CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 20 octobre 2022

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margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify }   FIRST SECTION CASE OF M.T. AND OTHERS v. SWEDEN (Application no. 22105/18)     JUDGMENT Art 8 • Positive obligations • Family life • Justified temporary statutory three-year suspension period for family reunification of persons with subsidiary protection status, gradually reduced and allowing individualised assessment • Applicants only de facto covered by suspension for less than a year and a half • Suspension of family reunification in circumstances not exacerbating disruption of an essential cohabitation • Fair balance struck between competing interests at stake Art 14 (+ Art 8) • Discrimination • Family life • Differential treatment by applying temporary statutory three-year suspension period for family reunification to persons with subsidiary protection status in contrast to persons with refugee status • Absence of European and international consensus • Assessment of “analogous or relevantly similar situation" to be made in the light of specific case circumstances and particular right invoked • Impugned difference in treatment reasonably and objectively justified and proportionate   STRASBOURG 20 October 2022   FINAL   06/03/2023   This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of M.T. and Others v. Sweden, The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of: Marko Bošnjak , President, Krzysztof Wojtyczek , Alena Poláčková , Erik Wennerström , Raffaele Sabato , Ioannis Ktistakis , Davor Derenčinović , judges, and Renata Degener, Section Registrar, Having regard to: the application (no.   22105/18) against the Kingdom of Sweden lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on 14   May 2018 by three Syrian nationals, Ms M.T. (the first applicant), Mr   A.A.K. (the second applicant) and Mr M.A.K. (the third applicant); the decision to give notice to the Swedish Government (“the Government”) of the complaints concerning the refusal to grant the first and third applicants residence permits in Sweden based on family reunification with the second applicant; the decision not to have the applicants’ names disclosed; the observations submitted by the respondent Government and the observations in reply submitted by the applicants; the comments submitted by the Danish Government and the VU Migration Law Clinic, which had been granted leave to intervene by the President of the Section; Having deliberated in private on 20 September 2022, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: INTRODUCTION 1.     The application concerns the Swedish authorities’ refusal to grant residence permits to a mother and her son, who were in Syria, on the basis of their family ties with another son/brother who had been granted subsidiary protection in Sweden. The applicants complained that the Law on temporary restrictions on the possibility of being granted a residence permit in Sweden (which had entered into force on 20 July 2016 and had remained in force until 19 July 2019) had suspended their right to family reunification in breach of Article 8 of the Convention, and that the difference in treatment, with regard to family reunification, of persons granted refugee status and of persons (such as the second applicant) who had been granted subsidiary protection status, had constituted discrimination contrary to Article 14 of the Convention in conjunction with Article 8. THE FACTS 2.     The first applicant was born in Saudi Arabia in 1967. The second and third applicants were born in Syria in 2000 and 2003 respectively. The first and the third applicants live in Syria. The second applicant lives in Stockholm. The applicants were represented by Ms Sofia Rönnow Pessah, a lawyer practising in Stockholm. 3.     The Government were represented by their Agent, Mrs   Helen   Lindquist, of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. 4.     The facts of the case, as set out by the parties, may be summarised as follows. 5.     The first applicant is the mother of the second and third applicants. She is married. Her husband moved to Saudi Arabia in 2012, to join his mother and brothers, and a daughter from another relationship. It appears that the spouses have nine children together, born between 1992 and 2003. One son disappeared in Syria, one son lived in Turkey, one daughter lived in Germany, and two sons (twins, born in 1996) have lived in Sweden since 2014. 6.     Having travelled with family members to Germany (where some of them have remained), the second applicant travelled on to Sweden, arriving on 5   March 2016; he applied for asylum four days later. A legal-aid lawyer was appointed for him. As he was a minor (aged fifteen at the time) a special representative was also appointed for him under the Act on Special Representatives for Unaccompanied Minors ( Lag om god man för ensamkommande barn, 2005:429). Moreover, during the proceedings, the Migration Agency ( Migrationsverket ) carried out an assessment of the second applicant’s best interests as a child. 7.     On 31 October 2016, the second applicant was heard by the Migration Agency. He stated, among other things, that he had grown up in Al-Tall, where he had attended school for six years. His father lived in Saudi Arabia, as did his paternal grandmother, two paternal uncles and a maternal uncle. He had two brothers and a cousin in Sweden. His mother [the first applicant] and his younger brother [the third applicant] were still living in Syria. He left Syria because of the security situation there, and since then he had been unable to continue his studies. He stated that he had repeatedly asked his mother if he could go to Sweden to study, like his two older brothers. Since his brother-in-law’s brothers intended to travel from Turkey to join their brother in Germany, it was decided that he would travel with them. 8.     On 4 November 2016, owing to the prevailing security situation in Syria, the second applicant was granted a temporary residence permit in Sweden, valid for thirteen months (until 4 December 2017), as a person eligible for subsidiary protection under Chapter 4, section 2, subsection   1(1) of the Aliens Act ( Utlänningslagen , 2005:716) and section 5 of the Law on temporary restrictions on the possibility of being granted a residence permit in Sweden ( Lag om tillfälliga begränsningar av möjligheten att få uppehållstillstånd i Sverige , 2016:752 –“the Temporary Act”) (see paragraphs 28-36 below). The Migration Agency found that there were no individual reasons justifying the granting of refugee status to him under Chapter 4, section 1 of the Aliens Act. 9.     At the second applicant’s request, on 27 October 2017, his residence permit was prolonged by two years (until 5 December 2019), by virtue of section 5 of the Temporary Act. 10.     