated Article 3 of the Convention and that the Supreme Court in her case violated Article 6 of the Convention, the Court considers that these complaints do not disclose any appearance of a violation of the rights and freedoms set out in the Convention or its Protocols. They are manifestly ill-founded and must therefore be rejected in accordance with Article 35   §§   3   (a) and 4 of the Convention. For these reasons, the Court unanimously Decides to join the applications; Declares the applications inadmissible.   Done in English and notified in writing on 12 November 2015. Françoise Elens-Passos   Guido Raimondi   Registrar   President Appendix 43331/09 CHAKKAS AND OTHERS v. Cyprus Date of introduction 29/07/2009   N o . First name LASTNAME Date of Birth Nationality City   Emmanuel CHAKKAS 01/12/1984 Cypriot Nicosia   Samer AKKAWI 15/04/1991 Cypriot Nicosia   Tarek AKKAWI 10/07/1989 Cypriot Nicosia   Eleni DEMETRIOU 07/11/1981 Cypriot Nicosia   Ifegenia DEMETRIOU 24/09/1955 Cypriot Nicosia   Sofronis DEMETRIOU 21/08/1979 Cypriot Nicosia   Christiana GEORGIOU 01/03/1999 Cypriot Latsia   Pantelitsa GEORGIOU 22/07/1997 Cypriot Latsia   Socratis IOANNIDES 20/10/1983 Cypriot Strovolos   Eleni IOANNIDOU 22/04/1979 Cypriot Strovolos   Sophia IOANNIDOU 10/06/1954 Cypriot Strovolos   Helena KALIMERI 30/03/1958 Cypriot Nicosia   Costantinos Raphael KAPARDIS 26/06/1994 Australian, Cypriot Nicosia   Elena KAPARDIS 29/08/1990 Australian, Cypriot Nicosia   Maria KRAMBIA-KAPARDIS 17/10/1963 Cypriot Nicosia   Kalliope LOUTSIOU STEPHANOU 29/03/1955 Cypriot Nicosia   Chrysostomos MICHAELIDES 10/07/1982 Cypriot Nicosia   Michalis MICHAELIDES 24/05/1979 Cypriot Lakatamia   Kleopatra MICHAELIDOU 08/05/1957 Cypriot Nicosia   Christos MICHALOPOULOS 21/04/1984 Cypriot Nicosia   Maria MICHALOPOULOU 22/07/1960 Cypriot Nicosia   Mikaella MICHALOPOULOU 11/04/1987 Cypriot Nicosia   Nicoletta MICHALOPOULOU 02/01/1989 Cypriot Nicosia   Alexandros MIKELLIDES 06/03/1986 Cypriot Nicosia   Andys MIKELLIDES 05/08/1987 Cypriot Nicosia   Nikolas MIKELLIDES 23/10/1983 Cypriot Nicosia   Maria MIKELLIDES-KALIMERIS 11/11/1954 Cypriot Nicosia   Andreas MINAIDES 06/10/1983 Cypriot Lakatamia   Emilia MINAIDOU 17/03/1980 Cypriot Lakatamia   Maria MINAIDOU 09/03/1961 Cypriot Lakatamia   Marianna NICOLAIDES 27/10/1981 Cypriot Nicosia   Tasia PASHIA NICOLAIDES 23/02/1957 Cypriot Nicosia   Victoria NICOLAIDES 02/10/1987 Cypriot Nicosia   Androulla PALAONTA 09/04/1963 Cypriot Latsia   Dimitris STEPHANOU 01/02/1985 Cypriot Nicosia   Manolis STEPHANOU 20/10/1983 Cypriot Nicosia   Persephone STEPHANOU 14/06/1986 Cypriot Nicosia   27877/10 PETROU AND OTHERS v. Cyprus Date of introduction 08/04/2010   N o .   