CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 1 septembre 2016

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THE UNITED KINGDOM   (Application no. 49734/12)             JUDGMENT   This version was rectified on 21 February 2017 under Rule 81 of the Rules of Court.     STRASBOURG   1 September 2016     FINAL   30/01/2017   This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of V.M. v. the United Kingdom, The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Mirjana Lazarova Trajkovska, President,   Ledi Bianku,   Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos,   Paul Mahoney,   Aleš Pejchal,   Robert Spano,   Pauliine Koskelo, judges, and Abel Campos, Section Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 5 July 2016, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 49734/12) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Nigerian national, Ms V.M. (“the applicant”), on 6 August 2012. The President of the Section acceded to the applicant’s request not to have her name disclosed (Rule 47 § 4 of the Rules of Court). 2.     The applicant was represented by Mr.   S.   Vnuk of Lawrence Lupin Solicitors, a firm of solicitors practising in Wembley. The United Kingdom Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Ms   M.   Macmillan of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 3.     On 19 February 2013 the application was communicated to the Government. THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 4.     The applicant was born in 1977 and lives in West Drayton. A.     The factual background 5.     The applicant claims to have entered the United Kingdom illegally on 18 November 2003 with her son (“S”), who was born on 13 July 2000. On 22 November 2003 S was admitted to hospital with serious injuries. 6.     On 3 December 2003 S became the subject of an interim care order and the applicant was later charged with child cruelty under section 1(1) of the Children and Young Persons Act 1993 and with Grievous Bodily Harm with intent. 7.     On 29 January 2004 the applicant claimed asylum on the basis that if returned to Nigeria she would be killed by the wife of a man who, she alleged, had sexually assaulted her. Her application was rejected by the Secretary of State for the Home Department on 26 April 2004. 8.     On 25 May 2004 the applicant was diagnosed with a psychotic illness and detained in hospital for one week. 9.     In July 2004 the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal dismissed the applicant’s appeal against the refusal of her asylum claim on asylum and human rights grounds, finding, inter alia , that she was not a credible witness. 10 .     On 24 August 2004 the applicant pleaded guilty to one count of child cruelty. She was granted bail pending a further hearing set for 7 February 2005. She then absconded for a period of over two years. 11.     In March 2005 a residence order was made in favour of S’s father and the child was returned to Nigeria. 12.     On 14 July 2005 the applicant gave birth to her second child (“M”), who had a different father to S. 13.     On 26 September 2007 the applicant was arrested and charged with possession of false documentation with intent to commit fraud. She was convicted and on 12 December 2007 she was sentenced to nine months’ imprisonment. 14.     On 7 April 2008 the applicant was convicted of child cruelty. Before sentencing the applicant for the offence of child cruelty, the Crown Court asked Dr O, a specialist registrar in forensic psychiatry, to produce a report. The report, which was dated 29 May 2008, indicated that the applicant suffered from a recurrent depressive disorder and emotionally unstable personality disorder. However, at the date of the report her depressive and psychotic symptoms were being managed with medication and therapy, with the result that her mental illness was not considered to be of a nature or degree to warrant treatment either in the prison healthcare wing or in hospital. She did not, therefore, fulfil the criteria for treatment under the Mental Health Act 1983 (“the 1983 Act”). 15.     On 21 July 2008 the applicant was sentenced to twelve months’ imprisonment for the offence of child cruelty. She also pleaded guilty to the offence of failure to surrender to bail and was sentenced to three months’ imprisonment, to be served concurrently. The judge recommended deportation in view of the seriousness of the offences. B.     The applicant’s immigration detention 16.     On 5 August 2008 the United Kingdom Border Agency decided to deport the applicant. She therefore remained in detention under immigration powers when her criminal sentence ended on 8 August 2008. 17.     On 12 August 2008 the applicant appealed against the decision to deport her. In her notice of appeal she reiterated her claim that she was at risk of being killed in Nigeria and that she had no family connections there. As M had been taken into the care of the local authority and was the subject of care proceedings, she also asserted a right to remain in the United Kingdom until those proceedings had concluded. 18.     On 5 December 2008 the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal dismissed her appeal but found that it would be proportionate to allow her to remain in the United Kingdom for the short period that it would take to complete the care proceedings in respect of M. 19.     The applicant was refused bail on 12 January 2009 and again on 17   March 2009 on the grounds that she could not be relied on to comply with bail conditions, she offered no sureties and she represented a danger to herself and to others. 20 .     