CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 28 avril 2022

.s800EAC49 { font-size:12pt } .sFE10DC93 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center } .sBB9EE52A { font-family:Arial } .s5E1364CA { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .s665E407E { margin-top:66pt; margin-bottom:14pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s29100277 { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold } .s34DFC730 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sA36B60A1 { font-family:Arial; font-style:italic } .s339D85E6 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:14pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s88D564B { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1pt 4pt } .sD5DF731 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s10950C61 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s598389FB { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:14pt } .sF5E1C6CF { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline; color:#ff0000 } .sE208486F { font-family:Arial; color:#ff0000 } .s2E1B62A9 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-align:center } .s2E932ED2 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:11pt } .s4ACA9207 { page-break-before:always; clear:both; mso-break-type:section-break } .s32563E28 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .sB9D5CABB { width:28.35pt; display:inline-block } .s3AAE10DF { margin-top:14pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .s3CA22BA { font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s6B505E72 { margin:0pt; padding-left:0pt } .s28F0D84C { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:11.67pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:6.78pt; font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .sDA7B489D { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:15pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:3.45pt; font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s5C5C410E { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:18.34pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:0.11pt; font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s7ED160F0 { text-decoration:none } .s66E9FC38 { font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt; vertical-align:super; color:#000000 } .s67CAFE05 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:18.45pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .sDECD9755 { margin-left:11.67pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:6.78pt; font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s743F3A55 { margin-right:0pt; margin-left:0pt; padding-left:0pt } .s879C130D { margin-left:7.05pt; margin-bottom:12pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-weight:bold; text-transform:none } .s5E8F5A28 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:25.5pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold } .s2044A09A { margin-left:6.51pt; margin-bottom:6pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:1.99pt; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic } .sAE6FB95D { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:32.01pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:1.99pt; font-family:Arial; font-style:italic } .s9D48DD53 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s3A692EA6 { margin-top:14pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-align:center; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .sC6C3E032 { margin-top:14pt; margin-bottom:6pt; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .sE5273FBD { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:center; font-size:10pt } .sCD7D0356 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:15pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:4.85pt; font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s8B983D37 { text-transform:none } .s957C7903 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:51pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:0.05pt; font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold } .sF1F033E { margin-left:-19.04pt; margin-bottom:6pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:1.99pt; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic } .sF54F3725 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:42.55pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .sDBC81028 { width:4.83pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .s65DDED6B { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:42.55pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s7AE800C3 { width:4.28pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .s71EEDCF9 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:48.75pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s30C8A987 { width:4.78pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .sC79167A { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:48.75pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s4E0353E8 { width:4.23pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .sC47DA4E2 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:18.34pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:1.51pt; font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s7CAC83C { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:19.67pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:0.18pt; font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s434D37A9 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sE485344B { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:28.6pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:0.6pt; font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold } .sD11CFAB7 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:15.01pt; margin-bottom:3pt; text-align:justify; padding-left:1.99pt; font-family:Arial } .sFBC99493 { font-style:italic } .s51DFF5CF { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:34pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .sE5BF05B1 { width:2.33pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .s7F175FE6 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:51.05pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17.05pt; text-align:justify } .sE5C1F6E3 { width:3.33pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .s2D9C6089 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s69DCC830 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .s4598CDF { width:70.9pt; display:inline-block } .s8773B649 { width:25.2pt; display:inline-block } .sB81C5FD1 { width:141.42pt; display:inline-block } .s5A65B3DC { width:46.56pt; display:inline-block } .s44B8752F { width:177.11pt; display:inline-block } .sD00444C6 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:14pt } .s6F64785A { width:87.54%; border-collapse:collapse } .s92C821B8 { width:8.48%; border:0.75pt solid #949494; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#dfdfdf } .s2EF62ED2 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt } .sEECE831 { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; color:#474747 } .s66732282 { width:22.86%; border:0.75pt solid #949494; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#dfdfdf } .sF43C5150 { width:22.88%; border:0.75pt solid #949494; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#dfdfdf } .s3E181D07 { width:8.48%; border:0.75pt solid #949494; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top } .s53532DF { width:22.86%; border:0.75pt solid #949494; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top } .s77626D63 { width:22.88%; border:0.75pt solid #949494; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top } .sF6A12959 { width:33%; height:1px; text-align:left } .s85226119 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s653E6C45 { font-family:Arial; font-size:6.67pt; vertical-align:super; color:#0069d6 }     FIRST SECTION CASE OF BURSAĆ AND OTHERS v. CROATIA (Application no. 78836/16)       JUDGMENT   Art 1 P1 • Peaceful enjoyment of possessions • Disproportionate burden on applicants ordered pay full costs of the State’s representation in civil proceedings for damages brought in connection with their father’s killing, a suspected war crime victim   STRASBOURG 28 April 2022   FINAL   28/07/2022   This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Bursać and Others v. Croatia, The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Marko Bošnjak, President,   Péter Paczolay,   Krzysztof Wojtyczek,   Alena Poláčková,   Erik Wennerström,   Ioannis Ktistakis,   Davor Derenčinović, judges, and Renata Degener, Section Registrar, Having regard to: the application (no.   78836/16) against the Republic of Croatia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by five Croatian nationals, Ms Bosiljka Bursać, Ms Đuka Damjanović, Ms Nena Damjanović, Ms Danica Dubajić and Ms Milica Vasiljević (“the applicants”), on 15   December 2016; the decision to give notice to the Croatian Government (“the Government”) of the complaints concerning the criminal investigation into the killing of the applicants’ father and the order for the applicants to pay the costs of the civil proceedings to the State and to declare the remainder of the application inadmissible; the parties’ observations; Having deliberated in private on 22 March 2022, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: INTRODUCTION 1.     The application concerns the investigation into the killing of the applicants’ father in 1995, purportedly by Croatian soldiers. It also concerns a decision ordering the applicants to pay the costs of the State’s representation in the civil proceedings in which they sought damages in connection with their father’s killing. THE FACTS 2.     The applicants’ details are set out in the appendix. They were initially represented before the Court by Mr L. Šušak, and then by Ms S. Čanković , both lawyers practising in Zagreb. 3.     The Government were represented by their Agent, Ms S. Stažnik. 4.     The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows. Background to the case 5.     In 1991 the armed conflict escalated in Croatia. During 1991 and 1992 Serbian paramilitary forces gained control of about one-third of Croatian territory and proclaimed the so-called “Serbian Autonomous Region of Krajina” ( Srpska autonomna oblast Krajina – hereinafter “Krajina”). At the beginning of August 1995, the Croatian authorities announced a military campaign to regain control of Krajina. The action was codenamed Operation Storm and lasted from 4 to 7 August 1995. Before that action, the vast majority of the population of Krajina had fled Croatia. killing of the applicants’ father and the subsequent investigation 6 .     The applicants’ father, I.D., was a civilian of Serbian ethnic origin who was eighty-six years old at the time of Operation Storm. He remained in his house in the village of K., in the occupied territory of Krajina, together with the applicants’ mother, Đ.D., and aunt, B.O. 7 .     He was killed on 6 August 1995 in the courtyard of his house. According to the written statements given by the applicants’ mother and aunt in 2005, when the Croatian soldiers had entered the village the three of them hid in an orchard near the house. At one moment I.D. went to feed the cows. Đ.D. and B.O. saw him talking to Croatian soldiers and then heard gunshots. When the soldiers had left, Đ.D. and B.O. went to the house and found his body. 8.     On 23 September 1995 the fifth applicant came to the village and informed the police that her father’s body had been found lying in the courtyard of their house. On 25 September 1995 I.D.’s remains were buried in the G. cemetery. 9.     On 5 November 1997 Croatia ratified the Convention. 10 .     On 20 May 2002 the investigating judge ordered the exhumation at the G. cemetery of 158 bodies of persons killed during Operation Storm, on account of a reasonable suspicion that the criminal offence of a war crime against the civilian population had been committed. 