CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 26 mai 2020

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color:#0069d6 }     THIRD SECTION CASE OF KOULIAS v. CYPRUS (Application no. 48781/12)     JUDGMENT   This version was rectified on 19 August 2020 under Rule 81 of the Rules of Court.   Art 6 § 1 (civil) • Impartial tribunal • Opponent’s lawyer being a founding partner of the law firm at which the judge’s son had been working • Lack of objective impartiality • Factors to be taken into account when a judge’s relative is involved in a case, including in small jurisdictions   STRASBOURG 26 May 2020   FINAL   26/08/2020     This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Koulias v. Cyprus, The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Paul Lemmens, President,   Georgios A. Serghides,   Dmitry Dedov,   Alena Poláčková,   María Elósegui,   Gilberto Felici,   Lorraine Schembri Orland, judges, and Milan Blaško, Section Registrar, Having regard to: the application against the Republic of Cyprus lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Cypriot national, Mr   Zacharias Koulias (“the applicant”), on 23 July 2012; the decision to give notice to the Cypriot Government (“the   Government”) of the complaints concerning impartiality under Article   6 §   1 of the Convention and freedom of expression under Article 10 of the Convention and to declare the remainder of the application inadmissible; the parties’ observations and the additional factual information submitted by the Government on the code of judicial practice; Having deliberated in private on 28 April 2020, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: INTRODUCTION The case concerns defamation proceedings brought against the applicant, who complained under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention of a lack of impartiality on the part of the presiding Supreme Court judge in the appeal proceedings and under Article   10 of the Convention of a violation of his right to freedom of expression.   THE FACTS 1.     The applicant was born in 1950 and lives in Larnaca. He was represented by Andreas S. Angelides L.L.C, a firm of lawyers practising in Nicosia. 2.     The Government were represented by their Agent, Mr C. Clerides, Attorney General of the Republic of Cyprus. 3.     The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows. Background to the case 4.     The applicant is an advocate and a Member of Parliament of the Republic of Cyprus. 5.     On 26 May 2006, during a live political talk show entitled “First Programme” (“ Proti Ekpompi ” – “ Πρώτη Εκπομπή ”) on Radio Proto ( Ράδιο Πρώτο ) the applicant made, inter alia , certain remarks about another politician, Mr C.Th., a former minister and high-ranking member of a   political party. In particular, in so far as relevant, he stated: “From what I carefully heard from colleagues of the Democratic Rally party, I say the following. What was the first act of this man? To visit whom, if you please? The leader of the occupied area. A significant personality for our national cause. So I say unequivocally that it is a stab in the back to the national cause of our country and our people. Because he is a man who governed the country for ten years. A man who immediately after the elections in which the party to which he belonged and [which] led [the campaign] promoting party loyalty so that people supported it and which received 30.6% of the votes – what was his first political act? To visit whom? The occupation leader in the so-called presidential palace. And this is really a stab in the back for the laws and rights of our people. That is to say, only naive people cannot understand the political messages imparted by this unacceptable act, and indeed who was he accompanied by? By Mr C.Th. who, to remind you incidentally, recently received a respectable sum of 7,000 Cyprus Pounds from a Turkish company and the next day went to a television station and stated that there was no pseudo-state. And I also want to note that this in essence constituted an up-grade of the pseudo-state which the English and the Americans seek. By whom? By our own people. And this constitutes huge support for Turkish intransigence. Why should the Turks change their positions when our own people and especially people who hold office with the approval of our people hold these views? That is to say, if we were in the position of the Turks, would we change our views? Namely, when you see people who acted in this way and swore on the Holy Bible that the Annan plan be accepted because it was manna from heaven, they would have to be crazy to change their attitude and positions. And let me say something more. The people who applied to UNOPS for financial aid, such as Mr S., were those whom party loyalty in DISY rewarded so that they received the most preference votes. These are the messages received by the Turks, and the Turks know their job very well. And I think now the responsibility has to be emphasised of all these people who, due to their naivety, believe that party loyalty is above the interests of the country and the people. We must first preserve the party and let the country go where it will. And become Turkish. And when Mr C. went accompanied by Mr T. and his daughter yesterday, he certainly went also accompanied by all these thousands of votes received by these gentlemen. It is a very sad development.” Defamation proceedings 6.     