CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 11 février 2020

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RUSSIA (Application no. 15613/10)     JUDGMENT   Art 2 (procedural) • Positive obligations • Failure to investigate explosion of grenade in a residential area causing severe injuries • Failure to verify possible involvement of military personnel in the loss of grenade • Failure to elucidate the extent of negligence in taking “measures that were necessary and sufficient to avert the risks inherent in a dangerous activity” • Compensation claim dismissed for lack of evidence of the grenade belonging to or being improperly guarded by the State     STRASBOURG 11 February 2020 FINAL   11/06/2020   This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Vovk and Bogdanov v. Russia, The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Paul Lemmens, President,   Georgios A. Serghides,   Paulo Pinto de Albuquerque,   Dmitry Dedov,   María Elósegui,   Erik Wennerström,   Lorraine Schembri Orland, judges, and Stephen Phillips, Section Registrar, Having regard to: the application against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article   34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by two Russian nationals, Mr   Sergey Sergeyevich Vovk (“the first applicant”) and Mr Artem Aleksandrovich Bogdanov (“the second applicant”), on 15 February 2010; the decision of 3 May 2017 to give notice of the application to the Russian Government (“the Government”); the parties’ observations, Having deliberated in private on 14 January 2020, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: INTRODUCTION The application concerns the explosion of a VOG-17 grenade from an AGS-17 grenade launcher in the residential area of Chita on 21 April 2008, in which the applicants, aged 13 and 7 at the time, sustained serious injuries, and the domestic authorities’ alleged failure to conduct an effective investigation into their complaint. The criminal proceedings into the explosion were suspended many times for failure to identify the perpetrator and were eventually discontinued as time-barred. The applicants’ civil claim for compensation in respect of non-pecuniary damage was dismissed for lack of evidence of the previously fired but unexploded grenade belonging to the State or of negligence on the part of the authorities in having abandoned it. THE FACTS 1.     The first and second applicants were born in 1995 and 2000, respectively, and live in Chita. The applicants were represented initially by their mothers Ms T.N. Vovk and Ms M.V. Bogdanova, and subsequently by Ms   A.V. Kopteyeva, a lawyer practising in Chita. 2.     The Russian Government (“the Government”) were represented by Mr   M. Galperin, Representative of the Russian Federation to the European Court of Human Rights. 3.     The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows. Grenade explosion 4.     On 21 April 2008 a grenade exploded in a residential area in “micro ‑ district no. 6” in Chernovskiy district in Chita (hereinafter “micro ‑ district no. 6”). Five children were wounded as a result of the explosion. The first and second applicants, who were 13 and 7 years old at the time, were among the victims. 5.     The first applicant sustained open multiple displaced fractures of both shin bones, foreign bodies (shrapnel) in the soft tissue of the shins, and traumatic shock. He was hospitalised in the Regional Children’s Hospital in Chita where he received emergency treatment and surgery to both legs. His first period in hospital lasted until 30   May 2008. He was subsequently hospitalised from 16   June until 5   September 2008, from 19   until 30 January 2009, and from 19 January until 16 February 2010 for further treatment and surgery. 6.     The second applicant sustained a penetrating wound to the stomach with an injury to the intestine and intra-abdominal bleeding, a perforating wound to the soft tissue of the chest, a blunt shrapnel wound to the soft tissue of the small pelvis and right hip, traumatic shock, and cardiopathy. He was hospitalised in the same hospital where he received emergency treatment and surgery. His stay in hospital lasted until 16 May 2008. 7.     In the course of the subsequent pre-investigation inquiries and investigation both boys’ injuries were classified as life threatening injuries constituting grievous harm to health ( опасные для жизни повреждения, причинившие тяжкий вред здоровью ),   according to forensic medical examination reports of 22   October 2008 (ordered in respect of the first applicant by an inspector from the unit for juvenile affairs of the Chernovskiy district police on 31 July 2008) and of 18 November 2008 (ordered in respect of the second applicant by an investigator from the investigation unit of the Chernovskiy district police on 31 October 2008). Criminal proceedings 8.     At 6 p.m. on 21 April 2008 the explosion was reported to the Chernovskiy district police in Chita. A pre-investigation inquiry was carried out. The scene of the incident was inspected. Samples from the epicentre of the explosion were taken for examination. The examination established the explosion of 30-mm projectile VOG-17 from an AGS-17 heavy grenade launcher. 9.     