11.     Body no. 622 was also dug up. The autopsy report of 9 October 2002 concluded that the cause of death had been gunshot wounds to the head, torso and limbs. On 16 May 2003 the fifth applicant identified the remains as those of her father. 12.     In May 2011 the State Attorney’s Office of the Republic of Croatia ( Državno odvjetništvo Republike Hrvatske ) submitted a list of persons killed during Operation Storm to the Karlovac County State Attorney’s Office ( Županijsko državno odvjetništvo u Karlovcu ) and asked it to investigate whether those persons had been victims of a war crime. The applicants’ father’s name was on that list. 13.     In November 2011 the fifth applicant lodged a criminal complaint with the Karlovac County State Attorney’s Office alleging that unknown members of the Croatian army had committed a war crime against her father. 14.     On multiple occasions between 2012 and 2017 the Karlovac County State Attorney’s Office asked the Zagreb Municipal Civil Court ( Općinski građanski sud u Zagrebu ) to submit a copy of the case file of the civil proceedings which the applicants had instituted against the State in 2005 seeking damages (see paragraph 16 below). They explained that the criminal investigation had not led to any results and that an inspection of the witness statements and other evidence adduced by the civil court could help set a direction for the investigation. On each occasion the civil court replied that it could not submit a copy of the case file since the file was with the Supreme Court ( Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske ), following an appeal on points of law lodged by the applicants (see paragraphs 22 and 23 below). 15 .     Meanwhile, the fifth applicant frequently enquired about the progress of the investigation. She submitted written statements given by her mother and aunt in 2005 (see paragraph 7 above) and proposed, inter alia , obtaining information as to which Croatian army unit had entered the village of K. on 5 August 1995. In May 2017 the Karlovac County State Attorney’s Office informed her that there had been no discoveries but that the investigation was still ongoing. Civil proceedings instituted by the applicants 16 .     On 12 September 2005 the applicants lodged a civil claim against the State, alleging that their father had been killed by Croatian soldiers. They relied on the Act on the liability of the Republic of Croatia for damage caused by members of the Croatian army and police in the performance of their duties during the Homeland War ( Zakon o odgovornosti Republike Hrvatske za štetu uzrokovanu od pripadnika hrvatskih oružanih i redarstvenih snaga tijekom Domovinskog rata , Official Gazette, no. 117/2003, hereinafter “the Liability Act” – see paragraph 32 below). They sought 20,000 Croatian kunas (HRK) [1] in respect of pecuniary damage and HRK 220,000 [2] each in respect of non ‑ pecuniary damage. On account of their poor financial status, they also sought an exemption from having to pay court fees, which was granted. 17.     On several occasions during 2008 and 2009 the Zagreb Municipal Civil Court asked the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia ( Ministarstvo obrane Republike Hrvatske ) which military unit had entered the village of K. on 6 August 1995 and whether there had been any warfare in the village on that day, but the Ministry did not reply. 18 .     At a hearing held on 12 July 2010 the State for the first time objected that the applicants’ civil claim had been time-barred. 19 .     On 28 July 2010 the Zagreb Municipal Civil Court dismissed the applicants’ civil claim as time barred. It found that the claim had been lodged outside the objective five-year statutory limitation period under section 376(2) of the Civil Obligations Act ( Zakon o obveznim odnosima , Official Gazette no.   53/1991, with subsequent amendments – see paragraph 29 below) and that the longer statutory limitation period under section 377 of that Act did not apply because there was no final criminal court judgment against the perpetrators. It added that, even if the civil court were allowed to examine in the particular case whether the applicants’ father’s killing had amounted to a crime, there would be insufficient evidence for such a conclusion since the applicants’ aunt had not directly seen his killing, but had only heard gunshots. The Zagreb Municipal Civil Court also ordered the applicants, under section 154 of the Civil Procedure Act ( Zakon o parničnom postupku , Official Gazette no. 53/1991, with subsequent amendments – see paragraph 40 below), to pay the State HRK 60,000 [3] in costs, comprising the fees chargeable for the State’s representation by the State Attorney’s Office. Those fees related, in particular, to the preparation of a reply to the applicants’ civil claim and to attendance of hearings on 19 September 2007 and 10 March 2010. 20 .     In their appeal the applicants contended that the case file clearly showed that their father had been a war crime victim. They argued that a claim for compensation for damage caused by a war crime could not become time-barred and that, since there had been no criminal judgment against the perpetrators, the civil court ought to have examined the matter as a preliminary issue. They also challenged the order requiring them to pay the costs of the State’s representation in the civil proceedings, arguing that it was contrary to a Government decision of 28 May 2009 on the writing-off of claims for the costs of civil proceedings awarded to the Republic of Croatia in certain proceedings (see paragraph 43 below). 21 .     On 3 November 2011 the appellate court dismissed the applicants’ appeal as unfounded. It added that without a criminal conviction it had not been possible to maintain that the applicants’ father’s death had been the result of a crime. 