CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 30 janvier 2018

.s800EAC49 { font-size:12pt } .sFE10DC93 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center } .sBB9EE52A { font-family:Arial } .s29100277 { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold } .sA36B60A1 { font-family:Arial; font-style:italic } .s598389FB { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:14pt } .sF5E1C6CF { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline; color:#ff0000 } .sE208486F { font-family:Arial; color:#ff0000 } .s598389F8 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:11pt } .s4ACA9207 { page-break-before:always; clear:both; mso-break-type:section-break } .s9793A85B { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt } .sCB9E0544 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:left } .sB9D5CABB { width:28.35pt; display:inline-block } .sD3B63DAD { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:12pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .s79DE5897 { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:17.85pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.85pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sA8776625 { margin-top:18pt; margin-left:29.2pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17.6pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sAADB120E { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:28.35pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; font-size:10pt } .s7ED160F0 { text-decoration:none } .s653E6C45 { font-family:Arial; font-size:6.67pt; vertical-align:super; color:#0069d6 } .sF7A86111 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; font-size:10pt } .s34D46E87 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s72C8F48C { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:36.6pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-15.05pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sA20670C4 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:48.75pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s59DEA84 { margin-top:12pt; margin-left:59.5pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17.85pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .sBB355983 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s583D00FA { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt } .s32563E28 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .s26FF04E7 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:17.3pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .s64E792FA { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:39.7pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .s4B243ECC { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sF7A4323 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:left } .s9A418C12 { width:207.96pt; display:inline-block } .s7602FED2 { width:18.21pt; display:inline-block } .sC1AC44A4 { width:228.11pt; display:inline-block } .s379BC09C { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:right } .s5E1364CA { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .sF6A12959 { width:33%; height:1px; text-align:left } .s2EB42ED2 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt }     SECOND SECTION         CASE OF ENVER ŞAHIN v.   TURKEY   (Application no.   23065/12)                   JUDGMENT     STRASBOURG   30 January 2018     FINAL   02/07/2018   This judgment has become final under Article 44 §   2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.   In the case of Enver Şahin v.   Turkey, The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Robert Spano, President,   Julia Laffranque,   Işıl Karakaş,   Nebojša Vučinić,   Paul Lemmens,   Jon Fridrik Kjølbro,   Stéphanie Mourou-Vikström, judges, and Hasan Bakırcı, Section Deputy Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 19 December, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no.   23065/12) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Enver Şahin (“the applicant”), on 14 March 2012. 2.     The applicant was represented by Mr S. Elban, Mr H.K. Elban and Mr F. Erbek, lawyers practising in Antalya. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent. 3.     The applicant alleged that he had been the victim of discriminatory interference with his right to respect of private life (Article 8 of the Convention read in conjunction with Article 14), and complained of a discriminatory infringement of his right to education (Article 2 of Protocol No.   1 read in conjunction with Article 14 of the Convention). 4.     On 5 March 2014 notice of the application was given to the Government. THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 5.     The applicant was born in 1988 and lives in Diyarbakır. 6.     In 2005, while he was a first-year mechanics student in the technical faculty of Fırat University (“the faculty”), the applicant was seriously injured in an accident which left his lower limbs paralysed. He had to suspend his studies until he had recovered sufficiently to return to university. 7.     On 17 March 2007 the applicant requested the faculty to adapt the university premises in order to enable him to resume his studies for the 2007 ‑ 2008 academic year. 8.     The faculty replied to that request by letter of 25 May 2007. It pointed out that the faculty building had been designed and built with several floors in order to accommodate 3,000 students and that its architecture could not be adapted. It stated that the administration had been asked for leave to conduct redevelopment work on the doors to the building, but that that work could not be carried out in the short term. It added that the mechanics course required the applicant to participate in practical workshops, considering that as things stood such participation would cause problems. The faculty concluded that if the applicant wished to continue his studies it would help him as far as possible. 