On 30 April 2009 the applicant obtained a report from Professor K, a medical expert, on her mental health. He agreed with the diagnosis of Dr O and concluded that the applicant was not suitable for compulsory treatment under the 1983 Act as she was not in need of in-patient psychiatric care and her mental health needs could be met in the community. She was taking medication and if necessary could be admitted to hospital on a voluntary basis. Professor K did, however, note that the applicant’s mental health was likely to deteriorate in response to continued detention, although it should improve in response to release in the community. 21.     Bail was again refused by the authorities on 1 June 2009 in view of the risk of the applicant once again absconding. 22.     On 19 June 2009 the applicant made representations requesting that the decision to deport be reversed or, alternatively, that the representations be treated as a fresh asylum claim pursuant to the relevant immigration rules. In these representations the applicant claimed that she faced a real risk of treatment contrary to Articles 3 and 8 of the Convention if she were deported to Nigeria due to her mental health status and the poor standard of treatment facilities in the destination country. Additionally, the applicant claimed that her family life with M would be irrevocably disrupted. 23.     On 25 June 2009 a judge in the Family Court made a care and placement order in respect of M. In concluding that the threshold criteria were met, he stated that: “I am satisfied the evidence supports a finding of likelihood, that is to say a real possibility, of harm to [M], founded on [S’s] grave injuries; the previous court’s findings in respect of those; the mother’s mental history; her plea to a seriously abusive offence against [S]; her absenting herself from the care and the criminal processes; the social and practical vulnerability produced by the parties’ lack of immigration status; and their criminal offending, with its practical consequences for their availability to [M]. I am satisfied the matters I have outlined placed [M], at the relevant time, at significant risk of physical and emotional harm.” 24.     Following the decision of the Family Court, on 21 September 2009 Professor K prepared a further report. He noted that the applicant’s mental state had deteriorated considerably since he last saw her as she was more depressed and more floridly psychotic. She was also experiencing side ‑ effects from the medication she was taking. Between May 2009 and September 2009 she had fought with another detainee, sustained injuries while being restrained, ingested washing powder, attempted to tie a ligature around her neck, stolen food from other detainees and smashed things in her room. Professor K considered that the deterioration in her mental health was largely due to her continued immigration detention. He expressed the opinion that the applicant would now benefit from hospital assessment and treatment and recommended her transfer under the provisions of section 48 of the 1983 Act. 25.     On 10 October 2009 Professor K gave an opinion that the applicant was not fit to act as a litigant. He reiterated that she should be transferred to hospital under section 48 the 1983 Act. However, a transfer to a mental health hospital required the agreement of two clinicians responsible for a patient’s care. The applicant was not transferred as there was no agreement about whether she fulfilled the relevant criteria. 26.     On 8 December 2009 the United Kingdom authorities contacted the responsible clinicians to request another mental health assessment of the applicant. However, the clinicians indicated that a further assessment was unnecessary as she had had four assessments already. The applicant was seen by the General Practitioner in the Immigration Removal Centre, who was satisfied that the medication being prescribed was best suited to her mental health situation and confirmed that there was no merit in arranging a further psychiatric assessment. 27.     On 14 December 2009, following what the Court of Appeal described as a “lengthy delay” the Secretary of State refused to treat the applicant’s representations as a fresh claim for asylum. Further similar representations led to a further decision on 26 April 2010 in which the Secretary of State maintained that the conditions for a fresh claim were not met. 28 .     On 16 December 2009 the applicant lodged a judicial review claim challenging the lawfulness of her detention and the failure to transfer her to a mental hospital for compulsory treatment. She then added a further challenge to the refusal to treat her representations as a fresh claim for asylum. She was represented in these proceedings by the Official Solicitor as she lacked capacity to conduct the litigation on her own behalf. 29.     In or around February 2010 the applicant was admitted to the Acute Assessment Wing of a hospital after attempting suicide. 30.     Around this time Professor K examined the applicant once more and produced a report dated 1 March 2010. He noted that her condition had deteriorated due to her continued detention; she was more depressed, was describing mood-congruent auditory hallucinations, and continued to make multiple attempts to self-harm. He once again expressed the view that she should be transferred to hospital for compulsory treatment under section 48 of the 1983 Act. 31.     