On 26 April 2008 the investigation unit of the Chernovskiy district police opened a criminal case and commenced an investigation under Article 222   § 1 of the Criminal Code (illegal acquisition, transfer, sale, storage, transportation, or bearing of firearms, ammunition, explosives, or explosive devices) against an unidentified individual who had acted in violation of the federal Arms Act by having acquired, transported and stored explosive devices which had been found by the second applicant near garages in the proximity of school no. 30 in micro-district no. 6 (hereinafter “school no.   30”). The case was given the number 160304. 10.     On 12 May 2008 the Chernovskiy district prosecutor’s office examined the criminal case and gave instructions to carry out investigative actions in order to ensure full and thorough investigation. 11.     In parallel proceedings an inspector from the unit for juvenile affairs of the Chernovskiy district police carried out a pre-investigation inquiry aimed at verifying whether the first applicant had committed criminal acts. It was established that on 20 April 2008 when playing outside with two other children the second applicant had found a cylinder-shaped metal object in a ditch near garages situated 200 metres from school no. 30 and had taken it home. At about 5   p.m. the next day near his block of flats the second applicant had handed the object to the first applicant who had dropped it on the tarmac. That had caused an explosion in which five children had been injured including the first applicant. The explosion had also damaged the windows of a flat located on the ground floor of a nearby block of flats.   In her decision of 30   April 2008 the inspector concluded that there had been the elements of the crimes provided for by Article 118 §   1 (infliction of grievous bodily harm by negligence) and Article   168 (destruction and damage to property by negligence) of the Criminal Code in the first applicant’s actions. However, since he had not reached the age of criminal liability, criminal proceedings could not be instituted against him. On 5   May 2008 that decision was annulled as unlawful by the Chernovskiy district prosecutor’s office, which ordered an additional pre-investigation inquiry. The inspector’s new decision of 16 May 2008 not to institute criminal proceedings against the first applicant in view of his minor age was again annulled by the district prosecutor’s office on 19 May 2008, and an additional inquiry was ordered. On 19 May 2008 the applicants’ mothers lodged a complaint with the district prosecutor’s office, expressing their disagreement with the investigating authority’s pre-investigation inquiry into the first applicant’s criminal liability, as well as alleging that the investigation in the criminal case opened on 26 April 2008 had not been conducted properly. On 21 May 2008 their complaint was dismissed. No criminal proceedings were instituted against the first applicant and the file of the pre-investigation inquiry was joined to the file of criminal case no.   160304. 12.     In the course of the investigation in the latter case two explosives ‑ expert reports were obtained. According to an expert report of 10   June 2008, one of the objects found at the site of the explosion was the head of a 30 ‑ mm projectile which had been fired through a bore. According to an expert report of 11 July 2008, metal debris from the site of the explosion included fragments of the body of a 30 ‑ mm VOG-17 grenade which had been fired through the bore of an AGS-17 heavy grenade launcher. 13.     On 23 August 2008 an investigator from the investigation unit of the Chernovskiy district police suspended the investigation in accordance with Article 208 § 1 (1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure on the grounds that the perpetrator had not been identified. 14.     The next day the head of the investigation unit annulled that decision for failure to thoroughly investigate the case and resumed the investigation. 15.     In the course of the investigation witnesses and victims of the explosion and forty-six residents of the nearby blocks of flats were questioned. 16.     It was established that sand had been brought to a building site for the construction of a block of flats in micro ‑ district no. 6 by drivers M., N. and P. from the Chitaspetsstroy construction company. The company dispatcher and the driver, P., were questioned. The dispatcher stated that sand had been transported from the Olimpiyskiy kompleks building site situated in the Zabaykalskiy Military District. P. averred that he had transported sand from a warehouse of the Stroyinvest company. He had also transported sand from a former ski depot at the Zabaykalskiy Military District, but (according to him) that sand had been delivered to another micro-district of the town. 17.     The first applicant’s mother complained to the Chernovskiy district prosecutor’s office that she had not been informed about developments in the investigation and investigative activities carried out by the investigation unit of the Chernovskiy district police. Her complaint was dismissed and on 15   September 2008 she complained further to the Zabaykalskiy regional prosecutor’s office, which dismissed her complaint in a decision of 24   September 2008, holding that a victim could only have access to the material of the criminal case after the completion of the investigation. 18.     