9.     On 16 August 2007 the applicant sent, through a notary, formal notice to the administration of Fırat University and the faculty dean inviting them to carry out the redevelopment work requested. Relying on Article 42 of the Constitution, section 15 of Law no.   5378 on persons with disabilities and Article 2 of Protocol No.   1 to the Convention, he affirmed that it was the State’s duty to guarantee the citizens’ right to education, in line with the principle of equal opportunities. He further alleged that the faculty’s reply to his request (see paragraph   8 above) had been intended solely to induce him to abandon his studies. 10.     The administration replied to that formal notice by letter of 10   September 2007. The latter stated that the redevelopment works mentioned should be considered in the light of compliance with the regulations on public property, which could take some time. Furthermore, any problems encountered by the applicant in attending the theoretical classes administered in a three-storey building could be resolved with the help of a companion. The Administration pointed out that the practical workshops were held on the ground floor of the building and posed no problems with regard to access, and that the applicant would consequently have no difficulty in attending the courses administered in the framework of those workshops. It explained that the only reason why the applicant’s participation in the practical workshops had previously been described as problematic (see paragraph   8 above) was that such workshops necessitated a considerable physical effort and that his particular situation required some thought regarding the type of assistance with which he could be provided. Furthermore, all the parties involved were anxious to help students in difficulty, and there was no question of deterring the applicant from continuing his studies. Finally, the Administration pointed out that since, in its view, the budget allocated by the State was limited, the redevelopment work necessitated by the applicant’s situation was subject to unavoidable budgetary and time constraints. 11.     On 15 November 2007 the applicant filed with the Elazığ Administrative Court an action for annulment of the university’s replies of 25 May and 10 September 2007 and to provide compensation for the pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage which he claimed he had sustained. He complained that the authorities had not removed the physical obstacles preventing him from exercising his right to education. He claimed 25,000   Turkish liras (TRY) in respect of non-pecuniary damage and TRY 30,000 in respect of pecuniary damage. 12.     The Administration of Fırat University replied in a defence memorial of 24 March 2008. That document stated that the university had not been responsible for the applicant’s accident. It criticised the applicant for having opted for judicial channels, and alleged that he was acting in bad faith, adding, in that connection, that he had been informed that he would be provided with support should he decide to return to university. Furthermore, the relevant agencies had been contacted with a view to redeveloping the faculty building and a proposal had been made to include the works in an investment programme complying with the relevant regulations governing public property. The Administration further argued that it had offered the applicant the services of an assistant, but that he had not submitted any request for such help. The office added that access to the workshops posed no problems for persons with disabilities, but that the courses administered at the workshops demanded a physical effort from participants. Lastly, it pointed out that the applicant had never been barred from any course. 13.     The applicant replied, refuting the arguments put forward by the Administration. He submitted that his right to education was guaranteed by domestic law and by Article 2 of Protocol No.   1 to the Convention, and that it was incumbent on the domestic authorities to take steps to enable him to exercise that right, with respect for the principle of equal opportunities. Moreover, he argued that the redevelopment work requested was such as should already have been conducted in any case, in line with the requirements of section 1 bis of Law no.   3194 on urban planning (see paragraph   23 above). Furthermore, he considered that the authorities’ offer of an assistant illustrated their ignorance of his personal situation and the implications of that situation. He added that it would be degrading for him to be placed in a situation of dependence on a third person because of his disability, citing the example of how the constant presence and assistance of a third person would invade his privacy. He also pointed out that the fact of being carried upstairs by another individual comprised a definite risk of his falling. 14.     On 13 October 2008 the faculty terminated its contracts with a number of students, including the applicant, on the grounds that they had not re-registered at the start of two successive academic years. 15.     2 November 2009 saw the enactment of Legislative Decree no.   2009/15546, published in the Official Gazette (“the OG”) on 13 November 2009, closing down certain categories of institutions of higher education, including technical faculties, one of which was the technical faculty of Fırat University, which was replaced by a new faculty of technology. Under the legislative decree students who were already registered could continue their studies in the new faculties. 16.     