C.Th. brought an action for defamation against the applicant before the District Court of Nicosia (civil action no. 3775/06) under section   17 of the Civil Wrongs Law (Cap. 148). His complaint focused on two of the applicant’s remarks: the allegation that he had received money from a Turkish company; and the remark about his position with regard to the “pseudo state”: “That is to say, only naive people cannot understand the political messages imparted by this unacceptable act, and indeed who was he accompanied by? By Mr C.Th. who, to remind you incidentally, recently received a respectable sum of 7,000   Cyprus Pounds from a Turkish company and the next day went to a television station and stated that there was no pseudo-state”. 7.     On 30 June 2008 the District Court dismissed the action and made an order for costs against the plaintiff. It held that the two remarks in question were not connected and were not defamatory of the plaintiff, whether considered together or separately. Despite that finding, for reasons of completeness the court also examined the applicant’s defence of “fair comment”, which it allowed. Although the applicant had initially also pleaded the defences of justification (truth) and qualified privilege (see paragraphs   30 ‑ 31 below), he did not pursue them. 8.     The plaintiff lodged an appeal before the Supreme Court (civil appeal no.   297/08). The appeal was heard by a bench of three judges. 9 .     Following the submission of written observations by the parties but prior to the hearing of the appeal, the appellant changed lawyer. 10.     During the hearing a question arose concerning the scope of the case and, in particular, the defence of fair comment. 11.     The verbatim record of the appeal hearing on 24 June 2011 reports, in so far as relevant, the following exchange (translation): “Appellant’s lawyer: I move on to the next point, which is that of fair comment. The first-instance court stated that it was not defamatory. For my submissions to be complete I will deal with the defence of fair comment. However, fair comment presupposes a comment. We have to have a comment and then we examine whether this is fair within the meaning of the law. Here, is there anything in the contested sentence that could possibly be characterised as a comment? Or maybe in reality, the case in any event comes down to whether (καταλήγει) it is defamatory or not. If you agree with this... Court: It is Mr A [the applicant’s lawyer] who has to agree in order to remove this matter from the discussion... Applicant’s lawyer: Of course, honourable Mr President, we have isolated a sentence from the whole picture... Court: You are the ones who are mostly seeking the isolation. Applicant’s lawyer: Indeed. Here is a sentence, from everything that Mr K said, that Mr C.Th had taken money from a Turkish company. Court: The second [phrase] is that the next day he said that thing... Applicant’s lawyer: It was not the next day, but anyway... Court: Even if there were some days’ difference, is this a comment? Applicant’s lawyer: I could accept it in the way the court has put it. Court: Consequently, in light of this correct, in our opinion, agreement of the two parties, it is clarified that the subject matter of the trial is whether the sentences in question, on their own or in association with each other, in light of the innuendo that they conceal, are defamatory. If they are defamatory, the appeal has to succeed and there is no issue of examining the alternative position of fair comment. If not, the appeal will fail. Applicant’s lawyer: I agree Appellant’s lawyer: I agree ... Court: The gist of the [first-instance] court’s judgment that is now the subject matter of the appeal, following the limitation of the contested issues which took place beforehand, is whether the words that had been used were, in themselves or in association with each other are, in light of the innuendo, defamatory. Nothing else. .... Applicant’s lawyer: I have to observe that we support the [first-instance] judgment, following today’s suggestions and the limiting of the examination of the issues before you. [The judgment] was absolutely correct based on the evidence that was before the court and also on the basis of its discretionary power to decide, which it had a duty to judge if these, which are claims of defamation, were indeed defamation. In our opinion no defamation exists. ...”. 12.     On 24 January 2012 the Supreme Court gave judgment upholding the appeal. 13.     It first noted that during the hearing of the case the main issue for examination was whether the remarks had been defamatory. Following an agreement by the parties on that matter, the relevant grounds of appeal concerning fair comment were not pursued. 14.     