While the applicant was in hospital she was examined by a nurse. She assessed the applicant’s risk of harming children as grade three on a scale of zero to three. She was also at a risk of suicide, deliberate self-harm and other offending behaviour at grade two. This gave the applicant a summary risk to herself of two and to others of three. Although the nurse noted that the applicant’s mood had improved since 1 March 2010, she still considered that she had ongoing and enduring mental health problems and that her needs could not adequately be met in Yarl’s Wood Immigration Removal Centre. 32.     The applicant was readmitted to the Acute Assessment Wing on 12   March 2010, following a further attempt to self-harm. 33.     On 15 March 2010 the applicant was assessed by Dr R, a consultant psychiatrist, Dr S, Acting Consultant for the Crisis Team, and Dr I of General Adult Psychiatry. They noted that she displayed a tendency to act impulsively and without consideration of the consequences. She also had a tendency to self-harm and exhibited behaviour which could be interpreted as suicidal. Furthermore, they considered her to be in an extremely stressful situation, given her detention and the ongoing care proceedings. In view of these considerations, they concluded that the applicant remained at very high risk due to her impulsivity and unpredictability. Although that risk could only be contained by constant supervision, this need could be met at Yarl’s Wood. Hospital admission would not provide management different to that. 34.     The applicant was accordingly discharged back to Yarl’s Wood. 35.     On 23 March 2010 Professor K considered Dr R’s report along with other materials. He agreed that the applicant was at high risk of suicide, but considered that this required not only constant supervision but also treatment of the underlying problem, which would be more appropriately managed therapeutically in a hospital setting. He further noted that other doctors had recommended psychological intervention in a secure in-patient setting. C.     Detention reviews 36 .     Throughout the applicant’s detention, monthly detention reviews were carried out. During these reviews any change in circumstances was recorded, the likelihood of removal within a reasonable time was considered, and a proposal was made with regard to whether detention should be maintained. D.     The applicant’s legal challenge to her ongoing detention 37.     Permission for the applicant’s first judicial review challenge was granted on 14 May 2010 and the hearing took place on 22 and 23 July 2010. 38.     On 13 August 2010 the judicial review application was dismissed by a High Court judge, who found that while the Secretary of State had failed to take into account paragraph 55.10 of her own policy, Enforcement Instructions and Guidance (see paragraphs 58-63 below), when considering the justification for the applicant’s detention between 8 August 2008 and 28   April 2010 (“the first period of detention”), that failure had not caused any damage since the decision to detain would have been the same even had the policy been correctly considered and applied. The judge therefore dismissed the claim for false imprisonment. 39 .     The judge found that the policy had been taken into account from 29   April 2010 up to the date of the hearing on 22 July 2010 (“the second period of detention”). He therefore found that continuing detention was lawful during this second period. The judge also rejected submissions that the period of detention had become unreasonable and unlawful under the principles set out in R v. Governor of Durham Prison, ex parte Hardial Singh [1974] 1 WLR 704 (“the Hardial Singh principles”) (see   paragraph   54 below). In this regard, he noted that, taking an analytical approach to each of the periods of detention following 8 August 2008, the applicant’s detention was explicable by steps she had taken, or failed to take (for example, cooperation in relation to emergency travel documents, and the conflicting advice in the hands of the authorities as to the effect of detention on her mental condition and the possibility of treating it while in detention). In relation to the applicant’s own conduct, the judge noted that: “It is clear from the Hardial Singh principles that obstacles to the Claimant’s removal caused by the Claimant’s conduct do not count in the formula. The initial conduct of the Claimant was her commission of the offence on her son. Relevant to the decision to deport and to detain pending deportation were her conviction for absconding and her conviction for fraud. The Claimant’s utilisation of the rights available under the legislation to challenge the Defendant’s decisions allowed her to remain in the UK. In a sense she is rightfully in the United Kingdom while these processes unwind. On the other hand, they are of her choosing since she could repatriate herself voluntarily to Nigeria. Put neutrally as the authorities do, without tendentious issues such as fault, it is her conduct which has caused her to be here. She appealed asylum and deportation decisions, engaged at some stages in the family proceedings and issued a purported fresh claim and judicial review. ” 40 .     With regard to the Secretary of State’s refusal to accept the applicant’s representations as a fresh claim, the judge found that the further representations were not “significantly different” from material that had already been considered. Further, and in any event, the judge found that there was no Article 3 issue within the meaning of N. v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 26565/05, ECHR 2008 and that any interference with the applicant’s rights under Article 8 § 1 was justified under sub-paragraph 2. 41.     