On 9 April 2010 the Elazığ Administrative Court dismissed the applicant’s appeal. In the reasoning of its judgment it stated, in particular, that the buildings in question had been erected in accordance with the regulations in force in 1988. The court took the view that although it was incumbent on the authorities to apply the technical guidelines set out in the legislation subsequently enacted for persons with disabilities, it could not be contended that the respondent authority had not followed those guidelines during the construction of a building erected in 1988, before the guidelines had come into force. Lastly, the judgment mentioned that the authorities had informed the complainant that architectural measures would be adopted, depending on the available budget, and that a person would be appointed to assist him in attending the courses. 17.     The applicant lodged an appeal on points of law with the Supreme Administrative Court against that judgment. 18.     On 18 January 2011 the Supreme Administrative Court delivered a judgment dismissing that appeal on points of law and upholding the first-instance judgment as being in conformity with the procedure and laws. 19.     The applicant lodged an application for rectification of that judgment with the Supreme Administrative Court, complaining of an infringement of his right to education and the equality principle. 20.     On 28 September 2011 the Supreme Administrative Court dismissed the applicant’s application, holding that there were no grounds for rectification. II.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL LAW A.     Relevant domestic law 21.     The domestic law relevant to the present case was partly described in the judgment Çam v.   Turkey (no.   51500/08, §§   34-36, 23 February 2016). 22.     Furthermore, section 3 (f) of Law no.   5378 on persons with disabilities of 1 July 2005 (“Law no.   5378”), published in the OG on 7   July 2005, defines accessibility as follows: “(f)   Accessibility: secure and independent access to and use of buildings, outside areas, transport and information services and information and communication technologies.” [1] Article   2 (provisional) of that Law as in force at the material time read as follows: “Existing official buildings belonging to public bodies and institutions, all [existing] roads and highways, pavements, pedestrian crossings, open spaces and parks, sports areas and other similar social and cultural infrastructures, as well as all constructions built by natural or legal persons providing public services shall be made compatible with the accessibility of ‘invalids’ [2] ‘within seven years’ [3] of the entry into force of [the present] law” 23.     On 30 May 1997 an additional section was added to Law no.   3194 on Urban Planning of 3 May 1985, published in the OG on 9 May 1985. That section provides for an obligation to comply with the standards of the Turkish Standards Institute in urban planning projects, in urban and social construction areas and in technical infrastructures in order to ensure that the physical environment is accessible and adapted to persons with disabilities. 24.     Law no.   6111 of 13 February 2011, published in the OG on 25 February 2011, added section 58 (provisional) to Law no.   2547 on Higher Education of 4 November 1981 (the so-called “student amnesty law”), published in the OG on 6   November 1981. That section provides, in particular, that certain students who, before the entry into force of the section, had terminated their relations with their institutions of higher education can: –     resume their studies during the 2011 ‑ 2012 academic year, subject to applying to do so within five months of the entry into force of the said section; –     begin attending courses at the spring term of the 2010 ‑ 2011 academic year, subject to applying to do so within ten days of the entry into force of that section and provided that that application is accepted by the institution in question. Section 11 of Law no.   6353 of 4 July 2012, published in the OG on 12   July 2012, added section 63 (provisional) to Law no.   2547, providing as follows: “Anyone who is ineligible under section 58 (provisional) [of Law no.   2547] because he or she has failed to lodge an application within the prescribed time-limit ... may, as from the entry into force of that section, begin [a course of study] during the subsequent [academic] year pursuant to the principles set out in section 58 (provisional), by applying to the institution of higher education with which they have broken off relations.” B.     International law 25.     The texts of international law relevant to the instant case are described in the Çam judgment (cited above, §§   37-38 – see, additionally, Zehnalová and Zehnal v.   the Czech Republic (dec.), no.   38621/97, ECHR   2002 ‑ V; Mółka v.   Poland (dec.), no56550/00, ECHR 2006-IV; and Farcaş v.   Romania (dec.), no.   2596/04, §§   §§   68-70, 14 September 2010). Regard should also be had to the following passages from the United Nations Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (“CRPD”), adopted on 13 December 2006 by the United Nations General Assembly and signed on 30 March 2007, and then ratified by Turkey on 28   September 2009. Article   2 “Definitions For the purposes of the present Convention: ... ‘Discrimination on the basis of disability’ means any distinction, exclusion or restriction on the basis of disability which has the purpose or effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal basis with others, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. It includes all forms of discrimination, including denial of reasonable accommodation; ‘Reasonable accommodation’ means necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to persons with disabilities the enjoyment or exercise on an equal basis with others of all human rights and fundamental freedoms   ...” Article 3 “General principles The principles of the present Convention shall be: (a) Respect for inherent dignity, individual autonomy including the freedom to make one’s own choices, and independence of persons; ...” Article   9 “Accessibility 1. To enable persons with disabilities to live independently and participate fully in all aspects of life, States Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure to persons with disabilities access, on an equal basis with others, to the physical environment, to transportation, to information and communications, including information and communications technologies and systems, and to other facilities and services open or provided to the public, both in urban and in rural areas. These measures, which shall include the identification and elimination of obstacles and barriers to accessibility, shall apply to, inter alia: (a) Buildings, roads, transportation and other indoor and outdoor facilities, including schools, housing, medical facilities and workplaces; (b) Information, communications and other services, including electronic services and emergency services. 