CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 11 décembre 2018

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ROMANIA   (Application no. 26238/10)           JUDGMENT             STRASBOURG   11 December 2018   FINAL   11/03/2019   This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Brisc v. Romania, The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Ganna Yudkivska, President,   Paulo Pinto de Albuquerque,   Faris Vehabović,   Egidijus Kūris,   Iulia Antoanella Motoc,   Georges Ravarani,   Péter Paczolay, judges, and Marialena Tsirli, Section Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 23 October 2018, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in an application (no. 26238/10) against Romania lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Romanian national, Mr Ioan-Vasile Brisc (“the applicant”), on 26   April 2010. 2.     The Romanian Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mrs C. Brumar, from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 3.     The applicant alleged that his right to impart information, guaranteed by Article 10 of the Convention, was infringed. 4.     On 20 October 2015 the complaint concerning Article 10 of the Convention was communicated to the Government and the remainder of the application was declared inadmissible pursuant to Rule 54 § 3 of the Rules of Court. THE FACTS I.     THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 5.     The applicant was born in 1963 and lives in Baia Mare. A.     Background to the case 6.     At the relevant time, the applicant was the chief prosecutor in the prosecutor’s office attached to the Maramureş County Court. He was also the staff member in the prosecutor’s office tasked with providing information to the media in relation to criminal proceedings. 7.     On 21 October 2008 the prosecutor’s office attached to the Maramureş County Court had caught V.F. red-handed being given money by a relative of V.T.V., who was detained in Baia Mare Prison. 8.     According to statements given by the detainee, V.F. had promised to intervene and pass on the money to the prosecutors and judges who were to make the decision concerning his conditional release from prison. 9.     On 22 October 2008 the file was transferred to the National Anticorruption Department (“the NAP”), which by law was competent to continue the investigation. 10.     On the same day, the applicant issued a press release, which received considerable public attention. 11 .     The press release read as follows: “After being informed by police that V.F. seeks and receives money from individuals in exchange for intervening in favour of the conditional release of detainees held in Baia Mare Prison, the prosecutor’s office attached to the Maramureş County   Court organised a flagrante delicto operation on 21 October 2009. V.F. was caught red-handed while accepting the sum of 1,650 euros (EUR) from a detainee’s relative... A criminal investigation into influence peddling was opened and, according to the initial findings in the case, it was found that the suspect had received EUR   9,850 of the EUR 11,000 she had sought for intervening to influence favourably the conditional release of that detainee or the allocation of his work placements. According to the detainee, the suspect claimed that the intended recipients of the money were prison employees with responsibility for the allocation of work to the detainees or members of the commission for conditional release. Moreover, the suspect told the detainee that part of the money was to go to the magistrates, judges and prosecutors responsible for the conditional release of detainees. As the object of the offence of influence peddling was a sum of money exceeding EUR 10,000, the file was transferred to the National Anticorruption Department.” 12 .     On the same day, at the request of a local television channel, AXA   TV, the applicant gave a short statement providing mainly the same information as was contained in the press release. 13.     The newscaster added the following comments to the information provided by the applicant: “The commission for conditional release, which comprises nine members, is chaired by a delegated judge. We don’t know whether it is purely coincidence that yesterday, the same day on which the flagrante delicto operation was organised and the detainee was conditionally released, that judge’s assignment to the Baia Mare Prison came to an end...” 14.     A few local newspapers wrote articles about the incident. Some of them contained images of the flagrante delicto operation, taken by journalists who had been present at the operation organised by the prosecutors and police. B.     The disciplinary investigation against the applicant 15.     On 3 November 2008 judge G.E. lodged a complaint with the Superior Council of the Magistracy (“the SCM”) seeking the commencement of a disciplinary investigation against the applicant in connection with the manner in which he had informed the media about the incident of 21   October 2008. She contended that at the time of the incident she had been the judge delegated to Baia Mare Prison and because of the applicant’s press release and interview with AXA TV it was suggested by the media that she might be the alleged recipient of the money. 16 .     