On 9 October 2008 the acts of the unidentified perpetrator were reclassified under Article 225 § 1 (improper discharge of duties by a person entrusted with guarding firearms, ammunition, explosives, or explosive devices, if this has entailed their theft or destruction or other serious consequences) and Article 348 (loss of military property) of the Criminal Code. A deputy head of the Chernovskiy district police forwarded “material extracted from case no. 160304 in relation to crimes of an unidentified person under Article 348 and Article 225   §   1 of the Criminal Code for taking a lawful decision” to the Chita garrison military prosecutor of the Siberian Military Circuit, who forwarded it to the head of the military investigation division of the Chita garrison. 19.     On 17 October 2008 investigation in criminal case no. 160304 was assigned to Investigator S. from the investigation unit of the Chernovskiy district police, who informed the applicants’ mothers on 21   October 2008 that the case had been transferred to the competent authority for investigation under Article 225 § 1 of the Criminal Code. 20.     On 22 October 2008 the deputy head of the military investigation division of the Chita garrison issued a decision on “the transfer of a report of a crime according to jurisdiction”. He stated that the report of the crime concerning the explosion of ammunition ( сообщение по факту взрыва боеприпаса ) had been received on 13 October 2008 from the Chita garrison military prosecutor; the pre-investigation inquiry into the report of the crime ( проверка сообщения о преступлении ) had established that on 9 April 2008 VOG-17 “grenades” from an AGS-17 heavy grenade launcher, which had passed through the bore of a grenade launcher during firing, had been brought to a building site in micro-district no. 6 in a delivery of sand; that on 20   April 2008 they had been found by children; and that subsequently they had exploded as a result of careless handling. The involvement of military personnel in the loss of the said grenades had not been established. The military investigating authorities were only competent to investigate crimes committed by service personnel, and the case should therefore be transferred to the Chernovskiy district police, who were competent to investigate crimes committed by the civilian population. The file of the pre ‑ investigation inquiry carried out by the military investigating authorities in relation to crimes under Article 225 § 1 and Article 348 of the Criminal Code was joined to criminal case no.   160304. 21.     On 24 and 30 October 2008, respectively, an investigator of the Chernovskiy district police ordered that the second and first applicants be acknowledged as victims of the crime, who had sustained physical and psychological harm. The investigator stated that before 9   April 2008 at an unidentified place an unidentified person who had been entrusted with guarding firearms, ammunition and explosive devices had failed to carry out his or her duties properly. As a result, a VOG-17 grenade from an AGS ‑ 17 grenade launcher had been lost. The grenade had been fired through the bore of a grenade launcher. On 9 April 2008 it had been brought in a sand delivery to a building site in micro-district no. 6. On 20 April 2008 it had been found by children. In the evening of 21 April 2008 it had exploded near block of flats no. 14 (a) in micro-district no. 6 as a result of careless handling, causing serious damage to the children’s health. This summary of the facts was reiterated in the investigating authorities’ subsequent decisions. 22.     On 24 October 2008 the second applicant was questioned as a victim in the presence of his mother. Other victims were also questioned. 23.     On 9 November 2008 an investigator from the investigation unit of the Chernovskiy district police suspended the investigation under Article   208 § 1 (1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure on the grounds that the perpetrator had not been identified. 24.     On 10 November 2008 a deputy head of the Chernovskiy district prosecutor’s office found that the investigation had been flawed and requested that measures be taken to establish where the ammunition had been found by the children and where it had been stored, and to identify the person responsible for its loss as a result of a failure to comply with the requirements for its storage. He also ordered that a certain D. should be granted victim status alongside the other victims. 25.     On 24   November 2008 the decision to suspend the investigation was annulled and the investigator was instructed to take the measures enumerated in the prosecutor’s request. 26.     In November 2008 the applicants’ mothers wrote to the military investigation department of the Investigative Committee at the prosecutor’s office of the Russian Federation for the Siberian Military Circuit that though the letter of 21 October 2008 (see paragraph 19 above) had not indicated the name of the investigating authority to which the case had been transferred, they believed, in view of the new classification of the crime under Article   225   §   1 of the Criminal Code, that the case had been transferred for investigation to the military investigation department of the Investigative Committee at the prosecutor’s office of the Russian Federation for the Siberian Military Circuit. Since they had not received any news, they asked that they be provided with information concerning any progress in the investigation. 27.     On 14 December 2008 an investigator of the investigation unit of the Chernovskiy district police suspended the investigation again on the same grounds as before. 28.     