CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 17 novembre 2020

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SWITZERLAND (Applications nos. 889/19 and 43987/16)     JUDGMENT   Art 3 • Expulsion • Insufficient assessment of risk of and availability of State protection against ill-treatment on grounds of sexual orientation by non-State actors in the Gambia • Applicant’s homosexuality might be discovered by Gambian authorities or population if removed there • Risk of persecution in the form of individual acts by “rogue” officers and of ill-treatment from non-State actors • Gambian authorities’ general unwillingness to provide protection to LGBTI persons • Deportation without a fresh assessment of these aspects would constitute a violation   STRASBOURG 17 November 2020   FINAL   17/02/2021     This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of B and C v. Switzerland, The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Paul Lemmens, President ,   Helen Keller,   Dmitry Dedov,   Georges Ravarani,   Darian Pavli,   Anja Seibert-Fohr,   Peeter Roosma, judges , and Milan Blaško, Section Registrar , Having regard to: the applications (nos.   43987/16 and 889/19) against the Swiss Confederation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Gambian national, Mr B (“the first applicant”), and a Swiss national, Mr C (“the second applicant”), on 22 July 2016 and 31   December 2018 respectively; the decision to give notice to the Swiss Government (“the Government”) of the complaints concerning Articles 3 and 8 of the Convention; the decision not to disclose the applicants’ names (Rule 47 § 4 of the Rules of Court); the decision to indicate an interim measure in respect of application no.   43987/16 to the Government under Rule 39 and the fact that this interim measure has been complied with; the decision to give priority to the applications (Rule 41); the observations submitted by the Government and the observations in reply submitted by the applicants; the comments submitted by the European Region of the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, the European Council of Refugees and Exiles, the International Commission of Jurists and the AIRE Centre, who were granted leave to intervene by the President of the Section; Having deliberated in private on 13 October 2020, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date. INTRODUCTION 1.     The case concerns both the refusal of a residence permit for the first applicant, which had been requested on the basis of his registered same-sex partnership with the second applicant, and the order that the first applicant be expelled. The applicants relied on Articles 3 and 8 of the Convention. THE FACTS 2 .     The applicants were born in 1974 and 1948 respectively. They registered their same-sex partnership on 23 July 2014. They lived together until the second applicant’s death on 15 December 2019. The first applicant continues to live in Switzerland. They were represented by Ms B. Surber, a lawyer practising in St Gallen. 3.     The Government were initially represented by their Agent at the time, Mr F. Schürmann, of the Federal Office of Justice, and subsequently by their Deputy Agent, Mr A. Scheidegger, of that same office. 4.     The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows. THE FIRST APPLICANT’S ASYLUM APPLICATIONS 5.     In 2008 the first applicant applied for asylum in Switzerland under a different identity and claiming to be from Mali. After his application was rejected and the removal order against him became final, he went missing and was thus not deported. 6.     On 24 March 2013 the first applicant lodged a second asylum application, this time under his correct identity and claiming to be a national of both the Gambia and Mali. He based that asylum application on his homosexual orientation and the situation of homosexuals in the Gambia. He claimed to have had covert relations with different men there. In 2008, he had been caught performing a sexual act in a hotel and had been arrested by the police. He feared criminal prosecution and being sentenced to fourteen years’ imprisonment. He had managed to escape during his transfer to prison and had left the country immediately. Approximately two years ago, he had met his partner, C, in Switzerland. 7.     On 20 February 2014 the (then) Federal Migration Office rejected the asylum application and ordered the first applicant to leave Switzerland. 8 .     On 12 December 2014 the Federal Administrative Court rejected the first applicant’s appeal in so far as it concerned his request for asylum. It concurred with the Federal Migration Office that the first applicant’s account was not credible. It considered, inter alia , that he had used completely different identities and made entirely different claims in his two asylum applications. In his written second asylum application he had mentioned risks if his sexual orientation became known in the Gambia, and he had only referred to the incident in the hotel during the oral hearing. He had presented a Gambian passport with a scan of his signature issued in Banjul in 2012, which his sister had allegedly obtained for him. It was not plausible that the authorities would have issued him with a passport while criminal proceedings had been pending against him. In sum, the first applicant had not substantiated that he had been persecuted, or been at risk of persecution, at the time he left the Gambia. 9 .     