2. States Parties shall also take appropriate measures: ... (e) To provide forms of live assistance and intermediaries, including guides, readers and professional sign language interpreters, to facilitate accessibility to buildings and other facilities open to the public; (f) To promote other appropriate forms of assistance and support to persons with disabilities to ensure their access to information; ...” Article   20 “Personal mobility States Parties shall take effective measures to ensure personal mobility with the greatest possible independence for persons with disabilities, including by: (a) Facilitating the personal mobility of persons with disabilities in the manner and at the time of their choice, and at affordable cost; (b) Facilitating access by persons with disabilities to quality mobility aids, devices, assistive technologies and forms of live assistance and intermediaries, including by making them available at affordable cost; (c) Providing training in mobility skills to persons with disabilities and to specialist staff working with persons with disabilities; (d) Encouraging entities that produce mobility aids, devices and assistive technologies to take into account all aspects of mobility for persons with disabilities.” Article   24 “Education 1. States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to education. With a view to realizing this right without discrimination and on the basis of equal opportunity, States Parties shall ensure an inclusive education system at all levels and lifelong learning directed to: (a) The full development of human potential and sense of dignity and self-worth, and the strengthening of respect for human rights, fundamental freedoms and human diversity; ... 5. States Parties shall ensure that persons with disabilities are able to access general tertiary education, vocational training, adult education and lifelong learning without discrimination and on an equal basis with others. To this end, States Parties shall ensure that reasonable accommodation is provided to persons with disabilities ...” 26.     Reference should also be made to Article   13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, adopted by the United Nations on 19   December 1966 and ratified by Turkey on 23 September 2003. That provision lays down that the States Parties must recognise the right of everyone to education and, with a view to achieving the full realisation of that right, that higher education must be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means. 27.     Within the Council of Europe, Recommendation No.   R (98) 3 on access to higher education, adopted on 17 March 1998 by the Committee des Ministers, acknowledges that higher education has a key role to play in the promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Furthermore, in its Recommendation No.   R (92) 6 of 9 April 1992 on a coherent policy for persons with disabilities, the Committee of Ministers invited member States to “guarantee the right of people with disabilities to an independent life and full integration into society” and to “recognise society’s duty to make this possible”, in order to give persons with disabilities proper “equality of opportunity” with others. Public authority action must be geared, inter alia, to give persons with disabilities “as much mobility as possible, and access to buildings and means of transport”, and to enable them to “play a full role in society” and “take part in economic, social, leisure, recreational and cultural activities”. For its part, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe dealt with these matters in its Recommendation No.   1185 (1992) of 7 May 1992 on rehabilitation policies for the disabled. That text emphasised that “society has a duty to adapt its standards to the specific needs of disabled people in order to ensure that they can lead independent lives”. To that end, Governments and the competent authorities were called upon to “strive for and encourage genuine active participation by disabled people in ... the community and society” and accordingly, to guarantee “ease of access to buildings”. THE LAW I.     ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 2 OF PROTOCOL No.   1 TO THE CONVENTION AND OF ARTICLE 14 OF THE CONVENTION A.     Subject matter of the dispute 28.     The applicant complained of a discriminatory infringement of his right to education. He submitted that in order to be able to continue his university studies at the faculty, redevelopment work had to be carried out in the faculty building. He alleged that the rejection of his request for works had forced him to abandon his studies. Thus he complained that the State had failed to take the positive action which he claimed was incumbent on it and would have enabled him to continue his university course. He relied on Article 2 of Protocol No.   1 to the Convention read alone or in conjunction with Article   14 of the Convention, which provide: Article   2 of Protocol No.   1 to the Convention “No person shall be denied the right to education. ...” Article   14 of the Convention “The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set for in [this]   Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinions, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.” 