22 .     In an appeal on points of law lodged in January 2012, the applicants reiterated their arguments. 23 .     On 20 September 2016 the Supreme Court dismissed the applicants’ appeal on points of law as unfounded. It agreed with the lower courts that the applicants’ civil claim for damages had been lodged outside the general statutory limitation period under section 376 of the Civil Obligations Act, having regard to the fact that their father had been killed in August 1995 and they had lodged their civil claim in 2005. It also agreed with the lower courts that the longer statutory limitation period under section 377 of the Civil Obligations Act did not apply in the case since there was no criminal conviction. It reiterated that civil courts were allowed to examine, as a preliminary issue, whether the damage had been caused by a criminal offence only where, owing to certain procedural bars, such as the known perpetrator’s death or his or her mental incapacity, it had not been possible to conduct the criminal proceedings. If the perpetrator had remained unknown, the civil courts were not allowed to do this. The Supreme Court lastly declared inadmissible the applicants’ appeal on points of law lodged against the decision on costs, noting that on 16   November 2015 the Civil Department of that court had decided that final decisions on costs were not decisions against which an appeal on points of law lay. 24 .     On 5 October 2017 the applicants lodged a constitutional complaint. They asserted that their father’s killing had amounted to a war crime for which the prosecution could not become time-barred, and that therefore the civil courts ought to have allowed their claim. They further complained, relying on Cindrić and Bešlić v. Croatia (no.   72152/13, 6 September 2016), that the order imposed on them to pay the costs of the State’s representation in the civil proceedings was in breach of their rights of access to a court and to the peaceful enjoyment of possessions. They explained that they had lodged their civil claim shortly after the State had passed a new law concerning compensation for damage caused by Croatian soldiers during the war. At that time, they could not have known how the domestic courts would apply section 377 of the Civil Obligations Act to situations of unprosecuted war crimes. However, they had legitimately expected that the courts would rule in favour of the victims, so as to allow them to obtain redress for gross human rights violations. They contended that in circumstances where the State authorities had not prosecuted the perpetrators and where, without a criminal conviction, they had been unable to obtain damages for their father’s killing, ordering them to pay the costs of the State’s representation in the civil proceedings had amounted to their further victimisation by the State, in particular having regard to their poor financial status. They lastly complained under Articles 2 and 14 of the Convention that the investigation into their father’s killing had been ineffective. 25 .     On 29 November 2017 the Constitutional Court ( Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske ) dismissed the applicants’ constitutional complaint, finding that the Supreme Court’s decision had not been arbitrary. It did not examine the applicants’ complaint under Article 2 of the Convention that the investigation had been ineffective. That decision was served on the applicants’ representative on 11   December 2017. Proceedings concerning the writing-off of the applicants’ debt 26 .     The applicants submitted that in July 2014 they had asked the competent authority, relying on the Government’s decree of 25 April 2013 (see paragraph 44 below), to write off their costs debt on account of their poor financial status, but that this had been denied. The Government made no submissions on this point. RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE Criminal law 27 .     Article 120 of the Basic Criminal Code of Croatia ( Osnovni krivični zakon Republike Hrvatske , Official Gazette nos. 53/91 with further amendments), defining war crime against the civilian population, is quoted in the case of Trivkanović v. Croatia (no. 12986/13, § 39, 6 July 2017). Article   95 of the Code provided that prosecution for war crimes could not become time-barred. 28 .     The report on the work of the State Attorney’s Office for the year 2012, submitted to Parliament in September 2013, states that in the period between 1991 and 31 December 2012 there were 13,749 reported victims of war crimes in Croatia, of whom 5,979 had been killed. At that point, the Croatian authorities had opened investigations in respect of 3,436 alleged perpetrators. There had been 557 convictions for war-related crimes. Tort law Relevant legislation 29 .     The relevant provisions of the Civil Obligations Act concerning statutory limitation periods ( zastara ), namely sections 360, 376 to 377, 388 and 392, are quoted in Baničević v. Croatia ((dec.), no. 44252/10, § 13, 2   October 2012). 30 .     Section 48 of the Act on Service in Military Forces ( Zakon o službi u oružanim snagama , Official Gazette no. 23/1995) is quoted in Fergec v.   Croatia (no. 68516/14, § 12, 9 May 2017). 31 .     Section 184(a) of the Act amending the Civil Obligations Act ( Zakon o dopunama Zakona o obveznim odnosima , Official Gazette no.   112/1999), which came into force on 6 November 1999, provided that all proceedings instituted against the State in respect of damage caused by members of the Croatian army and police in the performance of their duties during the war in Croatia from 17 August 1990 to 30 June 1996 were to be stayed. The Act also imposed an obligation on the Government to submit to Parliament special legislation regulating liability for such damage within six months of the Act’s entry into force. 32 .     