The applicant appealed to the Court of Appeal against the dismissal of her judicial review claim on 13 August 2010. Permission was granted in light of the recent judgment of 23 March 2011 by the Supreme Court in R   (Walumba Lumba and Kadian Mighty) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2011] UKSC 12 (“ Lumba and Mighty ”) (see paragraphs 64-65 below), in which the application by the Secretary of State of a “secret policy” in respect of immigration detention was held to be unlawful in violation of public law principles. 42.     On 31 August 2010 the applicant applied for assisted return to Nigeria under the Facilitated Reintegration Scheme (a scheme under which financial incentives are provided for a voluntary return by an individual to his or her country of nationality) but the application was refused in all the circumstances of the case. 43.     The applicant was served with a deportation order on 25 November 2010. Although she submitted further representations for a fresh asylum and human rights claim the immigration authorities refused to revoke the deportation order. The immigration authorities also declined to give her a further statutory appeal right in relation to that decision and removal directions were set for 27 January 2011. The applicant challenged this decision by way of judicial review and obtained an injunction preventing removal until this judicial review claim had been determined. 44.     On 6 July 2011, shortly before the Court of Appeal hearing, the applicant was released on bail by the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal. 45.     At the court hearing, the Secretary of State conceded that following the decision of the Supreme Court in Lumba and Mighty the applicant’s detention between 8 August 2008 and 28 April 2010 had been unlawful on account of a failure to consider the guidance on detention of mentally ill persons in the published policy on immigration detention (see paragraphs   58 ‑ 63 below). As a result, on 28 July 2011 the Court of Appeal allowed the applicant’s appeal against the High Court’s judgment. However, as the Secretary of State had continued to detain the applicant after the relevant policy had been taken into account (from 29 April 2010 onwards), the court was satisfied that she would have been detained during the earlier period even if the policy had been considered. Moreover, having assessed all the evidence in the case – in particular, the risk of the applicant reoffending, self-harming, or absconding – the court concluded that it had been open to a reasonable decision-maker to detain the applicant in all the circumstances of the case. Despite the concerns over her mental health, the balance of expert advice was that her needs could be managed appropriately in detention. It therefore concluded that not only would the applicant have been detained during this period, but that she could have been detained lawfully. 46 .     With regard to the Hardial Singh principles, the court did not consider that the period of detention had become unreasonable by the date of the hearing before the judge, either on account of its length or because it should have been apparent that it would not be possible to effect deportation within a reasonable period. On the contrary, the court considered that deportation within a reasonable period had remained a sufficient prospect at every stage. In this regard, it noted that there was no external barrier to removal and no case-specific problem such as the absence of travel documentation. The only intermittent delaying factor was the applicant’s legal challenges but that did not oblige a finding that the prospects of removal were fanciful. Although it accepted that the Secretary of State could have responded sooner to the “fresh claim” representations, the “lengthy delay” only had a minor effect overall and did not constitute a failure to act with due diligence. 47.     Finally, in relation to the Secretary of State’s refusal to treat the new representations as a fresh claim, the court found that he had been entitled to reach the conclusion he did. 48 .     Consequently, the court awarded the applicant nominal damages of GBP 1 in relation to the period which had been conceded to be unlawful. Permission to appeal was refused by the Supreme Court on 7   February 2012. E.     Subsequent events 49.     The applicant succeeded in quashing the decision not to give her a further statutory appeal right in relation to the decision to refuse to revoke the deportation order in light of the second set of representations for a further fresh claim (see paragraph 43 above). This case is now being reconsidered by the authorities in light of all the current circumstances. 50.     In the meantime, the applicant has brought further judicial review claims (not related to the present application). She has also been litigating in the Family Court and is bringing a personal injury claim against the immigration authorities. F.     Contact between the applicant and M 51.     By the end of July 2010 contact between the applicant and M had been limited to two hours every two months with a view to further reduction and the prospect of a goodbye meeting once the applicant was deported or M adopted. However, the local authority subsequently agreed not to proceed with adoption and instead opted for long-term fostering for M. The applicant had her first contact with M in July 2012 and the local authority have agreed to further contact every three months. II.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE A.     Detention pending deportation 52.     