29.     The Government contested that argument. 30.     The Court observes that the applicant’s allegation of discriminatory treatment on grounds of his locomotor disability is central to the complaint before it. In that connection it reiterates from the outset that Article   14 of the Convention only complements the other substantive provisions of the Convention and the Protocols thereto. It has no independent existence since it has effect solely in relation to “the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms” safeguarded by those provisions (regarding the principles, see, for example, Case “relating to certain aspects of the laws on the use of languages in education in Belgium” (merits), 23 July 1968, §   9, Series A no.   6; Stec and Others v.   the United Kingdom (dec.) [GC], nos.   65731/01 and 65900/01, §§   39 et   40, ECHR 2005 ‑ X; E.B. v.   France [GC], no.   43546/02, §   48, 22   January 2008; and Sejdić and Finci v.   Bosnia-Herzegovina [GC], nos.   27996/06 and   34836/06, §   39, ECHR   2009). 31.   That being the case, the Court has already had occasion to point out that in a democratic society the right to education is indispensable to the furtherance of human rights and plays a fundamental role (see Velyo Velev v.   Bulgaria , no.   16032/07, §   33, ECHR   2014 (extracts), and Çam , cited above, §   52). Article 2 of Protocol No.   1 to the Convention applies to higher education and, in that context, require any State which has set up institutions of higher education to ensure that they are effectively accessible (see Leyla Şahin v.   Turkey [GC], no.   44774/98, §§   136 and 137, ECHR 2005 XI). In other words, access to any institution of higher education existing at a given time is an inherent part of the right set out in the first sentence of Article 2 of Protocol No.   1 (see, inter alia , Mürsel Eren v.   Turkey , no.   60856/00, §   41, ECHR 2006 ‑ II, and İrfan Temel and Others v.   Turkey , no.   36458/02, §   39, 3   March 2009). In the present case, since the applicant’s alleged inability to benefit from his right to university education concerned an existing faculty, which had become inaccessible to the applicant following an accident which had left him with a locomotor disability, it can only be concluded that the complaint in question falls within the ambit of Article 2 of Protocol No.   1 and that therefore Article 14 of the Convention is applicable. 32.     Accordingly, the Court considers that the case should be examined first of all from the standpoint of Article 14 of the Convention taken in conjunction with Article 2 of Protocol No.   1 (see, for a similar approach, Oršuš and Others v.   Croatia [GC], no.     15766/03, §§   143-45, ECHR 2010, and Ponomaryovi v.   Bulgaria , no.   5335/05, §   45, ECHR 2011), it being understood that the scope of application of Article 14 of the Convention includes not only the prohibition of discrimination based on disability (see, for example, Glor v.   Switzerland , no.   13444/04, §   80, ECHR 2009), but also an obligation for States to ensure “reasonable accommodation” to correct de facto inequalities which are unjustified and therefore amount to discrimination (see paragraph   72 below). The Court will return to these points later. B.     Admissibility 1.     The Government’s submissions 33.     The Government pointed out that Law no.   5378 had imposed an eight-year time-limit (see paragraph   22 above) on rendering public buildings, roads, pavements, pedestrian crossings, open spaces and parks, sports areas and other similar social and cultural infrastructures, as well as all buildings providing public services, accessible to persons with disabilities. They explained that during this procedure the authorities in charge of the university in question had stated that the applicant could continue his studies. Ever since 2010 the buildings of the faculty of technology set up under Legislative Decree no.   2009/15546 of 2 November 2009 (see paragraph   15 above), in which the engineering classes were now being held, had been in conformity with the provisions on access for students with disabilities. 34.     The Government added that the applicant had neither reregistered at the faculty nor had recourse to the Student Amnesty Law (see paragraph   24 above) in order to return to the university and resume his studies. They affirmed that he could have continued his studies if he had taken up the opportunities offered to reregister. The regulations set out in Law no.   6353 (ibid.) did not lay down any time-limit, and there was currently no obstacle to the resumption of his studies, provided that he submitted the relevant request. In that regard the Government submitted that the requisite redevelopment work had already been carried out in the new faculty buildings. 35.     Therefore, the Government took the view that, having regard to the redevelopment work carried out and the opportunities offered by the Student Amnesty Law, the applicant had lost his victim status under Article 34 of the Convention and his application had to be rejected. 2.     The applicant’s submissions 36.     The applicant replied that the university authorities’ dismissal of his request for measures geared to enabling him, as a person with a disability, to continue his studies had amounted to a violation of his right to education, as well as of his right to personal autonomy and self-fulfilment – which he described as aspects of his private life. He submitted that that violation had, furthermore, persisted until the authorities had taken the requisite action in the institution in question to remove the obstacles to his access to education, that is to say, as contended by the Government, until 2010-2011. The applicant considered, in that connection, that from the 2007-2008 academic year until the 2010 ‑ 2011 academic year he had found it physically impossible to resume his studies because he had had no means of accessing the rooms in which the classes were being held. 37.     