The Liability Act, which entered into force on 31 July 2003, provides that the State is liable, under general rules of tort liability, for damage caused during the war from 17 August 1990 to 30 June 1996 by members of the Croatian army and police forces in military or police service or in connection with that service, unless the damage in question constituted war damage. Section 5 of the Liability Act provides that if the statutory limitation period for a claim for damages began to run before 6 November 1999, it must continue to run after the entry into force of that Act, and the time that has elapsed before the suspension is to be counted in the statutory limitation period. The Liability Act does not require prior determination of individual criminal responsibility for the damage. Civil courts’ practice concerning the application of section 377 of the Civil Obligations Act 33 .     The Supreme Court, in its decision no. Rev-2563/1992 of 6 April 1993, examined the possibility for a court in civil proceedings to apply the statutory limitation period under section 377 of the Civil Obligations Act if criminal liability had not been established by a final criminal court judgment. The relevant part of the judgment reads as follows: “The conclusion of the lower courts that section 377 of the Civil Obligations Act is applicable only if the criminal offence has been established by a final judgment of the criminal court is incorrect. This is because, according to the well-established case-law, if damage has been caused by a criminal offence but no criminal proceedings have been instituted or concluded against the perpetrator because of his death or mental illness, or the offence at issue has been exempted from prosecution by a pardon or amnesty, or if there exist some other circumstances preventing criminal responsibility from being established or barring the criminal prosecution, the fact that the damage was caused by a criminal offence may, if the defendant has invoked the statute of limitations, be established (as a preliminary issue) in the civil proceedings. It is also to be noted that the longer statutory limitation period under section 377 of the Civil Obligations Act is applicable not only in respect of the perpetrator of the criminal offence but also in respect of the person responsible for the damage.” 34 .     The Supreme Court’s decision no. Rev 821/06 of 6 September 2007 appears to be the earliest decision available in the public online database of that court’s case-law which concerns the application of section 377 of the Civil Obligations Act to a civil claim for damages against the State in connection with a killing allegedly perpetrated by Croatian soldiers during the war, where there had been no criminal conviction. In the civil proceedings in that case, in April 2004 the first-instance court ruled in favour of the plaintiffs. In June 2005 the second-instance court dismissed the claim as time-barred. The Supreme Court upheld the second-instance decision. It held that the longer statutory limitation period under section 377 of the Civil Obligations Act was inapplicable to the case because there had been no final criminal conviction of the perpetrator. It further held that the civil courts were allowed to examine whether the damage was caused by a criminal offence only if there existed some circumstances barring a criminal prosecution, with the result that no criminal proceedings could be conducted against the perpetrator, which circumstances had not existed in that case. 35 .     The decision no. Rev 845/07-2 of 23 December 2008 was given in a case in which the plaintiff had sought damages from the State on account of the killing of her husband in 1991, allegedly by Croatian soldiers. In December 2005 the first-instance court held that it could examine whether the damage had been caused by a criminal offence since the perpetrator had been unknown and therefore the criminal proceedings could not be conducted. The Supreme Court, however, held as follows: “Contrary to the lower courts’ findings, the fact that the perpetrator had not been identified does not amount to a circumstance which would allow the civil courts to examine as a preliminary issue whether the damage had been caused by a criminal offence.” 36 .     The Government relied on the Supreme Court’s decision no.   Rev ‑ 1448/08 of 9 June 2010, given in a case in which the plaintiffs had sought damages from the State in connection with their allegation that the killing of their father in 1992 had amounted to a terrorist act. The Supreme Court upheld the lower courts’ decisions given in March 2006 and May 2008 rejecting the claim as time- barred. It held that the longer statutory limitation period under section 377 of the Civil Obligations Act did not apply to situations where the perpetrators had been unknown. Constitutional Court’s practice 37 .     Decision no. U-III-3586/2016 of 23 April 2018 concerned a case in which the complainant had sought damages from the State on account of her husband having been taken from his home in 1991 by soldiers, after which his body had been found in a river with gunshot wounds. An investigation into the criminal offence of a war crime against the civilian population had been pending at the time, without leading to any indictments. The civil courts rejected her claim as time-barred, noting that it had been lodged outside the objective statutory period under section 376(2) of the Civil Obligations Act, and that the longer statutory limitation period under section 377 of the Civil Obligations did not apply because there was no criminal conviction. The Constitutional Court upheld the civil courts’ decisions, noting that they were in accordance with the longstanding domestic practice, which had also been accepted by the Court in Baničević (cited above). 38 .     