The Federal Administrative Court went on to find that the first applicant was also not entitled to refugee status based on the registration of his partnership with the second applicant. There was no indication that the Gambian authorities had been aware of his sexual orientation at the time he had left the country. The Swiss authorities had not informed them of the registration of the partnership. Nor were there any indications that the first applicant had made his sexual orientation public or been in close contact with same-sex groups and organisations in Switzerland. While the situation for homosexuals was difficult in the Gambia, homosexual orientation was not in itself sufficient to qualify a person for refugee status. Asylum ‑ seekers had to demonstrate a concrete risk of ill-treatment, and the first applicant had failed to do so. 10.     In so far as the appeal concerned his removal, the Federal Administrative Court found that it had become devoid of purpose: the Federal Migration Office had in the meantime set aside the removal order in view of the family reunification proceedings pending before the cantonal authorities, which had jurisdiction to rule on the first applicant’s removal (see paragraphs 14-15 below). 11.     On 4 May 2015 the first applicant lodged a third asylum application, pointing to the deterioration of the situation of homosexuals in the Gambia since the adjudication of his previous application. Moreover, he was afraid that his family, who was aware of his sexual orientation, would denounce him. The State Secretariat for Migration rejected the application on 14   August 2015. 12 .     On 16 November 2016 the Federal Administrative Court dismissed the first applicant’s appeal in so far as it concerned the refusal of his application for asylum. It found it credible that he was homosexual. It did not find credible, by contrast, his account as regards his family, which was full of contradictions. In the first asylum proceedings he had claimed that his parents had died when he was a small child and that he had two sisters, who lived in Mali and Côte d’Ivoire. In the second asylum proceedings he had claimed that his father had died in 2010 and that he had only one sister, who lived with his mother in the Gambia. In the third asylum proceedings he claimed to have several brothers and further family members in the Gambia. Moreover, in the second asylum proceedings he had claimed that he had never had any problems in the Gambia other than the incident at the hotel. In the third asylum proceedings he claimed to have been ill-treated and ostracised by his family. It did not seem credible that the second applicant would support the first applicant’s family with monthly money transfers if the family situation was indeed as he alleged it to be. 13 .     The Federal Administrative Court endorsed the assessment of the State Secretariat for Migration that the first applicant had not revealed any information, either in Switzerland or in the Gambia, potentially apprising the Gambian authorities of his homosexuality. It was not convinced that the Gambian authorities would deduce from the second applicant’s money transfers and their shared address that they were in a same-sex relationship. Moreover, the first applicant had claimed that he did not talk about his relationship when he spoke to his relatives in the Gambia. Nor had he been in close contact with same-sex groups or organisations. In conclusion, no assessment was required of the situation of homosexuals in the Gambia. Lastly, the determination of whether the first applicant should be allowed to remain in Switzerland or should be removed fell within the competence of the cantonal authorities. THE PROCEEDINGS CONCERNING FAMILY REUNIFICATION 14 .     On 12 August 2014 the second applicant lodged a request for family reunification, that is, for a residence permit to be granted to the first applicant in view of their registered partnership (see paragraph 2 above). 15 .     On 10 February 2015 the Migration Office of the Canton of St Gallen dismissed that request, having regard to the first applicant’s criminal record and conduct. It ordered the first applicant to leave the country, adding that he would have to await the outcome of the appeal proceedings from abroad. 16 .     Following an appeal lodged by the second applicant on 21 February 2015, the proceedings were split into two sets: one concerning the question whether or not the first applicant would be allowed to remain in Switzerland during the family reunification proceedings (leading to application no. 43987/16) and one concerning the merits of those proceedings, that is, the question whether or not to grant a residence permit to the first applicant (leading to application no. 889/19). The proceedings leading to application no. 43987/16 17.     On 4 March 2015 the Office for Security and Justice of the Canton of St Gallen rejected the second applicant’s appeal of 21 February 2015 in so far as it concerned allowing the first applicant to remain in Switzerland during the family reunification proceedings. 18.     On 7 May 2015 the Administrative Court of the Canton of St Gallen dismissed a subsequent appeal against that decision. It considered that the first applicant did, in principle, have a right to reside with the second applicant on the basis of their registered partnership. Having regard to the circumstances of the case, however, it was not evident, from a summary assessment, that the probability of the first applicant being granted residency considerably outweighed that of him being denied residency. Therefore, the court denied him the right to remain in Switzerland for the duration of the family reunification proceedings (see section 17(2) of the Aliens Act, paragraph 34 below). 