On 19 December 2008 the deputy head of the Chernovskiy district prosecutor’s office requested the annulment of the decision to suspend the investigation, and reiterated his request to take the measures previously requested by him. Except for granting a certain D. victim status, those measures had not been taken. 29.     On 27 December 2008 the head of the investigation unit of the Chernovskiy district police annulled the decision of 14   December 2008 and resumed the investigation, ordering that those measures should be carried out. 30.     On 24 December 2008 the applicants’ mothers requested that an investigator from the investigation unit of the Chernovskiy district police provide them with procedural documents concerning the investigative activities carried out in the course of the investigation. Their request was unsuccessful, and on 10 February 2009 they lodged a complaint with the Chernovskiy district prosecutor’s office. On 12   February 2009 the investigator provided the applicants’ mothers with the requested documents. In a decision of 13   February 2009 the district prosecutor’s office held that a delay in providing documents concerning the investigation had been in breach of the statutory time-limits and that the prosecutor’s office had taken (unspecified) measures in respect of those violations. 31.     On 13 February 2009 an investigator of the investigation unit of the Chernovskiy district police suspended the investigation again on the same grounds as before. 32.     On 3 March 2009 the deputy head of the Chernovskiy district prosecutor’s office reiterated the request for the investigating authority to comply with the previously given instructions. 33.     On 11 March 2009 the decision to suspend the investigation of 13   February 2009 was annulled. 34.     On 11 April 2009 an investigator of the investigation unit of the Chernovskiy district police suspended the investigation again on the same grounds as before, after receiving a report from the criminal search unit of the Chernovskiy district police that it had neither been possible to establish where the ammunition had been found by the children and where it had been stored, nor to identify the person responsible for its loss. 35.     On 14 January 2010 the latter decision was annulled. 36.     On 16 June 2011 the investigation was suspended as before, under Article 208 § 1 (1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, for failure to identify the perpetrator. 37.     On 27 December 2013 an acting head of the Chernovskiy district investigation unit of the Chita police discontinued, in accordance with Article 24 § 1 (3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the criminal proceedings in the case on the grounds that the prosecution of the offence under Article 225 § 1 of the Criminal Code, which belonged to the category of minor offences ( преступление небольшой тяжести ), was time-barred by virtue of Article 78 § 1 (a) of the Criminal Code. Civil proceedings 38.     The applicants’ mothers brought civil proceedings in the applicants’ interests against the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and the Chita police, seeking non-pecuniary damages in the amount of 2,000,000   roubles each. They asserted that the State was responsible for its failure to ensure the safety of the explosive device and to identify and prosecute the people who had been involved in its unlawful circulation. They stated that grenades for VOG-17 grenade launchers were entirely excluded from civilian circulation and could only be stored in storage facilities of military units of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation and other authorised State organs. The investigating authorities had failed to identify those who had committed the crime under Article 225   §   1 of the Criminal Code. The applicants’ mothers argued that, as the victims of the crime, their children were entitled to compensation from the State. 39.     At an open hearing held on 17 June 2009 the Tsentralniy District Court of Chita heard the applicants’ mothers and their representative, representatives of the respondents (who argued that the claims were unfounded because any harm sustained as a result of a crime should be compensated by those who had committed it), and a prosecutor from the Tsentralniy district prosecutor’s office of Chita (who also requested that the claims be dismissed). The District Court examined the decisions taken by the investigating authority in the criminal proceedings, noting that the perpetrator had not been identified. It therefore dismissed the claims, holding that under Articles 151 and 1064 § 1 of the Civil Code non ‑ pecuniary damage was to be compensated in full by the person who had inflicted it, save for cases provided for by law. Domestic law did not provide for the State’s obligation to compensate for non ‑ pecuniary damage sustained as a result of a crime, including where the State had been unable to prevent or solve a crime. 40.     The applicants’ mothers appealed against that judgment. At an open hearing held on 9 September 2009 the Zabaykalskiy Regional Court heard evidence from the applicants’ mothers, a representative of the Chita police, and a prosecutor from the Zabaykalskiy regional prosecutor’s office, who requested that the appeal be dismissed. The court fully endorsed the findings of the first-instance court and upheld the judgment, reiterating that the State was not responsible for harm sustained as a result of an unsolved crime. It rejected as hypothetical the applicants’ mothers’ argument that the grenade must have been stored at the premises of the Ministry of Defence and that the State should be held responsible for the Ministry’s failure to ensure its proper storage. It held that there was no evidence that the grenade had been State property or that it had not been properly stored. 