Three Constitutional Court judges, A.A., L.K. and G.S., gave a separate opinion in relation to that decision. They noted that the case concerned an unlawful killing possibly a war crime against the civilian population. In such cases the State was in a conflict of interests; on the one hand it had a duty to identify and prosecute the perpetrators, and on the other it avoided doing so in order not to have to pay damages to the victims. Consequently, victims of crimes who had trusted that the State would identify and prosecute the perpetrators ended up being unable to obtain damages since their civil claims had meanwhile become time-barred. The three judges disagreed with the civil courts’ interpretation of section 377 of the Civil Obligations Act and expressed the view that the longer statutory limitation period applied whenever the damage was caused by a criminal offence, regardless of whether the perpetrator had been identified. They deemed it absurd that a civil claim for damages became time-barred in a situation where the prosecution of the crime which had caused the damage had not become time-barred. The three judges considered that in a situation where the investigative authorities had been passive, or where there were objective circumstances preventing the investigation from leading to any results, the civil courts should examine as a preliminary issue whether the damage had been caused by a criminal offence. The civil proceedings would thus be used as a tool to provide at least some form of reparation to victims. 39 .     Another Constitutional Court judge, I.A.M., disagreed with the civil courts’ restrictive interpretation of the provisions concerning statutory limitation in cases of unprosecuted crimes. In her separate opinion in relation to the Constitutional Court’s decision no. U-III-4842/2016 of 22 May 2018, she held that the purpose of the Liability Act enacted in 2003 (see paragraph   32 above) was to end the “culture of impunity” and enable victims of crimes perpetrated by Croatian soldiers and police officers during the war to obtain damages. In her view, section 377 of the Civil Obligations Act should be interpreted in favour of victims, so as not to render reparation unattainable and illusory. Costs of proceedings Relevant provisions 40 .     The relevant provisions of the Civil Procedure Act concerning costs of proceedings and the Scales of Advocates’ Fees and Reimbursement of their Costs ( Tarifa o nagradama i naknadi troškova za rad odvjetnika , Official Gazette nos. 91/2004, 37/2005 and 59/2007) are set out in Cindrić and Bešlić v. Croatia (no.   72152/13, §§   43-44, 6 September 2016). Constitutional Court’s decision 41 .     Decision no. U-III-3689/2018 of 10 December 2019 concerned the complainants’ allegation that ordering them to pay the costs of the State’s representation in civil proceedings for damages in connection with the killing of their parents in 1991, allegedly by Croatian soldiers, had amounted to a breach of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention and Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. The Constitutional Court noted that in Baničević (cited above), the Court had found that the application of section 377 of the Civil Obligations Act had been clarified by the civil courts by 1999: the longer statutory limitation period applied only where there had been a final criminal conviction. The Constitutional Court thus held that the complainants ought to have known in 2004, when they had lodged their civil claim, that the claim was obviously time-barred and without any prospect of success. Supreme Court’s decision 42.     Decision no. Rev 89/2021 of 2 March 2021 concerned a case in which the plaintiffs had sought damages from the State on account of their husband and father being detained in a police station and then taken to a forest and killed. Criminal proceedings for war crime had been instituted against several Croatian soldiers and police officers, without leading to any convictions. The civil courts rejected the applicants’ claim as time-barred, noting that it had been lodged outside the objective statutory period under section 376(2) of the Civil Obligations Act, and that the longer statutory limitation period under section 377 of the Civil Obligations did not apply because there was no criminal conviction. They also ordered the plaintiffs, under section 154 of the Civil Procedure Act, to pay the State HRK 58,750 in costs, comprising the fees chargeable for the State’s representation by the State Attorney’s Office. The Supreme Court examined the complaint concerning the costs of proceedings in the light of the criteria established in Cindrić and Bešlić (cited above, §§ 91-109). It considered that the plaintiffs’ civil claim had not been manifestly unreasonable and that their expectation to obtain damages had not been entirely unjustified. The case had not concerned a classical civil dispute between private parties. The opposing party was the State, represented by the State Attorney’s Office, which was financed from the State budged and thus not in the same position as an advocate. Lastly, it considered that the amount the plaintiffs had been ordered to pay in costs had been burdensome for them, having regard to their financial situation. It concluded that the costs order had amounted to a disproportionate burden on the plaintiffs, in breach of Article   1 of Protocol No.1. It accordingly overturned the lower courts’ costs decision and ordered each party to bear their own costs of proceedings. Other relevant material 43 .     The Government of Croatia’s decision of 28 May 2009 on the writing ‑ off of claims for the costs of civil proceedings awarded to the Republic of Croatia in certain proceedings ( Odluka o otpisu tražbina troškova parničnog postupka dosuđenih Republici Hrvatskoj u određenim postupcima , unpublished) is set out in Kresović and Others v. Croatia ((dec.), no. 5864/12, §   18, 12 September 2017). 44 .     