In the applicant’s view, even though he could have had recourse to the Student Amnesty Law in order to reregister with the faculty as from the 2010 ‑ 2011 academic year – when the physical accessibility of the classrooms would have been guaranteed – the damage which he claimed to have suffered during the period when, in his view, he had been deprived of education had not been redressed, and indeed the respondent Government had made no effort to redress it. The applicant added that the dismissal of his appeals by the administrative courts was a fact which could not be overlooked. He took the view that, in the final analysis, the national authorities had neither acknowledged nor provided redress for the violations of which he was complaining. 3.     The Court’s assessment 38.     In the instant case, the Court observes that on 17 March 2007 the applicant lodged with the relevant university authorities a request for redevelopment work on their premises in order to ensure his access to them (see paragraph   7 above). When the authorities replied that such work could not be carried out in the short term, the applicant applied, in vain, to the administrative courts (see paragraphs 11 to 20 above). It transpires from the case file and the Government’s observations (see paragraphs   15 and 33 above) that the faculty in which the applicant had been registered had been closed and replaced by a faculty of technology, whose buildings are reportedly being tailored to the needs of persons with disabilities. Moreover, according to the Government, the applicant is eligible for the provisions of the Student Amnesty Law enabling him to request reregistration at the university at any time (see paragraphs 34 and 35 above), which is not disputed by the applicant (see paragraph   37 above). 39.     In order to determine whether the applicant can continue to claim to be the victim of the alleged violations, account should be taken of all the circumstances of the case in question, including any developments prior to the date of the examination of the case by the Court (see Tănase v.   Moldova [GC], no.   7/08, §   105, ECHR 2010). In the present case, the redevelopment work carried out to accommodate persons with disabilities, as mentioned by the Government, is surely relevant here. However, the fact is that those improvements were not made until 2010 (see paragraph   33 above), apparently owing to budgetary and/or administrative constraints which had prevailed up to that date (see paragraphs 8 and   10 above). The applicant can therefore legitimately claim to be the victim of a discriminatory infringement of his right to education during the period prior to the said work, as, in the circumstances of the present case, the subsequent setting up of a new faculty accessible to persons with disabilities cannot be interpreted as recognition of and redress for the alleged violation vis-à-vis the 2007-2008, 2008 ‑ 2009 and 2009-2010 academic years (regarding the principles, see, for example, Eckle v.   Germany , 15 July 1982, §§   69 et seq., Series A no.   51; Dalban v.   Romania [GC], no.   28114/95, §   44, ECHR 1999 ‑ VI; and Gäfgen v.   Germany [GC], no.   22978/05, §§   115 and 116, ECHR   2010). The same applies to the university registration facilities offered to the applicant, inasmuch as the material conditions prevailing in the building in question remained the same throughout the period in question. 40.     The Government’s preliminary objection must therefore be rejected. 41.     Noting, moreover, that the applicant’s complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 §   3 (a) of the Convention and that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds, the Court declares it admissible. C.     Merits 1.     The applicant’s submissions 42.     Referring to the case-law of the Court (see Leyla Şahin , cited above, §   137), the applicant submitted that the right to higher education fell within the scope of Article 2 of Protocol no.   1 to the Convention. 43.     He explained that in the present case the impugned discrimination arose from the failure to take account of his physical disability vis-à-vis his access to education. He argued that he had been treated in the same way as healthy students. He affirmed that under the Court’s relevant case-law discrimination could originate from a de facto situation (see Zarb Adami v.   Malta , no.   17209/02, §   76, ECHR   2006 ‑ VIII). 44.     Citing Article 10 of the Constitution, he submitted that positive discrimination towards persons with disabilities was not contrary to the prohibition of discrimination. He added that under section 15 of Law no.   5378 the right to education of persons with disabilities could not be impeded under any circumstances, and complained that the domestic authorities had not acted in conformity with that provision. 45.     Moreover, the applicant rejected the Government’s argument concerning the time required to carry out the redevelopment work in order to implement the relevant legislative provisions vis-à-vis the faculty buildings (see paragraph   33 above). He submitted that that argument could not be used to justify the attitude of which he claimed to have been the victim. He argued that in that context the legitimate aim pursued was disproportionate to the practical situation. 46.     