First name LASTNAME Date of Birth Nationality City   Nikoletta PETROU 14/02/1982 Cypriot Nicosia   Christina ANASTASIOU 18/05/1944 Cypriot Nicosia   Margarita ANASTASIOU 06/08/1981 Cypriot Nicosia   Tassos ANASTASIOU 27/07/1976 Cypriot Nicosia   Monica ANDREOU 18/07/1978 Cypriot Nicosia   Petros ANDREOU 19/05/1982 Cypriot Nicosia   Maria CHARALAMBOUS 28/01/1981 Cypriot Nicosia   Panagiota ANDREOU CHARALAMBOUS 11/04/1953 Cypriot Nicosia   Petros CHARALAMBOUS 10/04/1984 Cypriot Nicosia   Andria CHRISTODOULOU 06/09/1988 Cypriot Nicosia   Theonitsa CHRISTODOULOU 10/09/1993 Cypriot Nicosia   Katerina CHRISTOU 16/09/1977 Cypriot Nicosia   Stephani CHRISTOU 06/01/1986 Cypriot Nicosia   Chrystalla DEMETRIOU 14/07/1954 Cypriot Nicosia   Elena DEMETRIOU 20/05/1985 Cypriot Nicosia   Valentinos DEMETRIOU 10/03/1983 Cypriot Nicosia   Anthos ELIADES 16/05/1980 Cypriot Nicosia   Eliana ELIADES 28/04/1976 Cypriot Nicosia   Froso ELIADES 28/03/1943 Cypriot Nicosia   Ermolia FIAKA 05/08/1954 Cypriot Nicosia   Georgios FIAKA 03/12/1978 Cypriot Nicosia   Maria FIAKA 10/01/1983 Cypriot Nicosia   Theofanis FIAKA 19/01/1981 Cypriot Nicosia   Antonis GAVRIELIDES 27/12/1982 Cypriot Nicosia   Eleni GAVRIELIDOU 03/12/1980 Cypriot Nicosia   Katerina GAVRIELIDOU 08/03/1952 Cypriot Nicosia   Constantinos GEORGIADES 05/02/1985 Cypriot Nicosia   Anna Marina GREGORIOU 01/03/1994 Cypriot Psimolophou   Filippos GREGORIOU 14/04/1988 Cypriot Psimolophou   Kyriacos GREGORIOU 17/07/1986 Cypriot Psimolophou   Mariandri GREGORIOU 25/09/1959 Cypriot Psimolophou   Rodoulla GREGORIOU 28/03/1990 Cypriot Psimolophou   Chrystalla HADJIKLEANTHOUS 01/03/1985 Cypriot Nicosia   Georgios HADJIKLEANTHOUS 10/05/1981 Cypriot Nicosia   Sotira HADJIKLEANTHOUS 05/11/1952 Cypriot Nicosia   Nelli KATSIAMI 12/12/1951 Cypriot Nicosia   Alexis KYRIAKIDES 29/01/1983 Cypriot Nicosia   Nicholas KYRIAKIDES 05/05/1979 Cypriot Nicosia   Phanos KYRIAKIDES 21/10/1980 Cypriot Nicosia   Maria BARPA KYRIAKIDOU 09/06/1945 Cypriot Nicosia   Stelios KYTHREOTIS 19/10/1990 Cypriot Larnaca   Maria KYTHREOTOU 04/04/1950 Cypriot Larnaca   Androulla LEANDROU 15/10/1946 Cypriot Nicosia   Chrystalla LEANDROU 21/07/1969 Cypriot Anayia   Angela NICOLAOU 23/12/1964 Cypriot Nicosia   Michalis NICOLAOU 06/12/1988 Cypriot Nicosia   Rafaela NICOLAOU 11/08/1998 Cypriot Nicosia   Victoria NICOLAOU 24/12/1987 Cypriot Nicosia   Maria OMIROU 04/11/1980 Cypriot Limassol   Michalis OMIROU 31/01/1978 Cypriot Limassol   Kyriakos PANAYIDES 17/11/1980 Cypriot