The Government of Croatia’s decree of 25 April 2013 on the criteria, benchmarks and procedure for the deferral of payment, payment of debt in instalments and the sale, writing-off or partial writing-off of claims ( Uredba o kriterijima, mjerilima i postupku za odgodu plaćanja, obročnu otplatu duga te prodaju, otpis ili djelomični otpis potraživanja , Official Gazette no. 52/2013), provides in Article 24 for the possibility of writing off in full or in part an individual’s debt towards the State, where collecting that debt would endanger the livelihood of the individual and members of his or her household. 45 .     The Orientation Criteria and Sums for Determining the Level of Compensation for Non-Pecuniary Damage ( Orijentacijski kriteriji i iznosi za utvrđivanje visine pravične novčane naknade nematerijalne štete ), guidelines adopted by the Supreme Court on 29 November 2002 which specified the amounts in Croatian kunas to be awarded for various types of non-pecuniary damage, are set out in Klauz v. Croatia (no. 28963/10, § 31, 18 July 2013). UNITED NATIONS 46 .     The relevant parts of the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, adopted by the General Assembly on 29 November 1985, read as follows: “2.     A person may be considered a victim, under this Declaration, regardless of whether the perpetrator is identified, apprehended, prosecuted or convicted ... The term ‘victim’ also includes, where appropriate, the immediate family or dependants of the direct victim ... 4.     Victims should be treated with compassion and respect for their dignity. ... 5.     Judicial and administrative mechanisms should be established and strengthened where necessary to enable victims to obtain redress through formal or informal procedures that are expeditious, fair, inexpensive and accessible. Victims should be informed of their rights in seeking redress through such mechanisms. ... 11.     Where public officials or other agents acting in an official or quasi-official capacity have violated national criminal laws, the victims should receive restitution from the State whose officials or agents were responsible for the harm inflicted. ...” 47 .     On 16 December 2005 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, the relevant parts of which read: “ II.     Scope of the obligation 3.     The obligation to respect, ensure respect for and implement international human rights law and international humanitarian law as provided for under the respective bodies of law, includes, inter alia , the duty to: ... (b)     Investigate violations effectively, promptly, thoroughly and impartially and, where appropriate, take action against those allegedly responsible in accordance with domestic and international law; (c)     Provide those who claim to be victims of a human rights or humanitarian law violation with equal and effective access to justice, as described below, irrespective of who may ultimately be the bearer of responsibility for the violation; and (d)     Provide effective remedies to victims, including reparation, as described below. ... IV.     Statutes of limitations 6.     Where so provided for in an applicable treaty or contained in other international legal obligations, statutes of limitations shall not apply to gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law which constitute crimes under international law. 7.     Domestic statutes of limitations for other types of violations that do not constitute crimes under international law, including those time limitations applicable to civil claims and other procedures, should not be unduly restrictive. ... VI.     Treatment of victims 10.     Victims should be treated with humanity and respect for their dignity and human rights, and appropriate measures should be taken to ensure their safety, physical and psychological well-being and privacy, as well as those of their families. The State should ensure that its domestic laws, to the extent possible, provide that a victim who has suffered violence or trauma should benefit from special consideration and care to avoid his or her re-traumatization in the course of legal and administrative procedures designed to provide justice and reparation. VII.     Victims’ right to remedies 11.     Remedies for gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law include the victim’s right to the following as provided for under international law: (a)     Equal and effective access to justice; (b)     Adequate, effective and prompt reparation for harm suffered; (c)     Access to relevant information concerning violations and reparation mechanisms. ... IX.     Reparation for harm suffered 15.     Adequate, effective and prompt reparation is intended to promote justice by redressing gross violations of international human rights law or serious violations of international humanitarian law. Reparation should be proportional to the gravity of the violations and the harm suffered. In accordance with its domestic laws and international legal obligations, a State shall provide reparation to victims for acts or omissions which can be attributed to the State and constitute gross violations of international human rights law or serious violations of international humanitarian law. ...” 48 .     The relevant parts of the Updated Set of principles for the protection and promotion of human rights through action to combat impunity, adopted by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1), read as follows: PRINCIPLE 23. RESTRICTIONS ON PRESCRIPTION “Prescription – of prosecution or penalty – in criminal cases shall not run for such period as no effective remedy is available. Prescription shall not apply to crimes under international law that are by their nature imprescriptible. When it does apply, prescription shall not be effective against civil or administrative actions brought by victims seeking reparation for their injuries.” PRINCIPLE 31. RIGHTS AND DUTIES ARISING OUT OF THE OBLIGATION TO MAKE REPARATION “Any human rights violation gives rise to a right to reparation on the part of the victim or his or her beneficiaries, implying a duty on the part of the State to make reparation and the possibility for the victim to seek redress from the perpetrator.” PRINCIPLE 32. REPARATION PROCEDURES “All victims shall have access to a readily available, prompt and effective remedy in the form of criminal, civil, administrative or disciplinary proceedings subject to the restrictions on prescription set forth in principle 23. ...” 