41.     The applicants’ mothers lodged an application for supervisory review of the judgments of the Tsentralniy District Court of Chita and the Zabaykalskiy Regional Court. On 28 December 2009 Judge B. of the Zabaykalskiy Regional Court dismissed the application. She reiterated that the law did not provide for the State’s obligation to compensate for damage caused by unsolved crimes. Therefore, there was no basis in domestic law for awarding the applicants compensation for non ‑ pecuniary damage. Other information 42.     According to information on the Internet site of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation ( www.mil.ru ) , AGS-17 grenade launchers and VOG-17 grenade have been and are still used by Russian military units during military exercises. RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK 43.     The Arms Act 1996 (Federal Law no. 150-FZ) distinguishes between civilian arms, service arms and battlefield arms. Battlefield arms and ammunition are used exclusively by the State armed forces, the federal organs of executive power operating , inter alia , in the spheres of internal affairs, emergency relief and execution of criminal punishments, and other authorised State organisations. 44.     Under Government decree no. 1314 of 1997 (adopted for enforcement of the Arms Act), as in force at the material time, circulation of battlefield arms and ammunition (including their manufacture, sale, transfer, acquisition, storage, bearing, transportation and destruction) was carried out by military units and organisations of the Ministry of Defence, Ministry of the Interior and other authorised State organs. All cases of theft, loss and damage had to be reported by service personnel or staff to their superiors who, in their turn, reported them further to competent authorities specifying the model, calibre, series, number and year of manufacture of each item, organised an investigation, and took measures for the search of stolen or lost items. Stolen or lost arms and ammunition had to be removed from the records of the State organisation concerned by the established protocol after obtaining confirmation from the Main Information Centre of the Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation or the Ministry’s regional organ that the stolen or lost items had been recorded as such. Damaged materiel had to be removed from the records of the State organisation concerned following the drawing up of a legal document by a specially created commission, after which it had to be disposed of or destroyed in the established order. 45.     Article 222 § 1 of the Criminal Code, as in force at the material time, provided for criminal liability for illegal acquisition, transfer, disposal, storage, transportation, or bearing of firearms, ammunition, explosives, or explosive devices, punishable by, inter alia , deprivation of liberty for the period of up to four years. 46.     Under Article 225 § 1 of the Criminal Code, as in force at the material time, improper discharge of duties through negligence by a person entrusted with guarding firearms, ammunition, explosives, or explosive devices, if this had entailed their theft or destruction or other serious consequences, was a crime against public safety punishable by, inter alia , deprivation of liberty for the period of up to two years. 47.     Under Article 348 of the Criminal Code, as in force at the material time, loss of military property by negligence was a crime against military service punishable by, inter alia , deprivation of liberty for the period of up to two years. 48.     Under Article 78 § 1 (a) of the Criminal Code, as in force at the material time, the limitation period for the prosecution of minor offences (that is to say offences punishable by deprivation of liberty for a period not exceeding three years) was two years. THE LAW ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 2 OF THE CONVENTION 49.     The applicants complained under Article 6 and Article 13 of the Convention that the State had refused to pay compensation for the non ‑ pecuniary damage sustained by them as a result of the explosion of the grenade. Their civil claim had been rejected because no proper investigation into the incident had been carried out and the service personnel and authorities responsible for the loss of the grenade had not been established by the investigating authority. The State had therefore failed to ensure an effective judicial response in relation to the incident. 50.     The Court reiterates that it is the master of the characterisation to be given in law to the facts of the case and that it is not bound by the characterisation given by an applicant or a Government (see Guerra and Others v. Italy , 19 February 1998, § 44, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998 I; and Radomilja and Others v. Croatia [GC], nos.   37685/10 and 22768/12, §§ 114 and 126, 20 March 2018). The Court considers that the applicants’ complaints should be examined from the standpoint of Article   2 of the Convention in as much as they are related to the applicants’ life-threatening injuries as a result of the explosion of the grenade. Article 2, in so far as relevant to the present case, reads as follows: “1.     Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by law. No one shall be deprived of his life intentionally ...” 51.     The Government contested the applicants’ arguments. They argued that the applicants had not exhausted domestic remedies by failing to lodge a court appeal against actions and decisions of the investigating authorities in the criminal proceedings instituted in relation to their children’s injuries. The applicants had also failed to bring an action for compensation for a violation of their right to criminal proceedings within a reasonable time in accordance with the Compensation Act (Federal Law no.   68 ‑ FZ of 30   April 2010 on Compensation for Violation of the Right to a Trial within a Reasonable Time or the Right to Enforcement of a Judgment within a Reasonable Time). The civil proceedings initiated by the applicants were not an effective remedy because the damage sustained by them had to be reimbursed by the tortfeasor and not by the State. By bringing an action against State authorities the applicants had knowingly used an improper remedy. 52.     The Government further stated that in 2016, a year before the Government had been given notice of the application, the material of the pre-investigation inquiries and the criminal proceedings, as well as the material of the civil proceedings, had been destroyed upon expiration of a time-limit for their storage, which had made it difficult for the Government to prepare their position in the case. They submitted a certificate concerning the destruction of the case file in the criminal proceedings on 31 December 2014 upon the expiration of the one ‑ year storage period. 53.     Relying on an opinion by an investigator from the investigation division of the Zabaykalskiy regional police, the Government argued that there were no reasons to believe that there had ever been a person responsible for storage of explosive devices, whose failure to carry out his or her duties had led to the loss of the grenade subsequently found by the applicants. The investigation had not identified the owner of the grenade. It had not established that the grenade had belonged to the State. Nor had it established that the grenade had been found by the children as a result of someone’s failure to properly carry out his or her duties when guarding arms and explosive devices. It had been established that the grenade had been fired. Hence, it could not have been stored in any guarded storage facility. No elements of crimes under Article 222, Article 225 or Article 348 of the Criminal Code could be detected in this case. 54.     The applicants stated that their mothers had lodged various complaints concerning the investigation with the prosecutor’s office and that, without timely and full access to the case documents and in the absence of full information about the progress of the investigation, they had been unable to challenge effectively the actions or omissions of the investigating authorities in a court. Furthermore, given that from the very outset the investigation had not been effective, it was highly doubtful that a court appeal would have had any prospects of success. They considered such a remedy ineffective in the circumstances. The applicants further stated that the Compensation Act had been adopted after they had lodged the application with the Court, and that, given the outcome of the domestic criminal and civil proceedings, it had made no sense to use any other remedy. 55.     The applicants submitted that the VOG-17 grenade launcher had been developed in the early 1970s and since then had been used by the army. Grenades for the VOG-17 had been entirely excluded from civilian circulation and could only be stored in the warehouses of military units of the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of the Interior and other authorised State organs. One could therefore safely assume that the grenade which had caused the explosion (in which their children had suffered) had belonged to the State. Owing to the special legal regime for arms and ammunition, the State had to be responsible for those who were authorised to possess arms and ammunition and their employers. It would have been possible for the State to plead lack of responsibility if the grenade had been from the time of the Second World War. However, this had not been the case. The position taken by the authorities that the State had in no way been involved in the explosion of the modern ordnance in peacetime in a residential area did not stand up to any criticism. 56.     