As regards the time-limit for complying with the requirement to bring existing buildings into conformity, he pointed out that that limit had at first been seven years and then, in 2012, had been increased to eight years following a legislative amendment. Lastly, in 2014, following a further legislative amendment, an additional two-year period was granted for institutions which had not yet carried out the requisite work. The applicant submitted that in view of the aforementioned changes, he had been unable to rely on the fact that the law was final, especially as the public authorities showed insufficient awareness of the issues involved –   as allegedly shown by the Prime Minister’s circulars. 47.     The applicant added that the only valid argument which the Government could advance was the margin of appreciation available to States in enabling persons with disabilities to integrate into society, and that that meant adapting the physical environment within the limits of societal capacities. He submitted that the State’s margin of appreciation in the educational sphere could not be interpreted as broadly as the national authorities had done in the present case. 48.     Moreover, the applicant maintained that the redevelopment work which he had requested did not fit into a category liable to place an excessive burden on the university’s   budget: the work involved installing an access ramp on the ground floor of the building, adopting administrative measures to ensure that his courses could be administered on the ground floor or, failing that, installing a lift to the upper floors, and, lastly, installing toilets for persons with disabilities. The applicant estimated the cost of that redevelopment work at some TRY 60,000 (approximately 14,620   euros (EUR)), which sum he considered eminently affordable for the authorities. He explained that the works would certainly be useful not only for himself but also for other persons with disabilities in the future. He held that the refusal to carry out the work had amounted to an unfair and disproportionate interference with his right to education. 2.     The Government’s submissions 49.     Referring to their previous submissions (see paragraph   33 above), the Government began by supplying factual information concerning the current situation of the buildings erected in 2009 for the new faculty of technology (see paragraph   15 above). They pointed out that following alterations to the ground floors of the buildings, new classrooms and laboratories had been constructed and new departments organised to enable students with disabilities to attend the courses. In that way any disabled student who was registered for a given course could now attend classes on the ground floor and, where necessary, in the classrooms of the different departments, which were readily accessible to persons with disabilities. Moreover, most of the workshops and laboratories were on the ground floor. The Government enclosed with its observations a CD containing photographs and video recordings of ground-floor classrooms and toilets for persons with disabilities, in order to show that the premises in question were easily accessible to students with disabilities. 50.     Furthermore, the Government denied any infringement of the applicant’s right to education, reiterating that that it was the applicant who had failed to re-register at the university (see paragraph   34 above). They reiterated the facilities provided by law in that connection (see paragraph   24 above), and emphasised once again that the applicant could have continued his studies, and in fact still could continue them, provided that he applied to do so, which the applicant had so far failed to do. 51.     The Government acknowledged that the ability of persons with disabilities to benefit from the services of public institutions and bodies on an equal footing with other persons was a fundamental human right and that disabled persons should have guaranteed access to public places so that they could live their day-to-day lives without the help of third persons. They submitted that Turkey had many laws and statutory texts, including the Constitution, guaranteeing full and effective participation in society for persons with disabilities, on a non-discriminatory basis. 52.     The Government further stated that accessibility was one of the principles underpinning the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, as ratified by the Turkish Grand National Assembly on 3 December 2008, of which they quoted Article 9 §   1 (see paragraph   25 above). By the same token, referring to the provisions of Law   no.   3194 on Urban Planning (see paragraph   23 above), they affirmed that the institutions and authorities, which had a duty and responsibility vis-à-vis the built environment, complied with the accessibility requirement. Therefore, according to the Government, all institutions and authorities were required to carry out the necessary redevelopment work, in line with the relevant standards of the Turkish Standards Institute, in order to render buildings, open spaces (roads, car parks, pedestrian areas, parks and pavements), transport and communications accessible. 53.     The Government further cited the provisions of Law   no.   5378 (see paragraph   22 above) concerning the accessibility of public buildings and spaces for persons with disabilities. They explained that the redevelopment work required for such accessibility had to be ordered within eight years of the entry into force of the Law, with the possibility of an additional maximum period of two years. They added that the Law laid down an administrative fine for failure to carry out the requisite redevelopment work within the legal time-limits. 54.     The Government also pointed out that regulations on the supervision and inspection of accessibility had come into force. In that context, inspections had been carried out and administrative fines imposed on persons and entities having failed in their obligations. 55.     