The Supreme Court held that the act of receiving money attributed to the appellant and his appearance on television could only be characterised as one act and not as two, as found by the first-instance court. The innuendo inferred from the language used could give rise to separate legal proceedings, based on an extended interpretation of the words used, possibly combined with other circumstances which would have to be proved. Consequently, the main issue in the case was not the meaning of the language used in relation to the actions attributed to the plaintiff, but whether it was justified to link the two remarks made by the applicant. The Supreme Court ruled that the combination of both the above-mentioned actions, together with the words used and the synthesis made by the applicant, left no room for any interpretation other than the implication that the plaintiff/appellant had acted as alleged after receiving money from the Turkish company. Such conduct, in the context of the situation in Cyprus, the Turkish invasion and occupation of the northern part by Turkish troops, could create in an average reasonable reader, in the absence of any other reference, feelings of hatred, contempt and derision of the plaintiff/appellant. The Supreme Court concluded that the remarks were defamatory of the plaintiff. 15.     As the trial court had not made a finding on the issue of damages, the Supreme Court remitted the case for a fresh hearing by another trial judge on the award of damages. Subsequent developments 16.     After the judgment of the Supreme Court had been given, the applicant discovered that the appellant’s new lawyer (see paragraph   9 above) was the founding partner of the firm for which the son of the presiding judge on the Supreme Courts’ bench, Judge G.C., worked. 17.     On 10 February 2012 the newspaper Phileleftheros published an article on the case, in which the applicant’s lawyer stated that either the judge or the lawyer in question should have revealed the connection between them, as this raised the issue as to whether Judge G.C. should have been excluded from the case. 18 .     On 14 February 2012 the Supreme Court issued a statement through the Cyprus News Agency: “Prompted by the article in the newspaper ‘Phileleftheros’ dated 10/2/2012, the Supreme Court announces that the matter of the relationship between judges [and] lawyers for the purpose of adjudicating cases is settled and regulated by judicial practice and that the participation of the judge in the adjudication of the case referred to in the article was fully in accordance with the relevant judicial practice in force over the years.” Proceedings concerning the award of damages (civil action n o .   3775/06) 19.     On 23 January 2013 the District Court of Nicosia awarded the plaintiff 25,000   euros (EUR) in damages for defamation, together with statutory interest payable from the date of the lodging of the action until payment. It also awarded the plaintiff costs. 20.     On 22 February 2013 the applicant lodged an appeal with the Supreme Court (civil appeal no. 79/13). In accordance with the latest information received, those proceedings are still pending. Other related proceedings brought by the applicant 21 .     It appears that the applicant has brought proceedings contesting the costs awarded by the first-instance court. No more information has been provided concerning these proceedings. RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE Exemption of judges 22.     The relevant domestic law and practice are set out in detail in the Court’s judgment in the case of Nicholas v. Cyprus , no. 63246/10, §§   13 ‑ 17, 9   January 2018. 23 .     Following the adoption of the above-mentioned judgment, the code of judicial practice was amended by a decision delivered by the Supreme Court on 8   March 2018. The amendments provide that a judge, whether sitting alone or as a member of a bench, cannot hear a case in which a party is represented by a lawyer who is a member of the “family of the judge”. Family is defined as parents, spouses, children, children’s spouses, siblings, siblings’ children and siblings’ spouses and persons with whom a judge has a spiritual relationship ( πνευματική συγγένεια ), the relationship of father ‑ in ‑ law and son-in-law/daughter-in-law, and the relationship between fathers-in-law ( σχέση πεθερού-γαμπρού/νύφης ή συμπεθέρου ). Furthermore, if a lawyer is the employer, employee or partner, or has a professional relationship with a lawyer who is a family member of a judge, including a trainee lawyer, the judge should inform the parties to the proceedings of all the relevant facts. In such a situation, if an objection is raised concerning the judge’s participation in the hearing of the case, the judge then decides if he or she will recuse himself or herself or not, in light of the relevant case-law, including the recent case-law of the Court. The Supreme Court referred in this connection to the Court’s judgments in Nicholas, cited above , and Ramljak v.   Croatia (no.   5856/13, 27 June 2017). If no objection is made and the judge does not consider that there are grounds for his or her recusal, he or she is free to continue hearing the case. This judicial practice does not apply when the court appearance concerns minor matters ( τυπικών εμφανίσεων ). 24 .     