19 .     On 23 December 2015 the Federal Supreme Court upheld that decision. It noted that the first applicant was a repeat offender and had also given reason for complaint on other grounds. On 21 December 2012 the Lucerne Criminal Court had convicted him, inter alia , of attempted extortion with violence, property damage and unlawful entry into and presence in Switzerland and sentenced him to eighteen months’ imprisonment. This was a ground for the expiry of his right to a residence permit within the meaning of section 51(b) in conjunction with section 63(1)(a) and section 62(b) of the Aliens Act (see paragraph 34 below). As the first applicant had served time in prison, the applicants had only occasionally been able to live together. They could maintain their relationship by way of visits and modern forms of electronic communication, at least for the duration of the family reunification proceedings. Requiring the first applicant to await the outcome of the proceedings from abroad did not infringe Article 8 of the Convention. 20.     Nor would requiring the first applicant to leave Switzerland temporarily give rise to a breach of Articles 2 or 3 of the Convention. He had claimed to be a citizen of both the Gambia and Mali and could thus also relocate to Mali; he had not claimed that he would face a real risk of treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention there. Acknowledging that the situation of homosexuals in the Gambia was difficult, the Federal Supreme Court reproduced the key considerations of the Federal Administrative Court’s judgment of 12 December 2014 (see paragraphs 8-9 above), adding that it appeared that the first applicant had a sister in the Gambia, with whom he could stay temporarily. 21 .     The first applicant challenged that decision in application no.   43987/16. On 2 August 2016 the duty judge granted his request for interim measures under Rule 39 of the Rules of Court and indicated to Switzerland not to deport the first applicant for the duration of the proceedings before it. Notice of the application was given to the Government exclusively in respect of the first applicant’s complaint under Article 3 of the Convention. 22.     In their observations of 2017, the Government argued that the complaint under Article 3 was manifestly ill-founded and invited the Court to declare the application inadmissible. In the event that the Court did not share their view, they asked it to suspend the processing of the application until the conclusion of the domestic proceedings concerning family reunification and the first applicant’s right to reside in Switzerland. The proceedings leading to application no. 889/19 23.     On 7 March 2016 the Office for Security and Justice of the Canton of St Gallen rejected the appeal of 21 February 2015 (see paragraph 16 above). 24.     The Administrative Court of the Canton of St Gallen upheld that decision on 22 November 2017. 25.     In a subsequent appeal to the Federal Supreme Court, the applicants asserted that the first applicant’s removal to the Gambia was barred by Article 3 of the Convention in view of the ill-treatment he would face there on account of his homosexuality. In the alternative, they submitted that the refusal to issue a residence permit breached Article 8 of the Convention. They referred to the second applicant’s severe illness, his inability to relocate to the Gambia and to the situation for homosexuals there. 26.     On 5 July 2018 the Federal Supreme Court rejected the applicants’ appeal. The first applicant was not entitled to a residence permit on the basis of his registered partnership, as the conditions of both grounds of section   63(1) of the Aliens Act were met (section 51(1)(b) of the Aliens Act; see paragraph 34 below): he had been sentenced to eighteen months’ imprisonment (see paragraph 19 above) and had shown a high potential for aggression with a tendency towards violence on other occasions, including while he was in detention, as well as after the registration of his partnership with the second applicant and his release from prison. There was a major public interest in the first applicant leaving the country. 27.     Expelling the first applicant would be a justified interference with the right to respect for private and family life under Article 8 of the Convention. He had arrived in Switzerland in 2008 at the age of 34. He had spent most of his life, and in particular his formative years, in the Gambia and Mali and was well acquainted with the mores and traditions there. His statements in respect of his family were contradictory but, in any event, he had a family network on which he could rely on return. It was not credible that his family had disowned him, given that his sister had allegedly obtained the documents for the registration of his partnership for him. It appeared that the second applicant was also supporting the first applicant’s family financially. Since the Gambian documents had been issued in 2012 and contained a scanned signature, it was probable that the first applicant had been in the Gambia himself at the time and that the authorities had seen no reason to take action against him. He had integrated poorly in Switzerland, despite having been there for almost ten years, and had only recently participated in a German course at beginners’ level. He had closer social, cultural and family ties to his country of origin than to Switzerland, where his ties were limited to his partner, the second applicant. It was thus reasonable for the first applicant to return to his country of origin. 