Moreover, the Government submitted that Turkey had been endeavouring, and was continuing to endeavour, to take the requisite action to implement Law no.   5378 in order effectively to ensure the rights of persons with disabilities. They argued that the action to be taken within the time-limits laid down in the Law and the supervision of that action took time and entailed significant expenditure. 56.     Furthermore, in the present case the redevelopment work needed on the buildings likely to be used by the applicant in continuing his studies had been carried out pursuant to domestic law. The Government were convinced that thanks to the physical alterations made by the authorities and the opportunities provided under the Student Amnesty Law there was no longer any obstacle to the applicant’s continuation of his studies. 57.     Finally, the Government pointed out that there was no specific legislation on accessibility to university premises for persons with disabilities. Nor were there any provisions specific to Fırat University, because since its premises had the status of public buildings they were governed by Law no.   5378. 58.     Relying on the legislative provisions relating to persons with disabilities and the redevelopment work which the authorities had performed, the Government invited the Court to find that there had been no violation of Article 14 of the Convention read in conjunction with Article 2 of Protocol   No.   1 to the Convention. 3.     The Court’s assessment (a)     General principles 59.     The Court reiterates that in interpreting and applying Article   2 of Protocol No.   1 it must bear in mind that the Convention must be read as a whole, and interpreted in such a way as to promote internal consistency and harmony between its various provisions (see Stec and Others , decision cited above, §   42, and Austin and Others v.   the United Kingdom [GC], nos.   39692/09 and 2 others, §   54, ECHR 2012). Article 2 of Protocol No.   1 must therefore be read in the light of Article 8 of the Convention, which safeguards the right of everyone to respect for private and family life, inter alia (see Catan and Others v.   the Republic of Moldova and Russia [GC], nos.   43370/04 and 2 others, §§   136 and 143, ECHR 2012 (extracts)). 60.     In the same context, account must also be taken of any relevant rules and principles of international law applicable in relations between the Contracting Parties. The Convention should so far as possible be interpreted in harmony with other rules of international law of which it forms part, and therefore the provisions on the right to education set out in such instruments as the European Social Charter and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities should be taken into consideration (see Timishev v.   Russia , nos.   55762/00 and 55974/00, §   64, ECHR   2005 ‑ XII; Catan and Others v.   the Republic of Moldova and Russia [GC], nos.   43370/04, 8252/05 and   18454/06, §   136, ECHR   2012; and Çam , cited above, §   53). 61.     As regards Article 14 of the Convention, the Court reiterates that discrimination means treating differently, without an objective and reasonable justification, persons in relevantly similar situations, and that a difference of treatment is devoid of any “objective and reasonable   justification” where it does not pursue a “legitimate aim”   or there is no “reasonable relationship of proportionality between the means employed and the aim sought to be realised” (see Stec and Others , decision cited above, §   51; Zarb Adami , cited above, §   72; Sejdić and Finci , cited above, §   42; and Çam , cited above, §   54). However, Article 14 of the Convention does not prohibit a member State from treating groups differently in order to correct “factual inequalities” between them; indeed in certain circumstances a failure to attempt to correct inequality through different treatment may in itself give rise to a breach of the Article (see, inter alia , D.H. and Others v.   the Czech Republic [GC], no.   57325/00, §   175, ECHR 2007 ‑ IV). States enjoy a margin of appreciation in assessing whether and to what extent differences in otherwise similar situations justify a different treatment (see Vallianatos and Others v.   Greece [GC], nos.   29381/09 and   32684/09, §   76, ECHR 2013), and a wide margin is usually allowed to the State under the Convention when it comes to general measures of economic or social strategy (see Stec and Others v.   the United Kingdom [GC], nos.   65731/01 and 65900/01, §   52, ECHR   2006 ‑ VI). 62.     Also under Article 14 of the Convention, the Court must have regard to the changing conditions of international and European law and respond, for example, to any emerging consensus as to the standards to be achieved. In that connection, the Court notes the importance of the fundamental principles of universality and non-discrimination in the exercise of the right to education, which are enshrined in many international texts. It further emphasises that those international instruments have recognised inclusive education as the most appropriate means of guaranteeing the aforementioned fundamental principles, as such education is geared to promoting equal opportunities for all, including persons with disabilities (see Çam , cited above, §   64, and the references therein). Inclusive education indubitably forms part of the States’ international responsibility in this sphere. b)     Application of those principles to the present case I.     Establishing the framework of the assessment 63.     The Court notes from the outset the Government’s emphasis on the redevelopment work completed in 2010 (see paragraphs 49, 53 and 54 to   58 above), as well as on the appropriateness of the domestic legislation which states access to public places by persons with disabilities to be a fundamental right (see paragraph   51 above). In the present case, however, there is no need to assess the current situatio