The power to detain a person pending deportation is contained in Paragraph 2 of Schedule 3 to the Immigration Act 1971 (“the 1971 Act”), which provides as relevant: “(1)     Where a recommendation for deportation made by a court is in force in respect of any person, [and that person is not detained in pursuance of the sentence or order of any court] , he shall, unless the court by which the recommendation is made otherwise directs [or a direction is given under sub-paragraph (1A) below,] be detained pending the making of a deportation order in pursuance of the recommendation, unless the Secretary of State directs him to be released pending further consideration of his case [or he is released on bail].- (2)     Where notice has been given to a person in accordance with regulations under [section 105 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (notice of decision)] of a decision to make a deportation order against him, [and he is not detained in pursuance of the sentence or order of a court] , he may be detained under the authority of the Secretary of State pending the making of the deportation order. (3)     Where a deportation order is in force against any person, he may be detained under the authority of the Secretary of State pending his removal or departure from the United Kingdom (and if already detained by virtue of sub-paragraph (1) or (2) above when the order is made, shall continue to be detained unless [he is released on bail or] the Secretary of State directs otherwise).Where notice has been given to a person in accordance with regulations under section 105 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (notice of decision) of a decision to make a deportation order against him, and he is not detained in pursuance of the sentence or order of a court, he may be detained under the authority of the Secretary of State pending the making of the deportation order.” B.     Challenges to detention 53.     Any individual who is imprisoned under executive powers at any time can issue a “writ” of application for release in the High Court for habeas corpus . Alternatively, he or she may issue an application for judicial review of a decision to detain which can result in a quashing order, prohibition or mandatory order for release. 54.     The lawfulness of detention is subject to judicial scrutiny in respect of all the principles of public law including whether the custodian has power to detain, that the detention is for the purpose for which power is given, and that the power is exercised rationally and reasonably. In the context of detention pending deportation, these principles were summarised by Dyson   LJ in R v Governor of Durham Prison, ex parte Hardial Singh [1984] WLR   704 as follows: “i.     The Secretary of State must intend to deport the person and can only use the power to detain for that purpose; ii.     The deportee may only be detained for a period that is reasonable in all the circumstances; iii.     If, before the expiry of the reasonable period, it becomes apparent that the Secretary of State will not be able to effect deportation within that reasonable period, he should not seek to exercise the power of detention; iv.     The Secretary of State should act with reasonable diligence and expedition to effect removal.” 55.     In the case of R (Walumba Lumba and Kadian Mighty) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2011] UKSC 12 (“ Lumba and Mighty ”), the Supreme Court briefly considered the Hardial Singh principles. In his leading judgment, which was accepted by the majority of the court, Lord   Dyson found that in assessing the reasonableness of the length of the period of detention, the risk of re-offending would be a relevant factor. In this regard, he noted that if a person re-offended, there was a risk that he would abscond either to evade arrest or, if he was arrested and prosecuted, that he would receive a custodial sentence. Either way, his re-offending would impede his deportation. He also considered that the pursuit of legal challenges by the Foreign National Prisoner could be relevant. However, he considered the weight to be given to the time spent on appeals to be fact ‑ sensitive. In this regard, he noted that much more weight should be given to detention during a period when the detained person was pursuing a meritorious appeal than to detention during a period when he was pursuing a hopeless one. 56.     Lord Dyson further noted that while it was common ground that the refusal to return voluntarily was relevant to the assessment of the reasonableness of the period of detention because a risk of absconding could be inferred from the refusal, he warned against the danger of drawing such an inference in every case. On the contrary, he considered it necessary to distinguish between cases where the return to the country of origin was possible and cases where it was not. Where return was not possible for reasons extraneous to the person detained, the fact that he was not willing to return voluntarily could not be held against him since his refusal had no causal effect. If return was possible, but the detained person was not willing to go, it would be necessary to consider whether or not he had issued proceedings challenging his deportation. If he had done so, it would be entirely reasonable that he should remain in the United Kingdom pending the determination of those proceedings, unless they were an abuse of process, and his refusal to return voluntarily would be irrelevant. If there were no outstanding legal challenges, the refusal to return voluntarily should not be seen as a trump card which enabled the Secretary of State to continue to detain until deportation could be effected, otherwise the refusal would justify as reasonable any period of detention, however long. C.     