28.     The Federal Supreme Court noted that the second applicant was suffering from incurable cancer. He was dependent on medical treatment in the medium and long term. In view of his state of health it was not possible for him to enjoy his relationship with the first applicant in the Gambia. However, the applicants could maintain their relationship through visits and the use of modern electronic communication. Moreover, the first applicant might be allowed to reside in Switzerland at a later stage, provided his conduct abroad was without reproach. In so far as the second applicant required care and support, his sons and grandchildren could provide it; the first applicant’s permanent presence was not mandatory to that end. The applicants had so far been able to enjoy their registered partnership only occasionally, as the first applicant had served time in prison. In view of the second applicant’s financial means, it was possible for the first applicant to travel to Switzerland regularly, even if he had to obtain a visa each time. Having regard to the criminal offences committed by the first applicant, the applicants could not have expected to live together in Switzerland at the time they registered their partnership. Balancing the competing interests, the Federal Supreme Court found that the public interest in excluding the first applicant from Switzerland outweighed the applicants’ interest in being able permanently to enjoy their relationship in Switzerland. 29.     The human rights situation in the Gambia was not without problems. According to different reports, homosexuals had been persecuted and at times tortured by military or police units prior to the change of government in December 2016. However, while laws criminalising homosexual conduct and providing for at least fourteen years’ imprisonment remained in force, they were no longer applied following the change of government. The new President had declared that homosexuality was not an issue for him, and the media had reported that he considered it a personal matter. One of his ministers had been reported as saying that the President believed that Gambians had the right to any sexual orientation. In sum, the situation for homosexuals had improved. 30 .     The Federal Supreme Court observed that the Federal Administrative Court, in its judgment of 12 December 2014 (see paragraphs   8-9 above), had found that there was no reason to assume that the Gambian authorities had known of the first applicant’s sexual orientation at the time he had left the Gambia and that there was no indication that they had since learned about the registration of his partnership. It reproduced that judgment’s key considerations and observed that that court had reached the same conclusion in the proceedings concerning the third asylum application (see paragraph   13 above). Having regard to the transition in the Gambia and to the contradictions in the first applicant’s account as established by the Federal Administrative Court in the asylum proceedings, the Federal Supreme Court concluded that he had not shown substantial grounds for believing that he faced a real risk of ill-treatment contrary to Article 3 of the Convention if he were removed to the Gambia. Since the second applicant lived in Switzerland and the first applicant could enjoy his relationship with him through visits to Switzerland, presumably no homosexual acts capable of drawing the attention of the population or of the authorities to the first applicant would occur in the Gambia. SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS 31.     By a letter of 3 October 2019, the authorities were informed that the second applicant’s state of health had significantly deteriorated. According to a medical certificate of the St Gallen Cantonal Hospital, he was being treated with palliative chemotherapy and his life expectancy was short. Further deteriorations were to be expected in the following weeks and months and this being the case, the first applicant’s support was essential. 32.     By a letter of 27 November 2019, the Migration Office of St Gallen Canton confirmed that the state of health of the second applicant would be taken into account, if necessary, when determining the date of removal of the first applicant; he did not have to leave Switzerland as long as the second applicant required his support. 33 .     The second applicant died on 15 December 2019. Both the Government and counsel for the applicants informed the Court of his death, by letters of 19 December 2019 and 2 January 2020 respectively. RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW 34 .     