The disciplinary commission for the prosecutors of the SCM instituted an investigation against the applicant in connection with two disciplinary offences, namely failure to observe the secrecy of deliberations or the confidentiality of documents that are of a secret nature, and adopting a disrespectful attitude towards colleagues in the exercise of his duties under Article   99 letters d) and k) of Law no. 303/2004 on the Statute of Judges and Prosecutors. The SCM also held that the applicant had breached the provisions of Article 12 §   1 let e) of Law no.   544/2001 concerning the restriction of citizens’ access to information in relation to criminal proceedings at the investigation stage. 17.     The applicant was questioned by the SCM’s disciplinary commission for prosecutors on 23 March 2009. According to his statement, he had prepared the press release after receiving additional information about the investigation from the chief prosecutor of the NAP. He had then submitted the press release to two colleagues at the NAP, namely the prosecutor in charge of the case and the chief prosecutor, and had asked for their opinion. The first had had no objections concerning the press release; the other had advised him that he should limit its content to aspects concerning the investigation carried out by his office. 18 .     On 27 March 2009 the applicant’s lawyer received a letter from the president of Baia Mare District Court. In that letter the president of the court had stated that he had not considered it necessary to open an investigation into corruption offences allegedly committed by judges from Baia Mare District   Court because in his opinion “the press release did not make any reference to the identity of the magistrates involved”. 19.     At a hearing held before the SCM’s disciplinary commission on 31   March 2009 the applicant was assisted by a lawyer of his choice. He proposed as evidence a video recording of the news programme presented by AXA TV concerning the incident of 21 October 2008 so that it could be compared to the press release drafted by the applicant. He also proposed that the news editor of AXA TV be questioned. As documentary evidence he requested copies of the articles published in the local newspapers concerning the incident and the letter addressed by the National Audiovisual Council to judge G.E. in reply to the complaint she had lodged in connection with the comments made by AXA TV about her alleged involvement in the influence peddling. 20 .     At the same hearing the SCM’s disciplinary commission heard evidence from the prosecutor who had organised the flagrante   delicto operation. He stated that it had taken place in a public space, namely a bar, in the presence of two journalists, one of whom had taken pictures. The pictures accompanied articles published by local newspapers in the days following the events. 21.     The applicant asked the SCM to question the two journalists. This request having been rejected, the journalist who had taken the pictures gave a written statement, which was joined to the case file by the applicant. The journalist maintained that he had been present at the flagrante   delicto operation by chance: he had been attending a conference in the building in which it had been staged. Seeing masked police officers entering the bar, he had followed them and had seen suspect V.F. being caught red-handed. 22 .     When questioned by the SCM at the hearing of 31 March 2009, the prosecutor in charge of the case at the NAP stated that the press release issued by the applicant had not jeopardised the outcome of the criminal investigation. Moreover, the press release had only referred to “statements at the initial stage of the investigation, while the case was still at the prosecutor’s office attached to the Maramureş County Court”. 23.     The SCM’s disciplinary commission heard evidence from judge G.E. She stated that before lodging her complaint with the SCM she had asked AXA   TV to retract its remarks concerning any possible connection between the termination of her mandate as the delegated judge to Maramureş prison and the case of influence peddling. As she had not received any reply she had referred the matter to the National Audiovisual Council but had not been satisfied with its response. 24 .     The applicant joined to the case file copies of the complaints lodged with the television channel and the National Audiovisual Council by judge G.E. and the letters she had received in reply. The relevant part of the letter sent by the National Audiovisual Council read as follows: “On 11 November 2008 the Council, convened in a public meeting, examined the report prepared by the Inspection Department and watched a recording of the broadcast mentioned in your complaint.... It was noted that the news item had been broadcast on 22 October 2008 at 9.30   p.m. As the information broadcast did not contain any specific reference to you, the item could not infringe your right to a protected public image. The members of the Council considered that the requirements for granting the right of reply or remedy, as provided for under Articles 52 and 60 of Decision no.   187/2006 concerning the regulation of audio-visual content, were not met.” 25.     On 6 April 2009 the applicant sent a letter to the General Prosecutor’s office attached to the High Court of Cassation and Justice. He attached a copy of the press release issued by him on 22 October 2008 and asked the opinion of the Prosecutor General about the way in which he had drafted it and especially whether it had been drafted in compliance with Order   no.   116 issued by the General Prosecutor on 24 May 2007 regulating activities undertaken in relation to the mass media within the public prosecutor’s office (see paragraph 63 below). 