Further amendments were made by decisions delivered by the Supreme Court on 28 January and 11 February 2019. They provided, inter alia, that a judge, whether sitting alone or as a member of a bench, cannot hear a case in which a party is represented by a lawyer who is a member of the “family of the judge” and where the lawyer is an employer, employee or partner, or works under the same “professional roof” ( επαγγελματική στέγη ) with that lawyer. This judicial practice does not apply when the court appearance concerns minor matters as well as [1] cases before the full bench of the Supreme Court consisting of at least seven judges. The amendments have no retrospective effect on cases where the hearing has commenced and is still continuing; and/or cases in which the issuance of a judgment is pending. Finality of domestic judgments 25.     The relevant domestic law and practice are set out in detail in the Court’s judgment in the case of Nicholas (cited above, §§   18 ‑ 23). 26.     In addition, the following domestic case-law was relied on by the applicant. 27 .     In Achilleas Korellis (case no. 53/99 concerning civil appeal no.   10277 – certiorari appeal) the Supreme Court, sitting as a full bench on   19 July 1999, dismissed by majority an application to annul the appellate court’s judgment on grounds of the alleged objective partiality of one of the judges on the appeal bench. It held that it did not have inherent jurisdiction to annul or amend a judgment, as this would constitute third-instance jurisdiction, which neither the Constitution nor domestic law allowed for. Three justices dissented, considering that the Supreme Court had inherent jurisdiction to set aside the appeal judgment if it was subsequently ascertained that a judge should not have participated on the grounds of objective partiality. 28 .     In the case of Ierotheos Christodoulou alias Ropas v.   The Republic of Cyprus ( criminal appeal no. 3/2009, judgment of 10 May 2010   (2010) 2   C.L.R 226), the Supreme Court dismissed an application by which the defendant had requested the reopening of appeal proceedings on the basis of newly discovered evidence. It held that it did not have inherent jurisdiction to do so and reopening would be tantamount to exercising third-instance jurisdiction, which it did not have. Referring to the case of the Educational Service Commission v. Zena Poulli (see Nicholas , cited above, §   22) it ruled, inter alia , that following the conclusion of a trial and the issuing of a judgment, reopening could only take place in cases where, for example, an interested party had not been notified of the procedure. 29 .     In its judgment of 14 June 2013 in the case of Kayat Trading Limited   v. Genzyme Corporation (no. 3) (civil appeal no.   58/2012, (2013) 1   B C.L.R 1263), the Supreme Court dismissed an application to set aside a judgment given on appeal on alleged grounds of a breach of the rules of natural justice and an unfair trial. It held, inter alia , that in the circumstances there had not been a violation of the rules of natural justice in the trial and therefore the principles outlined in the Zena Poulli case (cited above) were not applicable. Defamation Legislative provisions 30 .     Section 17(1) of the Civil Wrongs Law (Cap. 148) defines defamation as follows: “Defamation consists of the publication by any person by means of print, writing, painting, effigy, gestures, spoken words or other sounds, or by any other means whatsoever, including broadcasting by wireless telegraphy, of any matter which – (a) imputes to any other person a crime; or (b) imputes to any other person misconduct in any public office; or (c) naturally tends to injure or prejudice the reputation of any other person in the way of his profession, trade, business, calling or office; or (d) is likely to expose any other person to general hatred, contempt or ridicule; or (e) is likely to cause any other person to be shunned or avoided by other persons. For the purposes of this subsection, ‘crime’ means any offence or other act punishable under any enactment in force in the Republic and any act wheresoever committed, which, if committed in the Republic, would be punishable therein.” 31 .     Section 19 of the above-mentioned law sets out the defences to defamation: (a) justification (truth); (b) fair comment; (c) privilege (absolute and qualified); and (d) offer of amends. In so far as relevant, this section provides as follows: “In an action for defamation it shall be a defence [if] - (a) ... the publication about which the complaint was made was true: provided that where the defamatory publication contains two or more distinct charges against the plaintiff, a defence under this paragraph shall not fail by reason only that the truth of every charge is not proved, if the part of the publication which has not been proved to be true does not materially injure the plaintiff’s reputation having regard to the truth of the remaining charges; (b) ... the publication of which complaint was made was a fair comment on some matter of public interest: provided that where the defamatory publication consists partly of allegations of fact and partly of expression of opinion, a defence of fair comment shall not fail by reason only that the truth of every allegation of fact is not proved if the expression of opinion is a fair comment, having regard to such of the fact alleged or referred to in the defamatory publication for which the action was brought are proved: provided further that a defence under this paragraph shall not succeed if the plaintiff provides that the publication was not made in good faith within the meaning of subsection (2) of section 21 of this Law; ...”