Bail 57.     There is a dedicated statutory regime giving detained persons a right to apply for bail. He or she may apply to the Secretary of State, the Chief Immigration Officer and the First Tier Tribunal (Asylum and Immigration Chamber). Although a bail hearing is not concerned with assessing the lawfulness of the detention, it does consider a number of matters relevant to that issue (including the risk of absconding, the risk of reoffending, the risk of public harm and the prospects of removal or deportation). D.     The Secretary of State’s policy concerning mentally ill immigration detainees 58.     The Secretary of State for the Home Department’s policy publication, Enforcement Instructions and Guidance , contains specific provisions pertaining to the use of immigration detention. The Guidance provides that, in general terms, there is a presumption in favour of temporary admission or release and that, wherever possible, alternatives to detention should be used. 59.     This presumption is qualified in paragraph 55.1.2 by the “risk that ... a person will abscond” or otherwise pose a risk to the public. In such circumstances the presumption in favour of release can be displaced after a global assessment of “the need to detain in the light of the risk of re ‑ offending and/or risk of absconding.” 60.     A further qualification is contained within paragraph 55.10 of the Guidance which lists cases in which detention may be unsuitable for certain individuals. In particular the policy provides: “The following are normally considered suitable for detention in only very exceptional circumstances, whether in dedicated immigration detention accommodation or prisons: - those suffering from serious medical conditions or the mentally ill....” 61.     The effect of paragraph 55.10 was subsequently qualified in that the words “which cannot be satisfactorily managed in detention” were added with effect from 25 August 2010. 62.     The High Court in R (Anam) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2009] EWHC 2496 (Admin) gave advice on the interpretation and application of paragraph 55.10 of the Guidance : “To be factored in, in individual cases, are matters such as the risk of further offending or public harm and the risk of absconding. When the person has been convicted of a serious offence substantial weight must be given to these factors. In effect paragraph 55.10 demands that, with mental illness, the balance of those factors has to be substantial indeed for detention to be justified.” 63.     This interpretation was subsequently approved on appeal in the same case ([2010] EWCA Civ 1140 (Black LJ) at paragraph 81). E.     R (Walumba Lumba and Kadian Mighty) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2011] UKSC 12 64.     The applicants in the case of Lumba and Mighty were foreign national prisoners detained pursuant to a “secret” policy creating a presumption in favour of detention pending deportation, while at all material times the Secretary of State’s published policy indicated that there was a presumption in favour of release. The question of whether the applicants were lawfully detained divided the Supreme Court, which concluded, by a narrow margin, that the unpublished policy applied to the applicants was unlawful. As a consequence, they were unlawfully detained and their claims for false imprisonment had to succeed. However, as the court found that the power to detain would have been exercised even if the lawful, published policy had been applied, it concluded – once again by a narrow majority – that the applicants should receive only nominal damages. 65.     Lord Phillips, Lord Brown and Lord Roger dissented, preferring to find that the applicants’ detention was not unlawful because they would have been detained even if the published policy had been applied. THE LAW I.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 § 1 OF THE CONVENTION 66.     The applicant complained that her detention from 8 August 2008 to 22 July 2010 had been in breach of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention as it had not been lawful under domestic law and it had been unreasonable, disproportionate and arbitrary. She did not complain about her detention from 22 July 2010 until her release on 6 July 2011, presumably because this period was not considered by the domestic courts. Article 5 § 1 reads as follows: “1.   Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law: ... ... ... (f)     the lawful arrest or detention of a person to prevent his effecting an unauthorised entry into the country or of a person against whom action is being taken with a view to deportation or extradition.” 67.     The Government contested that argument. A.     Admissibility 1.     “Victim” status 68.     The Government argued that the applicant could not claim to be a “victim” of a violation of Article 5 § 1 in relation to the period of detention from 8 August 2008 to 28 April 2010 as the Court of Appeal had expressly acknowledged that it had been unlawful under domestic law. Although the Government accepted that the applicant had only been awarded nominal damages, they submitted that a “declaration” could suffice as a remedy where the violation resulted from a “technical” breach of the law (see, for example, Hilda Hafsteinsdóttir v. Iceland , no. 40905/98, § 60, 8 June 2004). 69.     