The relevant provisions of the Aliens Act provide as follows: Section 17 Regulation of the period of stay until the permit decision “(1)     Foreign nationals who have entered the country lawfully for a temporary period of stay and who subsequently apply for a longer period of stay must wait for the decision abroad. (2)     If it is evident that the admission requirements are fulfilled, the competent cantonal authority may permit the applicant to remain in Switzerland during the procedure.” Section 42 Family members of Swiss nationals “(1)     The foreign spouse and unmarried children under the age of 18 of a Swiss national who live with the Swiss national are entitled to be granted a residence permit and to have their residence permit extended. ...” Section 51 Expiry of the right to family reunification “(1)     The rights under section 42 shall expire if: ... (b)     there are grounds for revocation under section 63. ...” Section 52 Registered partnership “The provisions of this Chapter on foreign spouses apply mutatis mutandis to registered partnerships of same-sex couples.” Section 62 Revocation of permits and other rulings “(1)     The competent authority may revoke permits, with the exception of the permanent residence permit, and other rulings under this Act if the foreign national: ... (b)     has been given a long custodial sentence or has been made subject to a criminal measure within the meaning of Articles 59-61 or 64 of the Swiss Criminal Code; ...” Section 63 Revocation of the permanent residence permit “(1)     The permanent residence permit may be revoked only if: (a)     the requirements of section 62(a) or (b) are fulfilled; (b)     the foreign national has seriously violated or represents a threat to public security and order in Switzerland or abroad or represents a threat to internal or external security; ...” RELEVANT CASE-LAW OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (CJEU) 35 .     The judgment of the CJEU of 7 November 2013 in X, Y and Z v. Minister voor Immigratie en Asiel (Joined Cases C-199/12-C-201/12) concerned asylum-seekers who claimed that they had reason to fear persecution in their respective countries of origin – Sierra Leone, Uganda and Senegal – on account of their homosexuality, which was a criminal offence in those countries. It had not been shown that they had already been persecuted or been subject to direct threats of persecution in the past. In its conclusions, the CJEU held: “Article 9(1) of Directive 2004/83, read together with Article 9(2)(c) thereof, must be interpreted as meaning that the criminalisation of homosexual acts per se does not constitute an act of persecution. However, a term of imprisonment which sanctions homosexual acts and which is actually applied in the country of origin which adopted such legislation must be regarded as being a punishment which is disproportionate or discriminatory and thus constitutes an act of persecution. Article 10(1)(d) of Directive 2004/83, read together with Article 2(c) thereof, must be interpreted as meaning that only homosexual acts which are criminal in accordance with the national law of the Member States are excluded from its scope. When assessing an application for refugee status, the competent authorities cannot reasonably expect, in order to avoid the risk of persecution, the applicant for asylum to conceal his homosexuality in his country of origin or to exercise reserve in the expression of his sexual orientation.” RELEVANT GUIDELINES FROM THE OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR) 36 .     On 23 August 2012 UNHCR issued the “Guidelines on International Protection No. 9: Claims to Refugee Status based on Sexual Orientation and/or Gender Identity within the context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees” (HCR/GIP/12/09). They state, inter alia , the following (footnotes omitted): “ Laws criminalizing same-sex relations 26.     Many lesbian, gay or bisexual applicants come from countries of origin in which consensual same-sex relations are criminalized. It is well established that such criminal laws are discriminatory and violate international human rights norms. Where persons are at risk of persecution or punishment such as by the death penalty, prison terms, or severe corporal punishment, including flogging, their persecutory character is particularly evident. 27.     Even if irregularly, rarely or ever enforced, criminal laws prohibiting same-sex relations could lead to an intolerable predicament for an LGB person rising to the level of persecution. Depending on the country context, the criminalization of same ‑ sex relations can create or contribute to an oppressive atmosphere of intolerance and generate a threat of prosecution for having such relations. The existence of such laws can be used for blackmail and extortion purposes by the authorities or non-State actors. They can promote political rhetoric that can expose LGB individuals to risks of persecutory harm. They can also hinder LGB persons from seeking and obtaining State protection. 28.     Assessing the ‘well-founded fear of being persecuted’ in such cases needs to be fact-based, focusing on both the individual and the contextual circumstances of the case. The legal system in the country concerned, including any relevant legislation, its interpretation, application and actual impact on the applicant needs to be examined. The ‘fear’ element refers not only to persons to whom such laws have already been applied, but also to individuals who wish to avoid the risk of the application of such laws to them. Where the country of origin information does not establish whether or not, or the extent, that the laws are actually enforced, a pervading and generalized climate of homophobia in the country of origin could be evidence indicative that LGBTI [lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex] persons are nevertheless being persecuted. ... Concealment of sexual orientation and/or gender identity 30.     