. Domestic case-law relied on by the Government 32 .     In the case of Kimargo Fishfarming Ltd v.   Panteli Metaxa (civil appeal no. 16/2008, (2011) 1 C.L.R 218, judgment of 10   February 2011), the Supreme Court upheld the first-instance court’s ruling that a defamatory statement made by the plaintiff about an issue of public interest was covered by the defence of fair comment. When examining whether the lower court’s approach to the defence of fair comment had been justified, the Supreme Court noted that it was difficult to balance the right to freedom of expression and the right to reputation. It concluded that in parallel, however, in a democratic society free dialogue should be encouraged, especially on issues of public interest such as those raised in that case (the environment, and in particular the sea). The Supreme Court found that the appellant company’s contention that the protection of its reputation should have led to the rejection of the defence could not be sustained, as protecting someone’s reputation should not contravene freedom of expression; a sense of proportionality was required. 33.     In the case of Ekdoseis Arktinos v. Dorou Georgiadi (civil appeal no.   118/2008 (2011) 1 C.L.R 407, judgment of 4 March 2011), the Supreme Court reversed the first-instance court’s finding and held that a defamatory statement made by the plaintiffs/appellants about an issue of public interest was covered by the defence of fair comment. In analysing whether the defence of fair comment was applicable, the Supreme Court noted that “the   right to a fair comment is one of the basic rights of oral and written free speech and is of vital importance for safeguarding the right upon which our personal freedom is based”. 34.     In the case of Makarios Droushiotis v. Nikola Papadopoulou (civil appeal no.   54/2008, (2012) 1 C.L.R 102, judgment of 30 January 2012), the Supreme Court reversed the first-instance court’s finding and held that a defamatory statement made by the defendant/appellant in relation to an issue of public interest was covered by the defence of fair comment. The Supreme Court noted, inter alia , that even if not all facts were proven, this did not mean that the appellant’s/defendant’s expression of opinion had not constituted a fair comment based on the facts that had been proven. The Supreme Court concluded that the comments in question had constituted an honest and fair expression of opinion on a matter of public interest (the conduct of public figures). The defendant/appellant, as a journalist, had been under a duty to publish, as it had been a matter of public interest on which the public had to be informed. 35 .     In the case of Theofanis Karavias v. Stavros Stavrou (civil appeal no.   343/2008, (2012) 1 C.L.R 469, judgment of 20 March 2012), the Supreme Court upheld the judgment of the first-instance court, which had ruled that a defamatory statement made by the plaintiff about an issue of public interest had been covered by the defence of fair comment. The Supreme Court concluded that in order for the court to balance the interests of the two parties, it was of vital importance not to discourage the public from expressing its opinion on matters of public interest for fear of penal or other sanctions. It found that the defendant/respondent in the case had expressed his comments in good faith.   THE LAW ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 § 1 OF THE CONVENTION 36.     The applicant complained under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention that, whether the Court applied the objective or the subjective test, there had been a lack of impartiality on the part of the presiding judge on the Supreme Court bench on account of his relationship with the appellant’s lawyer. In particular, following the submission of the parties’ written observations but prior to the appeal hearing, the appellant had changed lawyer. The new lawyer was a founding partner of the firm at which the judge’s son had been working. 37.     Article 6 § 1 of the Convention in so far as relevant, reads as follows: “In the determination of his civil rights and obligations ... everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing ... by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.” 38.     The Government contested that argument. Admissibility Exhaustion of domestic remedies (a)    The parties’ submissions (i)   The Government 39.     The Government first submitted that according to judicial practice at the time, Judge G.C. had not been under an obligation to recuse himself from the case. It is true that he could have chosen to do so if he had considered for personal reasons that it would not be appropriate for him to sit on the bench. He and the other judges on the bench were not, however, under an obligation to inform the applicant of the said relationship given that the relevant judicial practice did not provide for the recusal of a judge on those grounds and as Judge G.C. had not considered that in the interests of justice it was appropriate to disqualify himself from sitting in the case. The Government referred to the Supreme Court’s judgment in the case of Despo Apostolidou and to Nicholas (cited above, §   17). 40.     