The applicant argued that she remained a “victim” as her complaint under Article 5 § 1 was much wider than the “unlawfulness” found by the domestic courts, both in terms of the period complained of and the complaints raised. The Court of Appeal had only found that there had been a failure to consider the relevant policy between 8 August 2008 and 28 April 2010. Her complaint before this Court was that her detention from 8 August 2008 to 22 July 2010 had been arbitrary, disproportionate, and unreasonably long. In any case, the applicant argued that an acknowledgement of a breach was not sufficient to deprive a person of victim status unless appropriate redress was also provided (see, for example, Scordino v. Italy (no. 3) (just satisfaction), no. 43662/98, § 180, 6 March 2007), and compensation of GBP 1 could not be considered “appropriate redress”. 70.     The Court recalls that an individual can no longer claim to be a victim of a violation of the Convention when the national authorities have acknowledged, either expressly or in substance, the breach of the Convention and afforded redress ( Eckle v. Germany , judgment of 15 July 1982, Series A no. 51, § 66; and, more recently, Centro Europa 7 S.r.l. and   Di Stefano v. Italy [GC], no. 38433/09, § 81, ECHR 2012). 71.     In the present case the applicant complains that her detention from 8   August 2008 to 22 July 2010 was in breach of Article 5 § 1 because it was unlawful under domestic law, and because it was unreasonable, disproportionate and arbitrary and not “lawful” for other reasons. The Court of Appeal expressly acknowledged that, following the Supreme Court’s judgment of 23 March 2011 in Lumba and Mighty (see paragraphs 41 and   64-65 above) the applicant’s detention from 8 August 2008 to 28 April 2010 had been unlawful because during this period the Secretary of State’s published policy on immigration detention (which included a provision concerning mentally ill immigration detainees) had not been taken into account, and awarded her nominal damages of GBP 1 as it concluded that she would have been detained even if the published policy had been considered (see paragraph 45 above). Insofar as the applicant now seeks to complain about the lack of “lawfulness” of her detention between 8 August 2008 and 28 April 2010 by reason of the failure to apply the relevant policy concerning mentally ill immigration detainees, the Court concludes that this issue has been dealt with adequately by the national courts. It will therefore not re-examine this aspect of her complaint, going specifically to the issue of “lawfulness”. 72.     Within the framework of the Hardial Singh principles, which the Court has accepted to be “almost identical” to its own test for “arbitrariness” ( J.N. v. the United Kingdom , no. 37289/12, § 96, 19 May 2016), the domestic courts also considered whether the applicant’s detention from 8   August 2008 to 22 July 2010 was “unreasonable”, “disproportionate” and “arbitrary”. However, the Administrative Court rejected these complaints and the Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant’s appeal on this ground. The issue of “victim” status cannot, therefore, arise in respect of these complaints, since it cannot be said that the national authorities have acknowledged the alleged breach, expressly or in substance, and afforded appropriate redress. 73.     Accordingly, insofar as the applicant complains that her detention from 8 August 2008 to 22 July 2010 was “unreasonable”, “disproportionate” and “arbitrary” or not “lawful” on other grounds, she can continue to claim to be a “victim” of a violation of the Convention within the meaning of Article 34 of the Convention. 2.     Manifestly ill-founded 74.     The Government further submitted that the applicant’s complaint under Article 5 § 1 was manifestly ill-founded. However, the Court is satisfied that the applicant’s Article 5 § 1 complaint raises complex issues of fact and law, such that it cannot be rejected as manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further considers that the complaint is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible. B.     Merits 1.     The parties’ submissions (a)     The applicant 75.     The applicant complained that her detention from 8 August 2008 to 22 July 2010 was unlawful under domestic law as the factors justifying detention did not amount to “exceptional circumstances” as required by the Secretary of State’s policy on mentally ill immigration detainees. 76.     She further submitted that when she was first detained under immigration powers (on 8 August 2008) it was clear that there was no prospect of removing her within a reasonable timeframe on account of the ongoing care proceedings in respect of M, which only concluded at first instance on 25 June 2009. 77.     Furthermore, the applicant submitted that her detention from 8   August 2008 to 22 July 2010 was not reasonable in all the circumstances of the case. First, this period of immigration detention was the equivalent of a four- to five-year sentence, which was completely disproportionate to the criminal offences committed (which had attracted concurrent sentences of twelve months and three months). Secondly, the length of the period of immigration detention was also disproportionate to the risk factors involved. In particular, the twelve-month sentence related to harm against the applicant’s own child, but, as she was no longer the carer of any children, this offence was unlikely to be repeated. Moreover, in view of the ongoing immigration and childcare proceedings there was strong motivation for her not to abscond. Thirdly, the applicant pointed out that her mental illness – and the effect of detention on that illness – was also a key consideration in assessing the reasonableness and proportionality of detention. Fourthly, she complained that her detention during this period had been arbitrary because, in the absence of any fixed time-limit, it had been of potentially indefinite duration. (b)     The Government 78.     