LGBTI individuals frequently keep aspects and sometimes large parts of their lives secret. Many will not have lived openly as LGBTI in their country of origin and some may not have had any intimate relationships. Many suppress their sexual orientation and/or gender identity to avoid the severe consequences of discovery, including the risk of incurring harsh criminal penalties, arbitrary house raids, discrimination, societal disapproval, or family exclusion. 31.     That an applicant may be able to avoid persecution by concealing or by being ‘discreet’ about his or her sexual orientation or gender identity, or has done so previously, is not a valid reason to deny refugee status. As affirmed by numerous decisions in multiple jurisdictions, a person cannot be denied refugee status based on a requirement that they change or conceal their identity, opinions or characteristics in order to avoid persecution. LGBTI people are as much entitled to freedom of expression and association as others. 32.     With this general principle in mind, the question thus to be considered is what predicament the applicant would face if he or she were returned to the country of origin. This requires a fact-specific examination of what may happen if the applicant returns to the country of nationality or habitual residence and whether this amounts to persecution. The question is not, could the applicant, by being discreet, live in that country without attracting adverse consequences. It is important to note that even if applicants may so far have managed to avoid harm through concealment, their circumstances may change over time and secrecy may not be an option for the entirety of their lifetime. The risk of discovery may also not necessarily be confined to their own conduct. There is almost always the possibility of discovery against the person’s will, for example, by accident, rumours or growing suspicion. It is also important to recognize that even if LGBTI individuals conceal their sexual orientation or gender identity they may still be at risk of exposure and related harm for not following expected social norms (for example, getting married and having children ...). The absence of certain expected activities and behaviour identifies a difference between them and other people and may place them at risk of harm. 33.     Being compelled to conceal one’s sexual orientation and/or gender identity may also result in significant psychological and other harms. Discriminatory and disapproving attitudes, norms and values may have a serious effect on the mental and physical health of LGBTI individuals and could in particular cases lead to an intolerable predicament amounting to persecution. Feelings of self-denial, anguish, shame, isolation and even self-hatred which may accrue in response an inability to be open about one’s sexuality or gender identity are factors to consider, including over the long-term. Agents of Persecution 34.     There is scope within the refugee definition to recognize persecution emanating from both State and non-State actors. State persecution may be perpetrated, for example, through the criminalization of consensual same-sex conduct and the enforcement of associated laws, or as a result of harm inflicted by officials of the State or those under the control of the State, such as the police or the military. Individual acts of ‘rogue’ officers may still be considered as State persecution, especially where the officer is a member of the police and other agencies that purport to protect people. 35.     In situations where the threat of harm is from non-State actors, persecution is established where the State is unable or unwilling to provide protection against such harm. Non-State actors, including family members, neighbours, or the broader community, may be either directly or indirectly involved in persecutory acts, including intimidation, harassment, domestic violence, or other forms of physical, psychological or sexual violence. In some countries, armed or violent groups, such as paramilitary and rebel groups, as well as criminal gangs and vigilantes, may target LGBTI individuals specifically. 36.     In scenarios involving non-State agents of persecution, State protection from the claimed fear has to be available and effective. State protection would normally neither be considered available nor effective, for instance, where the police fail to respond to requests for protection or the authorities refuse to investigate, prosecute or punish (non-State) perpetrators of violence against LGBTI individuals with due diligence. Depending on the situation in the country of origin, laws criminalizing same-sex relations are normally a sign that protection of LGB individuals is not available. Where the country of origin maintains such laws, it would be unreasonable to expect that the applicant first seek State protection against harm based on what is, in the view of the law, a criminal act. In such situations, it should be presumed, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that the country concerned is unable or unwilling to protect the applicant. As in other types of claims, a claimant does not need to show that he or she approached the authorities for protection before flight. Rather he or she has to establish that the protection was not or unlikely to be available or effective upon return. 