The Government further submitted that the applicant had failed to exhaust domestic remedies. Under domestic law the possible exemption of a judge could be examined judicially only when the matter was raised by one of the parties concerned. This had not been done by the applicant. Assuming that the applicant had found out about the connection between Judge G.C. and the appellant’s lawyer after the Supreme Court had given judgment, it had been open to him to apply for the reopening of the appeal proceedings in the light of the new information he had received about Judge G.C. In this connection, the Government submitted arguments similar to those in Nicholas (cited above, §§ 30-31) and emphasised that the issue raised by the applicant concerned the right to be heard and/or rules of natural justice and/or the necessary requirements for a court to maintain its character as a court of justice. 41.     The Government pointed out that domestic case-law drew a distinction between a case of third-instance jurisdiction and a case based on the inherent jurisdiction of the court. In the latter case, the Supreme Court had jurisdiction to order the reopening of appeal proceedings, whereas in the former case it could not do so. They distinguished the present case from the cases of Ierotheos Chirstodoulou and Kayat Trading (see paragraphs   28 and   29 above) relied on by the applicant (see paragraph 43 below). The former case did not concern the inherent jurisdiction of the court but an attempt to have access to a third-instance jurisdiction, whereas in the latter case the Supreme Court had found that the rules of natural justice had not been breached and that there were therefore no grounds to reopen the case. The Government further relied on the dissenting opinion of the minority in the case of Achilleas Korellis (see paragraph 27 above). 42.     Lastly, the Government submitted that the Supreme Court’s public statement had been limited to the fact that Judge G.C.’s participation in the case had been in accordance with the judicial practice in force at the time, and did not pass judgment on the correctness of the judge’s participation. (ii)   The applicant 43 .     The applicant submitted that the relationship between Judge G.C. and the appellant’s new lawyer had not been disclosed to him by the Supreme Court or the appellant. Once judgment had been given, there had been no remedy available to him for raising the issue of impartiality. The remedy put forward by the Government was unavailable both in theory and in practice. Under domestic case-law the reopening of cases took place when there were procedural, grammatical or clerical errors. This was not the issue at stake in the present case. In Achilleas Korellis (see paragraph   27 above), the Supreme Court had dismissed an application seeking to have a judgment annulled and/or set aside on the grounds of alleged partiality. The applicant also relied on the judgments of the Supreme Court in Ierotheos Christodoulou and Kayat Trading concerning alleged breaches of natural justice. He argued that it was clear from the three cases referred to above that the Supreme Court was not willing to reopen such cases (see paragraphs   28 and 29 above). 44.     Furthermore, the Supreme Court, through the press statement made on 14 February 2012 (see paragraph 18 above), had unquestionably and in a very definite manner formed a clear view that the issue of the participation of Judge G.C. had been in accordance with judicial practice. Thus any attempt to reopen the case would have been to no avail. Such a request would have been examined by the same court, which could not have been independent or impartial as it had already expressed its opinion publicly on the issue in favour of the said judge. Moreover, the bench reviewing such a request would have included Judge G.C., as there had been no procedure in domestic law providing for his withdrawal in order to examine a request for his withdrawal. In addition, the code of judicial practice applicable at the time, which had been binding, had not included the relationship in question as grounds for exemption. 45.     Lastly, the applicant emphasised that in accordance with the Court’s case-law a request for reopening a case that had been concluded could not normally be considered as an effective remedy for the purposes of Article   35 §   1 of the Convention unless it could be established that under domestic law such a request could be genuinely deemed effective. In the present case, however, the Government had failed to establish that this was so. (b)    The Court’s assessment 46 .     The rule of exhaustion of domestic remedies referred to in Article   35   §   1 of the Convention obliges those seeking to bring a case against a State to first use the remedies provided by the national legal system, thus allowing States the opportunity to put matters right through their own legal systems before being required to answer for their acts before an international body. In order to comply with the rule, normal recourse should be had by an applicant to remedies which are available and sufficient to afford redress in respect of the breaches alleged; there is no obligation to have recourse to remedies which are inadequate or ineffective (see, among many authorities, Vučković and Others v. Serbia (preliminary objection) [GC], nos.   17153/11 and 29 others, §§ 70-71, 25 March 2014, with further references). 