26.     On 10 April 2009 the applicant received a reply to his letter from a prosecutor working at the Office for Public Information and Relations with the Mass Media based in the General Prosecutor’s office attached to the High   Court of Cassation and Justice. 27 .     In the prosecutor’s view, the information provided by the applicant in the press release had been “minimal and general, but necessary so that the public could understand the facts of the case”. As regards the fact that the applicant had issued the press release after the case had been transferred to the NAP, the prosecutor concluded that the action had complied with the practice observed by the public prosecutor’s office. Moreover, the press release had contained only information concerning the investigation carried out by the prosecutor’s office attached to the Maramureş County Court. 28.     This letter, accompanied by the General Prosecutor’s Order   no.   116/2006, was added by the applicant to the case file to be examined by the SCM on 13 April 2009. 29.     In his oral submissions before the disciplinary commission, the applicant’s lawyer claimed that the applicant had acted in good faith in informing the press about the incident. His references had been general and impersonal and he had made no reference to any specific person. He also submitted that the applicant had merely fulfilled his obligation to inform the press and to protect the image of his institution and of the legal system by informing the public about a pending criminal investigation. The public had already been exposed to information about the incident as the two journalists who had been present at the flagrante delicto operation had published articles about the incident. The lawyer also pointed out that the applicant had observed the confidentiality of the investigation and had referred only to the activity carried out by his office without making statements which could have led to the identification of the magistrate, judge or prosecutor who was the alleged recipient of the money from V.F. The applicant’s reference to “magistrates, judges and prosecutors responsible for the conditional release of detainees” was too general to have resulted in the identification of the magistrate concerned. The lawyer concluded by submitting that the information presented by AXA TV about the incident had been more comprehensive than the information provided by the applicant in the press release and in his interview with the AXA   TV channel. 30.     On 5 May 2009 the SCM’s disciplinary commission found the applicant guilty of two disciplinary offences under Article 99 letters   d) and   k) of Law no. 303/2004 and imposed a disciplinary sanction under Article   100 of Law no. 303/2004 in the form of a reprimand. The disciplinary commission noted that the applicant had issued a press release and given an interview to AXA TV revealing information about the investigation into the offence of influence peddling on 22 October 2008. 31 .     It further noted that the applicant had provided information about the alleged recipient of the money from V.F. without checking the accuracy of the detainee’s statements and had done so one day after the case file had been transferred to the NAP. Such information had led to the identification of judge G.E. as one of the alleged recipients of the money. The disciplinary commission concluded that the applicant had therefore breached the provisions of Article   12 § 1 let e) of Law no.   544/2001 concerning the restriction of citizens’ access to information in relation to criminal proceedings at the investigation stage when there was a risk that the result of the investigation would be undermined or confidential sources revealed. From the way in which the press release was drafted, “the circle of magistrates who could have been the recipients of the money was restricted and limited and made possible the identification of the judge delegated to Baia Mare Prison in the person of judge G.E.” As the six-month term of her delegation expired just at the time of the events in question, the mass media made speculative suggestions that the termination was connected with the influence ‑ peddling case. 32.     Two of the five prosecutors comprising the disciplinary commission were opposed to reprimanding the applicant for the offence of adopting a disrespectful attitude toward colleagues in the exercise of his duties. They expressed their position in a dissenting opinion. 33 .     