Nicosia   Effie PANAYIDOU 07/07/1983 Cypriot Nicosia   Maria PANAYIDOU 15/08/1958 Cypriot Nicosia   Mikaella PANAYIDOU 19/09/1992 Cypriot Nicosia   Pantelitsa PANAYIDOU 19/08/1979 Cypriot Nicosia   Constantina PANAYIOTOU 11/06/1986 Cypriot Nicosia   Panayiotis PANAYIOTOU 18/07/1983 Cypriot Nicosia   Tasoula PANTELI CHRISTOULOU 10/10/1957 Cypriot Nicosia   Afroditi PAPADIMITRIOU 19/09/1986 Cypriot Nicosia   Androula PAPADIMITRIOU 11/11/1980 Cypriot Nicosia   Maria PAPADIMITRIOU 09/04/1979 Cypriot Nicosia   Theodora PAPADIMITRIOU 16/07/1956 Cypriot Nicosia   Eleni OMIROU PAPAGRIGORIOU 05/07/1949 Cypriot Limassol   Nicoletta PAPAMICHAEL 21/01/1982 Cypriot Nicosia   Yiannis PAPAMICHAEL 06/02/1978 Cypriot Nicosia   Maro PAPAMICHAEL CHAMBOURIDOU 18/07/1951 Cypriot Nicosia   Vasiliki PAPAXANTHOU ANDREOU 02/08/1952 Cypriot Nicosia   Antonis PAVLOU 19/05/1993 Cypriot Nicosia   Menelaos PAVLOU 24/01/1988 Cypriot Nicosia   Vasilis PAVLOU 07/06/1985 Cypriot Nicosia   Maria PAVLOU TRYPHONOS 13/05/1961 Cypriot Nicosia   Chrystalla Kyprianou PELASELA 13/09/1955 Cypriot Nicosia   Charalambos PELASELAS 11/06/1980 Cypriot Nicosia   Kypros PELASELAS 04/04/1983 Cypriot Nicosia   Anastasia PETROU 02/06/1953 Cypriot Nicosia   Andreas PETROU 15/09/1993 Cypriot Nicosia   Elena PETROU 20/03/1995 Cypriot Nicosia   Maria XYDA PETROU 09/03/1961 Cypriot Nicosia   Petros PETROU 26/12/1977 Cypriot Nicosia   Maria PIERIDOU CHRISTOU 09/09/1951 Cypriot Nicosia   Maria PITSILLOU 01/02/1957 Cypriot Nicosia   Panagiotis SEVASTIDES 16/11/1983 Cypriot Nicosia   Eleni SEVASTIDOU 13/10/1958 Cypriot Nicosia   Kyriaki SEVASTIDOU 22/11/1980 Cypriot Nicosia   Alexandros SOFRONIOU 25/07/1980 Cypriot Nicosia   Andreas SOFRONIOU 15/12/1984 Cypriot Nicosia   Constantina SOFRONIOU 23/02/1957 Cypriot Nicosia   Christine Andrea SYMEONIDES 30/11/1984 Canadian, Cypriot Nicosia   Kleanthis SYMEONIDES 14/03/1994 Canadian, Cypriot Nicosia   Stephen Constantine SYMEONIDES 28/02/1989 Canadian, Cypriot Nicosia   Constantinos -Andreas SYMEONIDOU 02/12/1990 Canadian, Cypriot Nicosia   Eleni SYMEONIDOU 15/07/1959 Canadian, Cypriot Nicosia   Christodoulos TYRIMOU 22/05/1978 Cypriot Limassol   Georgios TYRIMOU 26/06/1976 Cypriot Limassol   Kyriaki TYRIMOU SAVVA 14/11/1948 Cypriot Limassol   Marios TYRIMOU 21/09/1982 Cypriot Limassol   Androula TYRIMOU 21/09/1982 Cypriot Limassol   36144/11 CHAKKAS v. Cyprus Date of introduction 25/05/2011   N o . First name LASTNAME Date of Birth Nationality City                  Evangelia CHAKKAS 16/08/1987 Cypriot Nicosia                  Markella ISAIA CHAKKA 21/01/1958 Cypriot Nicosia