The applicants argued that there had been good reasons to believe that the grenade (which, according to the experts, had been fired but had not exploded) had been used during military exercises, that it had not been collected afterwards, and that it had then been transported in a sand delivery to the building site in the town. The investigating authority had not questioned service personnel in order to verify that version immediately after the incident, concentrating instead on the first applicant’s criminal liability – a thesis wholly lacking any credibility. The investigating authority had delayed the reclassification of the offence under Article   225   §   1 of the Criminal Code. The investigation carried out by the Chernovskiy police had been doomed to fail because it had concerned service personnel and closed military facilities. The investigation should have established, inter alia , which military unit had carried out military exercises in the vicinity of the place from which sand had been brought to the building site in Chita, the details concerning the inspection of the military range in order to find and collect the used munitions, and the authorities responsible for the safety of the site after the exercises. The military authorities and service personnel responsible for the loss of the grenade had not been established. This had made it impossible for the applicants to prove the State’s liability and to obtain compensation in civil proceedings. Admissibility 57.     The Court notes that the Government did not challenge the applicability of Article 2 of the Convention. Indeed, in view of the fact that the applicants were the survivors of a grenade explosion who received life threatening injuries, Article 2 is applicable ( Nicolae Virgiliu Tănase v.   Romania [GC] , no. 41720/13, §§ 144 and 146 ‑ 50, 25 June 2019; see also Akdemir and Evin v. Turkey , nos. 58255/08 and 29725/09, § 46, 17 March 2015, and Sarur v. Turkey , no. 55949/11, § 27, 2 May 2017). 58.     The Court considers that the Government’s objections concerning domestic remedies raise issues relevant for the effectiveness of the investigation which are closely linked to the merits of the applicants’ complaints, and that therefore these objections should be joined to the merits and examined below. 59.     The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article   35   §   3   (a) of the Convention and that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible. Merits General principles 60.     The Court reiterates that the first sentence of Article 2, which ranks as one of the most fundamental provisions in the Convention and also enshrines one of the basic values of the democratic societies making up the Council of Europe, requires the State not only to refrain from the “intentional” taking of life, but also to take appropriate steps to safeguard the lives of those within its jurisdiction. This substantive positive obligation entails a primary duty on the State to put in place a legislative and administrative framework designed to provide effective deterrence against threats to the right to life. It applies in the context of any activity, whether public or not, in which the right to life may be at stake (see Nicolae Virgiliu Tănase , cited above, §§ 134-35). This is the case, for example, in respect of the management of dangerous activities (see Iliya Petrov v. Bulgaria , no.   19202/03, §§ 54 and 56, 24 April 2012, which concerned a serious injury to an eleven ‑ year-old child after he had been accidentally electrocuted in an unsecured electrical substation; Pereira Henriques v.   Luxembourg , no.   60255/00, §§   54-63, 9 May 2006; Kudra v.   Croatia , no.   13904/07, §§   106-07, 18   December 2012, which concerned incidents on or near a building site; and Kolyadenko and Others v. Russia , nos. 17423/05 and 5 others, § 158, 28   February 2012, which concerned industrial activities), within the context of emergency relief (see Budayeva and Others v. Russia , nos. 15339/02 and 4 others, §§ 158-59, ECHR 2008 (extracts)), or in respect of death in a public place (see Banel v. Lithuania , no. 14326/11, §§   64-65 and 68, 18   June 2013, which concerned a thirteen-year-old boy’s death from injuries sustained when part of a balcony had broken off from a building and had fallen on him while he had been out playing). 61.     The substantive positive obligation at issue must be interpreted in a way which does not impose an impossible or disproportionate burden on the authorities ( Budayeva and Others , cited above, § 135; see also Nicolae Virgiliu Tănase, cited above, §   136). 62.     The Court further reiterates that the State’s duty to safeguard the right to life must be considered to involve also the procedural positive obligation to have in place an effective independent judicial system capable of promptly establishing the facts, holding accountable those at fault and providing appropriate redress to the victim ( Nicolae Virgiliu Tănase , cited above, § 137). 63.     In cases concerning unintentional infliction of death and/or lives being put at risk unintentionally, the requirement to have in place an effective judicial system will be satisfied if the legal system affords victims (or their next-of-kin) a remedy in the civil courts, either alone or in conjunction with a remedy in the criminal courts, enabling any responsibility to be established and any appropriate civil redress to be obtained. Where agents of the State or members of certain professions are involved, disciplinary measures may also be envisaged (see Nicolae Virgiliu Tănase, cited above, § 159). 64.     