They noted, among other things, that: (i)     the names of the persons who were allegedly to receive money from the influence peddler were not mentioned in the press release or in the television interview; there was only a general, impersonal reference to the judges and the prosecutors who were involved with the conditional release of detainees; (ii)     individuals in this sphere included not only the judge delegated to the prison but also the judges who examine requests for conditional release at first instance and on appeal, as well as the prosecutors who attend the hearings concerning these requests. AXA TV’s reference to the judge whose involvement with the prison had just ended was made in an additional comment that was not included in the press release; (iii)     the reference to the delegated judge made possible the identification of the magistrate, but since this statement was attributable exclusively to the television channel, the latter should bear responsibility for all subsequent comments and speculations; (iv)     only the additional information concerning the end of the delegated judge’s mandate allowed the identification of judge G.E. Possible damage to her reputation could therefore not be imputed to the press release from the prosecutor’s office; (v)     the press release from the prosecutor’s office attached to the Maramureş County Court and the interview with the defendant referred to the offence of influence peddling and not to the offence of active bribery. The defendant stated that the allegations concerning the alleged recipients of the money had been made by the detainee. C.     The appeal on points of law lodged with the High Court of Cassation and Justice 34.     The applicant lodged an appeal on points of law against the decision of the SCM’s disciplinary commission. 35.     In his appeal the applicant complained about the unfairness of the proceedings before the disciplinary commission. Relying on Article   10 of the Convention the applicant also complained that the imposition of a disciplinary sanction had infringed his right to impart information to the press. 36.     He argued that questioning the two journalists who had been present at the flagrante delicto operation would have proved that he had not supplied any confidential information. They had published articles, accompanied by pictures of the incident, stating that “according to unofficial sources, V.F had connections in prison employees’ and magistrates’ circles”. 37.     Moreover, the main reason for issuing the press release had been to prevent possible speculation in the media about the operation ‒ which was already known to the press ‒ that could have been detrimental to the judiciary. 38.     As regards the accusation that he had shown a disrespectful attitude towards his colleague judge G.E., the applicant submitted that the latter had not contacted him to express any displeasure about the press release before lodging her complaint with the SCM. If he had known that she had felt that her reputation and public image had been damaged by his press release of 22   October 2009, he could have clarified the matter by issuing a new one. 39.     The High Court allowed a request lodged by the Association of Romanian Magistrates to intervene in the proceedings in support of the applicant’s appeal. 40 .     The association justified its intervention in the disciplinary proceedings by referring to its role as protector of the magistrates’ status and their public image, pointing out that ‒ in its opinion ‒ the decision delivered by the SCM against the applicant had had a serious negative impact on his professional career. It further argued that in its opinion the press release issued by the applicant had complied with the provisions of Law   no.   554/2001, with the guidelines issued by the SCM concerning cooperation between courts and prosecutor’s offices and the media, and with guidelines issued by the General Prosecutor’s office attached to High   Court. It also pointed out that the applicant had observed Recommendation Rec(2003) 13 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in so far as he had not disclosed confidential information concerning the criminal investigation to the media and had not in any way undermined the outcome of the criminal proceedings. 41.     On 23 November 2009 a panel of nine judges of the High Court of Cassation and Justice dismissed the applicant’s appeal on points of law. It held that the applicant should have limited his press release to the minimum of information, which would not have allowed the identification of any magistrate as the alleged recipient of the money obtained by the influence peddler from the detainee’s family. In the High Court’s opinion the applicant should not have added to his press release the reference to “magistrates, judges and prosecutors responsible for the conditional release of detainees”. 42 .     One of the judges drafted a dissenting opinion, noting that the press release drafted by the applicant contained only general and impersonal information about the flagrante delicto operation and the pending criminal investigation. The judge noted that the applicant had not mentioned in his press release and interview any magistrates or prison employees involved in the conditional release of detainees in Baia Mare Prison. The applicant could not be held liable for the fact that, after presenting his press release, AXA   TV had made express references to the judge delegated to the Baia Mare Prison. The evidence in the file proved that judge G.E. already had a strained relationship with the local media. D.     Removal of the applicant as chief prosecutor 43.     On 5 May 2009, the day on which the disciplinary action against the applicant was approved, the SCM’s disciplinary commission for prosecutors issued a decision to remove him from his position as chief prosecutor in the prosecutor’s office attached to the Maramureş County Court. 44.     The applicant challenged this decision before the plenary of the SCM’s members on 8 May 2009. 45.     On 21 May 2009 in a plenary meeting, the SCM dismissed the applicant’s challenge. 46.     The applicant appealed against this decision before the High   Court of Cassation and Justice. 47.     