37.     Where the legal and socio-economic situation of LGBTI people is improving in the country of origin, the availability and effectiveness of State protection needs to be carefully assessed based on reliable and up-to-date country of origin information. The reforms need to be more than merely transitional. Where laws criminalizing same-sex conduct have been repealed or other positive measures have been taken, such reforms may not impact in the immediate or foreseeable future as to how society generally regards people with differing sexual orientation and/or gender identity. The existence of certain elements, such as anti-discrimination laws or presence of LGBTI organizations and events, do not necessarily undermine the well-foundedness of the applicant’s fear. Societal attitudes may not be in line with the law and prejudice may be entrenched, with a continued risk where the authorities fail to enforce protective laws. A de facto , not merely de jure , change is required and an analysis of the circumstances of each particular case is essential. ...” RELEVANT COUNTRY INFORMATION ON THE SITUATION OF HOMOSEXUALS IN THE GAMBIA 37.     In its Concluding Observations of 30 August 2018 (CCPR/C/GMB/CO/2), the United Nations Human Rights Committee expressed concern that consensual same-sex relationships were criminalised and that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons reportedly continued to be subject to arbitrary arrest and violence. It stated that the Gambia should decriminalise same-sex relationships between consenting adults and take measures to change societal perception of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons and protect them from arbitrary arrests and violence. 38.     Several stakeholders in the Universal Periodic Review process stated that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons continued to face discriminatory laws, stigma and harassment and that the legislation criminalising same-sex relations and the social stigma created a climate of fear that translated into persons being forced to stay in the closet, and bred a climate of extortion, corruption and further abuse of LGBTI persons (see the Summary of Stakeholders’ submissions on the Gambia, Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review of the United Nations Human Rights Council, A/HRC/WG.6/34/GMB/3, 16 August 2019, at paragraphs 20-21). 39 .     The United Kingdom Home Office’s country information and guidance note “The Gambia: Sexual orientation and gender identity or expression” of August 2019, which analysed and assessed publicly available information, stated, inter alia , the following (footnotes omitted): “2.4     Assessment of risk ... b.     State treatment of LGBTI persons ... 2.4.6     The continued criminalisation of same-sex relations means that the arrest, detention and prosecution of LGBTI persons remains a possibility. However, since president Jammeh was ousted from power in December 2016, there have been no reported prosecutions or arrests of LGBTI persons in the sources consulted ... d.     Societal treatment of LGBTI persons 2.4.8     The Gambia is a culturally and religiously conservative country, and sources indicate that there is strong societal intolerance of and discrimination against LGBTI persons. Anti-LGBTI rhetoric by the ... former president Jammeh, prior to his ousting from power in December 2016, in particular, played on and may have magnified existing societal homophobia ... e.     Conclusion 2.4.11     There have been improvements in the general human rights environment since the former President [J]ammeh was ousted in December 2016. However, consensual same-sex sexual activity for both men and women remains illegal. The new government has stated that LGBTI persons would not be prosecuted – and there are no recent reports of arrests and prosecutions. However, LGBTI persons who openly express their sexual orientation and/or gender identity/expression may face discrimination from state actors. Additionally, LGBTI persons who openly express their orientation/identities are likely to face strong societal disapproval and discrimination. If a person who is LGBTI does not live openly due to the fear of persecution that would follow if they did, then they are also a refugee. 2.4.12     In general, LGBTI persons are likely to face discrimination from state and societal actors which, by its nature and repetition, is likely to amount to persecution. Each case, however, needs to be considered on its facts, with the onus on the person to demonstrate that they face such a risk ... 2.5     Protection ... 2.5.2     Where the person has a well-founded fear of persecution from non-state actors, the state is generally able but unwilling to provide effective protection. As same-sex sexual acts are prohibited in The Gambia, it would be unreasonable to expect a person identifying as LGBTI, who fears persecution or serious harm by non-state actors, to seek protection from the authorities without themselves facing a risk of prosecution. 2.5.3     However, decision makers must consider each case on its facts. A person’s reluctance to seek protection does not necessarily mean that effective protection is not available. The onus is on the person to demonstrate why they would not be able to seek and obtain state protection ... 3.     Legal context 3.1     The Gambian Criminal Code 3.1.1     The Gambian Criminal Code under articles 144, 145 and 147 state that same ‑ sex relations for men and women are illegal and are punishable by between 5 and 14 years in prison ... 