47 .     It is incumbent on the Government claiming non ‑ exhaustion to satisfy the Court that the remedy was an effective one and was available in theory and in practice at the relevant time – that is to say that it was accessible and was capable of providing redress in respect of the applicant’s complaints and offered reasonable prospects of success (ibid., §   77). However, once this burden of proof has been satisfied it falls to the applicant to establish that the remedy advanced by the Government was in fact exhausted or was for some reason inadequate and ineffective in the particular circumstances of the case or that there existed special circumstances absolving him or her of the requirement (ibid.). 48.     In the present case, as in that of Nicholas (cited above, §   36), there is nothing to show in concreto that the applicant or the lawyer representing him before the Supreme Court were actually aware of the connection between Judge G.C. and the appellant’s new lawyer at the time the proceedings were still pending. 49.     As regards the Government’s claim that the applicant should have lodged an application for the reopening of the appeal proceedings in the light of facts which came to light after the judgment had been given, the Court reiterates its extensive case-law to the effect that an application for a retrial or the reopening of appeal proceedings or for a similar extraordinary remedy cannot, as a general rule, be taken into account for the purposes of applying Article 35 § 1 of the Convention (see Nicholas , cited above, §§   37 ‑ 38, with numerous references). The Court, in its judgment in the case of Nicholas , rejected the same plea of non-exhaustion made by the Government, finding that it had not been established that under domestic law an application requesting the reopening of proceedings on the applicant’s appeal on the grounds of alleged partiality of a judge could constitute an effective remedy within the meaning of Article 35 §   1 of the Convention. The Court sees no reason to depart from that finding in respect of the present application, in particular in view of the Supreme Court’s judgment in the case of Achilleas Korellis (see paragraph 27 above) referred to in the present case. The Court therefore considers that this complaint cannot be rejected for failure to exhaust domestic remedies. 50.     It   follows that the Government’s objection must be dismissed. Other grounds of inadmissibility 51.     The Court notes that this complaint is neither manifestly ill ‑ founded nor inadmissible on any other grounds listed in Article   35 of the Convention. It must therefore be declared admissible. Merits The parties’ submissions (a)    The applicant 52.     The applicant submitted that the presiding judge’s son had been working in the firm which had taken over the appellant’s representation before the hearing of the appeal. Judge G.C. had not disclosed this relationship during the proceedings. He should have done so and withdrawn from the case, as his relationship with the appellant’s new lawyer had jeopardised, or could appear to have jeopardised, the right to a fair trial. The fact that his son had not been a partner did not change anything. In the case of Ram ljak (cited above) the son of the judge in question had been a trainee. In addition, Judge G.C. had been the only judge who had asked questions during the hearing or had made requests for clarification, consequently tainting the proceedings. (b)    The Government 53.     The Government submitted that no issue of subjective partiality had arisen in the case. Nothing in the present case suggested that Judge G.C. had acted with personal prejudice or bias or that his judgment had been in any way impaired. The applicant had not made any specific allegations on this matter or produced any evidence showing personal bias on the part of Judge G.C. 54.     Nor had it been shown that the applicant’s fears as to lack of impartiality on the part Judge G.C. had been objectively justified. Judge G.C.’s son had worked as junior counsel at the law firm which had represented the appellant. He had not been the lawyer who handled the case before the Supreme Court, nor had he been involved in the case otherwise. Furthermore, he had not been a partner in the law firm. The relationship in question was not of such a nature and degree as to indicate a lack of impartiality on the part of the tribunal, regard being had, inter alia, to the judicial practice applicable at the material time, which did not include the relationship in question as grounds for exemption. Relying on Micallef v.   Malta [GC], no.   17056/06, § 99, ECHR 2009, the Government pointed out that the Court took into account domestic rules regulating the recusal of judges when making its own assessments as to objective impartiality. The present case could be distinguished from that of (i) Pescador Valero v.   Spain , (no.   62435/00, § 27, ECHR 2003 ‑ VII), in which the judge himself had been working as an associate professor at the university (one of the parties to the proceedings) and (ii) Tocono and Profesorii Prometeişti v.   Moldova , (no.   32263/03, § 31, 26 June 2007), where the judge in question had threatened the school authorities – including the head teacher and teachers who had expelled his son – with retaliation. 