By a decision of 8 December 2009 the High Court dismissed the applicant’s appeal. It held that the applicant’s removal as chief prosecutor had been the direct consequence of imposing on the applicant a disciplinary sanction pursuant to the mandatory provisions of Article 51   § 2 let c) of Law   no.   303/2004. The removal of a magistrate from a leading position following imposition of a disciplinary sanction is similarly mandatory according to the law (see paragraph 50 below). E.     Events following the removal of the applicant as chief prosecutor 48.     On 19 May 2009 the deputy chief prosecutor in the prosecutor’s office attached to the Maramureş County Court lodged a complaint against the applicant, claiming that the latter had continued to act as chief prosecutor in spite of the SCM’s decision of 5 May 2009 by which he had been removed from that position (see paragraph 43 above). 49 .     A fresh set of disciplinary proceedings was instituted against the applicant, who alleged that he had been threatened with exclusion from the profession if he continued to exercise his duties as chief prosecutor. He had therefore decided to give up his position even though the appeal on points of law against the SCM’s decision to remove him from the position of chief prosecutor had had a suspensive effect according to the law. II.     RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW A.     Law no. 303/2004 on the status of judges and prosecutors as in force at the relevant time 50 .     According to Article 51 (2) (c) the SCM must remove any magistrate in a leading position if a disciplinary sanction is imposed on him/her. 51.     Article 97(1) provides that every person is entitled to bring to the attention of the SCM cases concerning improper conduct, wrongful behaviour, failure to perform professional duties or any other disciplinary misconduct on the part of judges and prosecutors. 52 .     The disciplinary sanctions that can be imposed on a judge or prosecutor found guilty of misconduct are listed in Article 100 as follows: reprimand, withholding of increment, discharge and transfer to a different court, and removal of the magistrate from office. 53 .     Non-observance of the secrecy of deliberations or of legal or other documents that are of a secret nature, and adopting a disrespectful attitude towards colleagues when exercising their duties constitute disciplinary offences under Article 99 § 1 letters d) and k) respectively. B.     Law no. 317/2004 regarding the Superior Council of Magistracy 54.     The SCM is organised according to Law no. 317/2004 and is a collegial body, independent of the public authorities. The SCM comprises 19   members: nine judges and five public prosecutors appointed in the general meetings of the magistrates forming the two disciplinary commissions of the SCM, namely one for judges and one for prosecutors, two representatives of civil society, appointed by the Senate, the minister of justice, the president of the High Court of Cassation and Justice and the general prosecutor of the Prosecution Office working with the High   Court of Cassation and Justice. 55.     Pursuant to Article 44 (1), disciplinary proceedings against judges and prosecutors are conducted by the SCM through its disciplinary commissions. 56.     An appeal on points of law is available against a decision of the SCM’s disciplinary commissions to be examined by a five-judge panel of the High Court of Cassation and Justice (Article 51 (3)). At the time of the events in question, the panel of the High Court of Cassation and Justice which examined the appeal on points of law in fact consisted of nine judges. C.     Law no 544/2001 concerning access to information of public interest 57 .     Pursuant to Article 12 § 1 (e), citizens’ access to information regarding criminal proceedings at the investigation stage is restricted when there is a risk that the result of the investigation might be undermined or confidential sources revealed. 58.     The general provisions of Law no. 544/2001 regarding the system of complaints that can be filed against the authorities’ refusal to provide information of public interest (contained in Chapter 3 of the law) are also applicable to prosecutors. D.     Best practice guidelines pertaining to cooperation by the courts and the prosecutor’s office with the media 59 .     By its decision no. 277/2006 of 13 April 2006, the SCM adopted best practice guidelines regulating cooperation by the courts and the prosecutor’s offices with the media. The document was published on the SCM’s website and was communicated to all courts and prosecutor’s offices. Recommendation no. 5 § 4 of those guidelines reads as follows: “Information released to journalists may not jeopardise the judicial proceedings, the principle of confidentiality, or any other right recognised by domestic laws or by international treaties on fundamental rights to which Romania is a party.” 60.     The guidelines were amended by Decision no. 542 of 5 June 2008. 61.     According to the amended guidelines, in courts and prosecutor’s offices certain structures are designated to exercise the function of public relations and cooperation with the mass media. No other members of the courts and prosecutor’s offices are allowed to provide information outside the structure laid down by the guidelines. 62 .     