Insofar as the applicant was seeking to assert that she had been detained in breach of the policy on mentally ill immigration detainees, the Government pointed out that the Court of Appeal had expressly found that from 8 August 2008 to 28 April 2010 she could have been detained lawfully under the policy, and from 29 April 2010 to 22 July 2010 she had been detained lawfully under it. 79.     The Government further submitted that the major influence on the length of the applicant’s detention between 8 August 2008 and 22 July 2010 was her resistance to deportation and the risk of her absconding. There were numerous judicial assessments indicating that there was a substantial risk of absconding and in such a case a grant of bail subject to a reporting condition was not considered to be an effective safeguard. Moreover, the applicant’s mental illness had rendered other alternatives to detention, such as electronic monitoring, unsuitable. 80.     Furthermore, the Government submitted that the applicant’s contentions concerning the reasonableness of the length of her detention amounted to no more than a disagreement with the findings of the Court of Appeal. However, in view of the similarities between the Hardial Singh principles and the requirements of Article 5 of the Convention, there was no sound basis for reaching a diametrically opposite conclusion to that of the Court of Appeal. Moreover, in deciding whether the applicant’s detention was reasonable, the Court of Appeal had access to all the relevant medical evidence. As those responsible for the applicant’s care had indicated that her mental health issues could be managed satisfactorily in detention, it could not be said that the decision to detain fell outside the margin of reasonable decisions open to the authorities. 81.     Finally, the Government argued that the domestic legal regime was fully compliant with Article 5 of the Convention and did not lack the “quality of law” required by that Article, despite the absence of fixed time ‑ limits on detention. 2.     The Court’s assessment (a)     General principles 82.     Article 5 of the Convention enshrines a fundamental human right, namely the protection of the individual against arbitrary interference by the State with his or her right to liberty. Sub-paragraphs (a) to (f) of Article 5 §   1 contain an exhaustive list of permissible grounds on which persons may be deprived of their liberty and no deprivation of liberty will be lawful unless it falls within one of those grounds. One of the exceptions, contained in sub-paragraph (f), permits the State to control the liberty of aliens in the immigration context (see, as recent authorities, Saadi v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 13229/03, § 43, ECHR 2008, and A. and Others v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 3455/05, §§ 162‑63, 19 February 2009). 83.     It is well established in the Court’s case-law under the sub ‑ paragraphs of Article 5 § 1 that any deprivation of liberty must, in addition to falling within one of the exceptions set out in sub-paragraphs (a) to (f), be “lawful”. In other words, it must conform to the substantive and procedural rules of domestic law ( Amuur v. France , 25 June 1996, § 50, Reports 1996 ‑ III, and Abdolkhani and Karimnia v. Turkey , no. 30471/08, §   130, 22   September 2009). 84.     In addition to the requirement of “lawfulness”, Article 5 § 1 also requires that any deprivation of liberty should be in keeping with the purpose of protecting the individual from arbitrariness (see, among many other authorities, Saadi v. the United Kingdom , cited above, § 6; and Chahal v. the United Kingdom , 15 November 1996, § 118, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996 ‑ V). 85.     While the Court has not formulated a global definition as to what types of conduct on the part of the authorities might constitute “arbitrariness” for the purposes of Article 5 § 1, key principles have been developed on a case-by-case basis. One such principle established in the case-law is that detention will be “arbitrary” where, despite complying with the letter of domestic law, there has been an element of bad faith or deception on the part of the authorities (see, for example, Bozano v. France , 18 December 1986, Series A no. 111, and Čonka v. Belgium , no. 51564/99, ECHR 2002-I). Furthermore, the condition that there be no arbitrariness further demands that both the order to detain and the execution of the detention genuinely conform with the purpose of the restrictions permitted by the relevant sub-paragraph of Article 5 § 1 (see Winterwerp v. the Netherlands , 24 October 1979, § 39, Series A no. 33). There must in addition be some relationship between the ground of permitted deprivation of liberty relied on and the place and conditions of detention (see Aerts v.   Belgium , 30 July 1998, § 46, Reports 1998-V; and Enhorn v. Sweden , no.   56529/00, § 42, ECHR 2005-I). 86.     Where a person has been detained under Article 5 § 1(f), the Court, interpreting the second limb of this sub-paragraph, held that, as long as a person was being detained “with a view to deportation”, that is, as long as “action [was] being taken with a view to deportation”, Article 5 § 1(f) did not demand that detention be reasonably considered necessary, for example, to prevent the individual from committing an offence or fleeing. It was therefore immaterial whether the underlying decision to