55.     The Government also drew a distinction between the present case and that of Ramljak (cited above) on two grounds: firstly, the law firm in which Judge G.C.’s son had worked was larger, comprising twenty ‑ five lawyers and not only two principal lawyers; and secondly, the code of judicial practice applicable at the time had not covered the relationship in question. In Ramljak the Court had taken into account the case ‑ law of the Croatian Supreme Court, which had been inclined to quash judgments delivered by judges whose close relatives worked in the law offices of the parties’ representatives. 56.     Lastly, regarding the applicant’s allegation that the appeal procedure had been tainted on account of the questions put by Judge G.C., the Government argued that during the hearing of a case, judges frequently asked questions and sought clarifications on factual and legal issues. The Court’s assessment 57.     The Court refers to the general principles concerning impartiality as set out in detail in paragraphs 49-55 of its judgment in Nicholas (cited above, with further references). 58.     In the present case the applicant’s fears of a lack of impartiality on the part of Judge G.C., who sat on the three-judge Supreme Court bench deciding on the appeal, were based on the fact that Judge G.C.’s son had been working in the law firm of which the appellant’s lawyer was a founding partner. 59.     Under the subjective test, the Court reiterates that the personal impartiality of a judge must be presumed until there is proof to the contrary (see general principles in Nicholas , cited above, § 50). The Court notes that nothing in the present case indicated any actual prejudice or bias on the part of Judge G.C. 60.     The case will therefore be examined only from the standpoint of the objective impartiality test. More specifically, the Court has to decide whether the applicant’s misgivings were objectively justified, given the circumstances of the case. 61.     The Court refers to the principles set out in its judgment in the case of Nicholas concerning situations in which a judge has a blood tie with an employee of a law firm representing a party in any given proceeding s (§§   62-64). In particular, it reiterates that when a judge has a blood tie with an employee of a law firm representing a party in any given proceedings, this does not in and of itself disqualify the judge. An automatic disqualification on the basis of consanguinity is not necessarily required (ibid., §   62). It is, however, a situation or affiliation that could give rise to misgivings as to the judge’s impartiality. Whether such misgivings are objectively justified would very much depend on the circumstances of the specific case, and a number of factors should be taken into account in this regard. These should include, inter alia , whether the judge’s relative has been involved in the case in question, the position of the judge’s relative in the firm, the size of the firm, its internal organisational structure, the financial importance of the case for the law firm, and any possible financial interest or potential benefit (and the extent thereof) on the part of the relative (ibid.). 62.     It cannot be overlooked that Cyprus is a small country, with smaller firms and a smaller number of judges than larger jurisdictions; therefore, this situation is likely to arise more often (ibid., § 63), with further references). The Court has observed in its case-law that complaints alleging bias should not be capable of paralysing a defendant State ’ s legal system and that in small jurisdictions, excessively strict standards in respect of such motions could unduly hamper the administration of justice (ibid). 63.     Given the importance of appearances, however, when such a situation (which can give rise to a suggestion or appearance of bias) arises, that situation should be disclosed at the outset of the proceedings and an assessment should be made, taking into account the various factors involved in order to determine whether disqualification is actually necessitated in the case. This is an important procedural safeguard which is necessary in order to provide adequate guarantees in respect of both objective and subjective impartiality (ibid., §   64). 64.     As in the case of Nicholas , in the present case no such disclosure took place and the applicant discovered the employment connection only after a judgment had been given in respect of his appeal. He was thus faced with a situation in which the son of Judge G.C. worked in the law firm which had taken over representation of the appellant before the hearing of the appeal and whose founding/managing partner, his employer, as in Nicholas (§§ 57 and 65) had appeared at the appeal hearing. The applicant did not know whether Judge G.C. ’ s son had actually been involved in the case and whether he had a financial interest connected to its outcome (ibid., §   65). An appearance of partiality was thus created. The Court therefore finds that the applicant ’ s doubts regarding the impartiality of Judge G.C. on those grounds were objectively justified and that the domestic law and practice did not provide sufficient procedural safeguards in this respect. 65.     It is wor