During the criminal investigation, the mass media are denied access to the criminal case file and the public information is disseminated through press releases issued by the spokesperson for the prosecutor’s office. E.     Order no. 116/2007 of the General Prosecutor’s Office attached to the High Court of Cassation and Justice concerning the execution of activities linked to relations with the mass media within the Public Ministry. 63 .     Order no. 116/2007 of the General Prosecutor defines the official policy regarding prosecutors’ institutional communication with the media. It encourages a permanent dialogue between journalists and the spokespersons or chief prosecutors of the prosecution services in the country, so as to provide prompt and correct information to the public. F.     Relevant European instruments Recommendation Rec(2003)13 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe to member States on the provision of information through the media in relation to criminal proceedings (adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 10 July 2003) 64 .     The relevant passages of Recommendation Rec(2003)13 read as follows: “... Recalling that the media have the right to inform the public due to the right of the public to receive information, including information on matters of public concern, under Article 10 of the Convention, and that they have a professional duty to do so; Recalling that the rights to presumption of innocence, to a fair trial and to respect for private and family life under Articles 6 and 8 of the Convention constitute fundamental requirements which must be respected in any democratic society; Stressing the importance of media reporting in informing the public on criminal proceedings, making the deterrent function of criminal law visible as well as in ensuring public scrutiny of the functioning of the criminal justice system; Considering the possibly conflicting interests protected by Articles 6, 8 and 10 of the Convention and the necessity to balance these rights in view of the facts of every individual case, with due regard to the supervisory role of the European Court of Human Rights in ensuring the observance of the commitments under the Convention; ... Desirous to enhance an informed debate on the protection of the rights and interests at stake in the context of media reporting relating to criminal proceedings, and to foster good practice throughout Europe while ensuring access of the media to criminal proceedings; ... Recommends, while acknowledging the diversity of national legal systems concerning criminal procedure, that the governments of member states: 1.     take or reinforce, as the case may be, all measures which they consider necessary with a view to the implementation of the principles appended to this recommendation, within the limits of their respective constitutional provisions, 2.     disseminate widely this recommendation and its appended principles, where appropriate accompanied by a translation, and 3.     bring them in particular to the attention of judicial authorities and police services as well as to make them available to representative organisations of lawyers and media professionals. Appendix to Recommendation Rec(2003)13 - Principles concerning the provision of information through the media in relation to criminal proceedings Principle 1 - Information of the public via the media The public must be able to receive information about the activities of judicial authorities and police services through the media. Therefore, journalists must be able to freely report and comment on the functioning of the criminal justice system, subject only to the limitations provided for under the following principles. Principle 2 - Presumption of innocence Respect for the principle of the presumption of innocence is an integral part of the right to a fair trial. Accordingly, opinions and information relating to on-going criminal proceedings should only be communicated or disseminated through the media where this does not prejudice the presumption of innocence of the suspect or accused. ... Principle 6 - Regular information during criminal proceedings In the context of criminal proceedings of public interest or other criminal proceedings which have gained the particular attention of the public, judicial authorities and police services should inform the media about their essential acts, so long as this does not prejudice the secrecy of investigations and police inquiries or delay or impede the outcome of the proceedings. In cases of criminal proceedings which continue for a long period, this information should be provided regularly. ... Principle 8 - Protection of privacy in the context of on-going criminal proceedings The provision of information about suspects, accused or convicted persons or other parties to criminal proceedings should respect their right to protection of privacy in accordance with Article 8 of the Convention. Particular protection should be given to parties who are minors or other vulnerable persons, as well as to victims, to witnesses and to the families of suspects, accused and convicted. In all cases, particular consideration should be given to the harmful effect which the disclosure of information enabling their identification may have on the persons referred to in this Principle.” THE LAW I.     ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 10 OF THE CONVENTION 65.     