49 .     Article 14 of the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, which came into force on 26 June 1987, reads as follows: “1.     Each State Party shall ensure in its legal system that the victim of an act of torture obtains redress and has an enforceable right to fair and adequate compensation, including the means for as full rehabilitation as possible. In the event of the death of the victim as a result of an act of torture, his dependants shall be entitled to compensation. 2.     Nothing in this article shall affect any right of the victim or other persons to compensation which may exist under national law.” 50 .     The relevant part of General Comment No. 3 (2012) of the United Nations Committee against Torture – Implementation of Article 14 by States parties (CAT/C/GC/3) – reads as follows: “21.     States parties should ensure that their domestic laws provide that a victim who has suffered violence or trauma should benefit from adequate care and protection to avoid his or her re-traumatisation in the course of legal and administrative procedures designed to provide justice and reparation. ... 29.     The Committee highlights the importance of the State party affirmatively ensuring that victims and their families are adequately informed of their right to pursue redress. In this regard, the procedures for seeking reparation should be transparent. The State party should moreover provide assistance and support to minimise the hardship to complainants and their representatives. Civil proceedings, or other proceedings, should not impose a financial burden upon victims that would prevent or discourage them from seeking redress. ... 40.     On account of the continuous nature of the effects of torture, statutes of limitations should not be applicable as these deprive victims of the redress, compensation, and rehabilitation due to them. For many victims, passage of time does not attenuate the harm and in some cases the harm may increase as a result of post ‑ traumatic stress that requires medical, psychological and social support, which is often inaccessible to those whom have not received redress. States parties shall ensure that all victims of torture or ill-treatment, regardless of when the violation occurred or whether it was carried out by or with the acquiescence of a former regime, are able to access their rights to remedy and to obtain redress.” 51 .     On 17 August 2015 the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances submitted a report on its mission to Croatia (UN Human Rights Council, document A/HRC/30/38/Add.3). The relevant parts of the report read as follows: “VI.     Right to justice 46.     The Working Group notes that in 2011, Croatia adopted a specific strategy for investigating and prosecuting war crimes. Special war crimes departments were established in police administrations, located in accordance with the territorial structure of the attorney’s offices and courts. Since the beginning of the war, the Ministry of the Interior, in accordance with its legally binding obligations and competences, started collecting, processing and documenting information and evidence on crimes committed during the armed rebellion and aggression, especially events characterized as war crimes. Operation Phoenix was established with the aim of uncovering the fate and whereabouts of disappeared persons and collecting information on mass and individual graves, but also in order to collect information on prosecutions of crimes against humanity and international law. During that operation, the Ministry of the Interior, in cooperation with other relevant bodies and services, registered 1,857 offences and reported on 9,110 perpetrators of war crime. ... 49.     However, the Working Group notes that there have been significant delays in the prosecution of war crime cases owing to the unavailability of witnesses or their unwillingness to testify. In this respect, various steps have been taken to increase cooperation between the Croatian State Attorney’s Office and its counterparts in neighbouring countries through the signing of agreements and memorandums. ... 50.     An additional problem in the prosecution of war crime cases is the fact that many alleged perpetrators live in other countries and, despite the fact that their identities and addresses are well known, they cannot be prosecuted in Croatia given that they reside in countries that do not permit the extradition of their nationals. This is particularly problematic with regard to the prosecution of war crime cases from 1991. 51.     The Working Group was informed by relatives of the disappeared and representatives of victims’ associations that many crimes allegedly committed by members of the Croatian Army and police forces in the course of 1995 have not been investigated or the perpetrators prosecuted. In addition, during its visit, the Working Group received reports that some perpetrators of war crimes still hold official positions in the Government, including in the administration of local communities in which victims and their families live. In some cases, alleged perpetrators even hold high positions. This represents a constant threat and source of intimidation for victims, particularly when they know that their disappeared relatives were taken by such individuals. ... VII.     Right to reparation ... 63.     The Working Group notes that the Republic of Croatia has adopted the Act on the liability of the Republic of Croatia for damage caused by members of the Croatian army and poli