3.2     October 2014 amendments to section 144 of criminal code 3.2.1     In 2014 an amendment (144A) was approved by Parliament, this inserted the crime of ‘aggravated homosexuality’ which is punishable [by] life imprisonment ... 4.     Political context ... The Congressional Research Service (CRS) report – Gambia reported in June 2019 that: ‘The Gambia ... underwent a historic transition of power after longtime authoritarian leader Yahya Jammeh unexpectedly lost an election in December 2016. ... During Jammeh’s tenure, annual State Department human rights reports documented widespread abuses against citizens, including torture, arbitrary arrest, enforced disappearances, and indefinite detention. The regime targeted journalists, dissidents, and other critics. The international community expressed particular concern over discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons, including laws criminalizing homosexuality and abuses against individuals arrested on suspicion of being gay. ... President Barrow has overseen a substantial opening of [the] political and social space. Journalists have returned from exile, and private media have burgeoned. Human rights challenges persist, however, including episodic abuses by security forces, harsh prison conditions, and trafficking in persons. Repressive Jammeh-era laws remain in effect, including the anti-LGBT law ...’ Freedom House in [its] report covering 2018 noted: ‘... The 2016 election resulted in a surprise victory for opposition candidate Adama Barrow. Fundamental freedoms including the rights of assembly, association, and speech improved thereafter, but the rule of law is unconsolidated, LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) people face severe discrimination, and violence against women remains a serious problem.’ 5.     State attitudes and treatment 5.1     Government attitude 5.1.1     Human Rights Watch (HRW): World Report 2018 – Gambia, 18 January 2018 and referring to events in 2017 noted that: ‘The human rights climate in Gambia improved dramatically as the new president, Adama Barrow, and his government took steps to reverse former President Yahya Jammeh’s legacy of authoritarian and abusive rule. ... President Barrow’s government has promised not to prosecute same-sex couples for consensual sexual acts, which sharply contrasted with Jammeh’s hate-filled rhetoric toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons. However, the government has not repealed laws that criminalize same-sex conduct, including an October 2014 law that imposes sentences of up to life in prison for “aggravated homosexuality” offenses.’ 5.1.2 However, HRW noted [on] its Country Profiles: Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI) webpage, in [an] entry dated 23 June 2017 on Gambia that: ‘... The criminalization of same-sex conduct leaves lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) Gambians at risk of arbitrary arrest and detention, although fewer arrests and physical abuse of LGBT Gambians were reported in 2016 [and prior to President Jammeh’s ousting].’ 5.1.3     The USSD Human Rights report for 2018 stated: ‘Citing more pressing priorities, President Barrow dismissed homosexuality as a nonissue in the country. On July 5 [2018], the country’s delegation to the UN Human Rights Council stated that the government had no immediate plans to reverse or change the law. The law, however, was not enforced ...’ 5.1.5     [In July 2018 the United Nations Human Rights Committee] noted the following comments made by the Gambian delegation following examination by the committee: ‘There had not been any prosecutions or convictions of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex persons, the delegation confirmed, and explained that this community was not at risk in the Gambia. The law against homosexuality was still in place, but the Government had committed to not using it to prosecute. People had to have a say in the repeal of this law, the delegate said; it was a delicate process that had to be carefully managed as the State wished to avoid any harm to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex community. There were religious and cultural aspects in the Gambia that made decriminalization of homosexuality a difficult issue.’ ... 5.2     Arrests, prosecutions and detention 5.2.1     [The] USSD Human Rights report for 2018 and 2017 made no reference to any arrests of LGBTI persons ... 5.2.3     CPIT was not able to find information on any specific arrests and detention of LGBTI persons or prosecutions since the official change of government in 2017 ... in the sources consulted (see Bibliography). 5.3     Police violence 5.3.1     At the time of compiling the response, and within time and resourcing constraints, CPIT was not able to find information on any specific arrests and detention of LGBTI persons or prosecutions since the official change of government in 2017 (see Constitution) in the sources consulted (see Bibliography). However, this does not mean to say there have been no further instances of arrests and detentions of LGBTI persons. 6.     Societal attitudes and treatment 6.1     Societal norms and public opinion 6.1.1     The US State Department (USSD) Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2018 – Gambia, stated: ‘There was strong societal discrimination against