The applicant complained that he had been subjected to a disciplinary sanction and removed as chief prosecutor for imparting to the press information concerning pending criminal investigations in his capacity as the staff member designated to maintain contact with the press. He relied on Article 10 of the Convention, which reads as follows: “1.     Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This Article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises. 2.     The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary.” A.     Admissibility 66.     The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill ‑ founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible. B.     Merits 1.     The parties’ submissions (a)     The applicant 67.     The applicant submitted first of all that his press release had not been intended to disclose confidential information but rather had served the public interest, by fulfilling the obligation to inform the public about facts relating to pending criminal proceedings. The impugned press release had not influ enced the ongoing investigation or infringed the presumption of innocence. 68.     As regards the interference with his right to impart information under Article 10 of the Convention, the applicant argued that the interference had not been prescribed by law since the law relied upon by the domestic authorities was not sufficiently clear and foreseeable. In particular the notions of “confidentiality of the investigation” and “disrespectful behaviour in respect of his colleagues” were not defined or explained with any greater precision. 69.     The applicant argued that the sanction imposed had had no legitimate aim and, in any event, it had been disproportionate and had had a chilling effect. 70.     In his view, it was difficult to conceive that any “legitimate aim” could be pursued through imposing a disciplinary sanction on a prosecutor assigned to impart information to the press since he had merely carried out his professional duty to provide prompt and accurate information to the press in relation to pending criminal proceedings of public concern. 71.     The press release and his interview with AXA TV had had the purpose of protecting the very basics of the rule of law, the independence and the proper functioning of the judiciary − which were questions of public interest − by providing prompt information regarding events which attracted the public’s attention. 72.     The applicant further maintained that he had been under an obligation to inform the press about the case of influence peddling because information about it had already been released to the public by two journalists who had witnessed the flagrante delicto operation and rumours about the possible involvement of magistrates had spread in their town. Consequently, he had needed to reply to the representatives of the local press who had asked him to express the official position of his office about the incident in order to avoid speculation that he had been trying to hide information merely because there were rumours concerning the involvement of magistrates as the possible recipients of the money. He had tried to protect the image of the judiciary and specifically the image of his magistrate colleagues by reacting promptly and providing accurate information. 73.     Moreover, it had been AXA TV which had added the information concerning the termination of judge G.E.’s mandate at the Baia Mare Prison and had associated it with the flagrant delicto operation. This information was in any case not even accurate, because the judge’s mandate had expired on 18 October 2008, a few days prior to the operation and not after it. He himself had not been even aware of the termination of her mandate and should not have been held responsible for the association of the two events. 74.     The applicant furthermore submitted that the NAP and other prosecutor’s offices generally issue press releases which contain more information about ongoing criminal investigations than his press release had done. In support of this allegation he had submitted to the Court several press releases issued by different prosecutor’s offices which provided information about ongoing investigations concerning offences of active and passive corruption. 75.     The fact that the prosecutors who had issued such press releases had not been disciplined by the SCM made him suspect that there had perhaps been other reasons for having him disciplined and removed from the position of chief prosecutor. He added that, despite the fact that the appeal on points of law against the SCM’s decision had had a suspensive effect, he had been forced to give up to his position of chief prosecutor before a final decision had been handed down by the High Court of Cassation and Justice because new disciplinary proceedings had been opened against him and he had been threatened with exclusion from the magistracy if he continued performing his duties in that position (see paragraph 49 above). 76.     The applicant added that he had been in charge of providing information to the press for about five years and accordingly had extensive experience in this kind of activity. In all that time he had never had any problems regarding the manner in which his press releases were drafted. 77.     The applicant disagreed with the Government’s allegation that the domestic authorities had duly examined his complaints against the disciplinary sanction and his removal from the position of chief prosecutor. In his view, they had not tried to establish the truth as they had rejected most of his requests for evidence in support of his claims. 