Although the Convention does not guarantee, as such, a right to have criminal proceedings instituted against third parties, even in cases of non ‑ intentional interferences with the right to life or physical integrity there may be exceptional circumstances where an effective criminal investigation is necessary to satisfy the procedural obligation imposed by Article 2. Such circumstances can be present, for example, where a life was lost or put at risk because of the conduct of a public authority that goes beyond an error of judgment or carelessness. Where it is established that the negligence attributable to State officials or bodies on that account goes beyond an error of judgment or carelessness, in that the authorities in question – fully realising the likely consequences and disregarding the powers vested in them – failed to take measures that were necessary and sufficient to avert the risks inherent in a dangerous activity, the fact that those responsible for endangering life have not been charged with a criminal offence or prosecuted may amount to a violation of Article 2, irrespective of any other types of remedy that individuals may exercise on their own initiative (see Öneryıldız v. Turkey [GC], no. 48939/99, §§ 71 and 93, ECHR 2004 ‑ XII, and Oruk v. Turkey, no. 33647/04, §§   56-66, 4 February 2014). 65.     The Court reiterates further that in cases “involving life-threatening injuries, as in the event of death”, as soon as the authorities become aware of the incident, they “must make all reasonable efforts given the practical realities of investigation work, including by having in place the necessary resources,” to ensure that on-site and other relevant evidence is collected promptly and with sufficient thoroughness so as to secure the evidence and to eliminate or minimise any risk of omissions that may later undermine the possibilities of establishing liability and of holding the person(s) responsible accountable. That responsibility lies with the authorities and cannot be left to the initiative of the victim or his or her next-of-kin. The obligation to collect evidence applies at least until such time as the nature of any liability is clarified and the authorities are satisfied that there are no grounds for conducting or continuing a criminal investigation (see Nicolae Virgiliu Tănase , cited above, §§ 161-62). 66.     Once it has been established in such an initial investigation that a life ‑ threatening injury has not been inflicted intentionally, a civil remedy is normally regarded as sufficient, save for cases involving exceptional circumstances where it is necessary to pursue an effective criminal investigation, as noted in paragraph 64 above (ibid., §§   163-64). 67.     In the event that various legal remedies (civil as well as criminal) are available, the Court will consider whether such remedies as are provided for in law and applied in practice, could – taken together – be said to have constituted legal means capable of establishing the facts, holding accountable those at fault and providing appropriate redress to the victim. The choice of means for ensuring the positive obligations under Article 2 is in principle a matter that falls within the Contracting States’ margin of appreciation. There are different avenues for ensuring Convention rights, and even if the State has failed to apply one particular measure provided for by domestic law, it may still have fulfilled its positive duty by other means (ibid., § 169). 68.     The national courts should not under any circumstances be prepared to allow life-endangering offences to go unpunished. This is essential for maintaining public confidence and ensuring adherence to the rule of law and for preventing any appearance of tolerance of or collusion in unlawful acts. The Court’s task therefore consists in reviewing whether and to what extent the courts, in reaching their conclusion, may be deemed to have submitted the case to the careful scrutiny required by Article 2 of the Convention, so that the deterrent effect of the judicial system in place and the significance of the role it is required to play in preventing violations of the right to life are not undermined (see Öneryıldız , cited above, § 93). 69.     In the context of the exercise of military activity under the responsibility of the State the dangerousness of which is not in doubt and is fully known to the domestic authorities, the national authorities have an obligation to take the appropriate measures in order to protect the lives of the people concerned (see Oruk , cited above, § 67). The Court stated in the case of Oruk that where risks emanated from a military firing range containing unexploded ordnance it was primarily the responsibility of the military authorities to ensure the safety and supervision of the area to prevent access to it and minimise the risk of the ordnance being moved. To this end, signs warning of the dangerous nature of the area should have been put in place to clearly delineate the perimeter of the area where there had been a risk. In the absence of such signs, it had been for the State to ensure that the firing range had been cleaned up in order to eliminate all unexploded ordnance. The Court found that the shortcomings in that case in terms of safety had been such that they had exceeded mere negligence on the part of army personnel in the locating and destruction of unexploded ordnance. In view of the seriousness of the shortcomings observed, the violation of right to life of the applicant’s ten ‑ year-old son could not be remedied merely by an award of damages (ibid., §§ 59-66). Application of the general principles in the instant case 70.     The Court observes that the investigating authorities inspected the site of the explosion and took samples for examination by experts. Five days after the incident they initiated criminal proceedings under Article 222 §   1 of the Criminal Code against the unidentified individual who had acquired, transported and stored the explosive device which had been found by the second ap