78.     The journalists who had witnessed the flagrante delicto operation had not been questioned before either the SCM or the High Court of Cassation and Justice. Moreover, no account had been taken of the letters received by judge G.E. from the television channel and the National Audiovisual Council, or of the letter received by the applicant from the General Prosecutor’s office confirming his claim that his press release had been compliant with the applicable guidelines and regulations (see paragraphs 24 and 27 above). 79.     As regards judge G.E.’s allegation that her public image had been tarnished by his press release, the applicant referred to the letter his lawyer had received from the president of Baia Mare District Court on 27   March 2009. In that letter the president of the court had stated that he had not considered it necessary to open an investigation into corruption offences allegedly committed by judges from Baia Mare District Court because in his opinion “the press release did not made any reference to the identity of the magistrates involved” (see paragraph 18 above). (b)   The Government 80.     The Government submitted that the disciplinary action against the applicant, followed by his removal from the position of chief prosecutor on account of the manner in which he had presented to the press information concerning the pending criminal investigation, could be considered as interference with the applicant’s right under Article 10 of the Convention. They pointed out that such interference was provided for by law. The disciplinary offences of which the applicant had been accused and the sanction imposed on him were defined in Law 303/2004. Moreover, in his capacity as the staff member assigned to impart information to the press, the applicant should have complied with the practice guidelines regulating cooperation by the courts and prosecutors with the media adopted by the SCM (Decision no. 277/2006) and with the provisions of Order   no.   116/2007 of the General Prosecutor. 81.     In the Government’s view the legal provisions applicable to the applicant were sufficiently clear and foreseeable. In addition they were published in the Official Gazette and were therefore easily accessible to all magistrates. 82.     According to the Government the applicant, in his capacity as chief prosecutor and the staff member assigned to impart information to the press, should have acted with more diligence when informing the press about an investigation that was in its initial stages. Moreover, at the time he had issued the press release, the case was no longer being handled by the prosecutor’s office attached to the Maramureş County Court as it had already been transferred to the NAP. 83.     In connection with the authorities’ obligation to keep criminal case files confidential during investigations, the Government referred to the cases of Căşuneanu v. Romania (no. 22018/10, 16 April 2013), Voicu v.   Romania (no.   22015/10, 10 June 2014) and Apostu v. Romania (no.   22765/12, 3   February 2015). In those cases, the Court had found violations of the Convention for infringement of the right to private life on the grounds that in the initial stages of the investigations the press had had access to information concerning the applicant’s private life contained in the case files and that, in spite of the public interest aroused by the subject matter, the divulging of information at that stage of the investigation had prevented the applicant from defending his reputation or challenging the accuracy of the revealed information. 84.     The interference had been necessary for the protection of the reputations of others, to uphold respect for the presumption of innocence, as well as for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. 85.     As regards the proportionality of the sanctions imposed on the applicant, the Government argued that they had been necessary for protecting the above-mentioned legitimate aims. 86.     The applicant had provided more information than necessary; by inserting the information that the alleged recipients of the money were magistrates, judges and prosecutors involved with the conditional release of detainees, he had prompted a lot of speculation about the involvement of judge G.E. in the influence peddling. 87.     The applicant’s complaints against the disciplinary sanction had been duly examined by the disciplinary body and the High Court of Cassation and Justice. They had provided sufficient and relevant reasons for upholding the sanctions. 88.     Moreover, the sanction applied to the applicant in the present case was not disproportionate compared with the sanctions applied to applicants in other cases examined by the Court. 2.     The Court’s assessment (a)     Existence of an interference 89.     It is not in dispute between the parties that there had been an interference with the applicant’s right to freedom of expression under Article   10 of the Convention. For its part, the Court sees no reason to find otherwise. 90.     Such interference will be in breach of Article 10 unless it fulfills the requirements of paragraph 2 of that Article. It therefore remains to be determined whether the interference was “prescribed by law”, pursued one or more of the legitimate aims referred to in that paragraph, and was “necessary in a democratic society”. (b)     Justification of the interference (i)     Lawfuln