In the meantime, on 17 February 2017, at the Embassy of Sweden in Khartoum, the first and third applicants applied for residence permits for Sweden, citing their family ties with the second applicant. The third applicant added that he wanted to seek medical care for an eye injury, to study and to be united with his brothers in Sweden. He also stated that his father had sent money to the first applicant in Syria. 11.     On 24 August 2017 the Migration Agency dismissed their applications. It stated that under Chapter 5, section 3(4) of the Aliens Act, a residence permit could be granted to an alien who was a parent of an unmarried alien child, if that child was a refugee or a person otherwise in need of protection, in the event that that child arrived in Sweden separately from both parents. However, under section 7 of the Temporary Act, that no longer applied if the person in Sweden to whom the alien cited family ties had been granted a temporary residence permit under section 5 of the Temporary Act, and had applied for a residence permit after 24   November 2015. Thus, as regards the first applicant, the Migration Agency found: “You cannot receive a residence permit on the basis of your connection to [the second applicant] because [the second applicant] submitted his application for a residence permit in Sweden after 24 November 2015, and since he has been granted a temporary residence permit in Sweden as a person otherwise in need of protection under section 5 of the Temporary Act. There is no other reason on which to grant you a residence permit and it is not in breach of any Swedish convention commitment to refuse you a residence permit in Sweden. The Migration Agency therefore rejects your application for residence permit”. Moreover, the third applicant’s application was rejected because his mother’s application had been rejected and since the Migration Agency found that no other grounds had emerged for granting him a residence permit and that the refusal to grant such a permit was not contrary to Sweden’s commitments under any international conventions. 12.     The applicants appealed against the decision to the Migration Court ( Migrationsdomstolen ) . They submitted that although the second applicant lived with his two adult brothers, and was by then 17 years old, he was still in need of his mother to support him with his studies and future life in Sweden. On 16 October 2017 the Migration Court upheld the refusal to grant residence permits to the first and third applicants for the same reasons as those cited by the Migration Agency. 13.     The applicants lodged an application for leave to appeal to the Migration Court of Appeal ( Migrationsöverdomstolen ). They relied specifically on Article 8 of the Convention, both alone and read in conjunction with Article 14. Their application was dismissed on 22   November 2017. 14.     The second applicant turned eighteen years old in August 2018. In general, a person coming of age is no longer considered eligible for family reunification with his parents and siblings. RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE The Aliens Act Children 15.     Chapter 1, section 2 of the Aliens Act states that a “child”, as referred to within the wording of that Act, means a person under eighteen years of age. 16.     Under Chapter 1, section 10, in cases involving a child, particular attention must be given to what is required with regard to the child’s health and development and the best interests of the child in general. 17.     Chapter 1, section 11 states that, in assessing questions of permits under this Act when a child will be affected by a decision in the case in question, the child must be heard, unless this is inappropriate. Account must be taken of what the child has said, to the extent warranted by the age and maturity of the child. Refugees and persons in need of protection 18.     Chapter 1, section 1a of the Aliens Act states that if there are provisions in the Temporary Act that deviate from this Act, those provisions shall apply. 19.     Chapter 1, section 3 of the Aliens Act states that “asylum”, as referred to within the wording of that Act, means a residence permit granted to an alien because he or she is a refugee or a person eligible for subsidiary protection. 20.     Under Chapter 4, section 1 of the Aliens Act a “refugee” means an alien who is outside the country of his or her nationality because he or she feels a well-founded fear of persecution on the grounds of race, nationality, religious or political belief, or on the grounds of his or her gender, sexual orientation or membership of some other particular social group and is unable (or because of his or her fear is unwilling) to avail himself or herself of the protection of that country. This applies irrespective of whether it is the authorities of the country that are responsible for the alien risking being subjected to persecution or whether the alien risks being subjected to persecution from private individuals, and it cannot be assumed that the alien will be offered effective protection that is not of a temporary nature. When making an assessment of whether protection is being offered, only protection that is provided by the State or by parties or organisations that control all or a significant part of the State’s territory is taken into account. 21.     Chapter 4, section 2 states that a “person eligible for subsidiary protection” under the Aliens Act is an alien who, in cases other than those referred to in Chapter 4, section 1, is outside the country of the alien’s nationality because there are substantial grounds for assuming that the alien, upon return to his or her country of origin, would run a risk of suffering the death penalty or being subjected to corporal punishment, torture or other inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, or as a civilian would run a serious and personal risk of being harmed by reason of indiscriminate violence resulting from an external or internal armed conflict. It is also required that the alien be unable, or, because of a risk referred to above, be unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of his or her country of origin. This applies irrespective of whether it is the authorities of the country that are responsible for the alien running a risk referred to there or whether the alien runs such a risk through the actions of private individuals, and it cannot be assumed that the alien will be offered effective protection that is not of a temporary nature. When making the assessment of whether protection is being offered, only protection that is provided by the State or by parties or organisations that control all or a significant part of the State’s territory is taken into account. Residence permits for refugees and persons in need of protection 22.     Chapter 5, section 1(1) states that refugees, persons eligible for subsidiary protection and persons otherwise in need of protection who are in Sweden are entitled to a residence permit. 23.     Under Chapter 5, section 1(2), a refugee may be refused a residence permit if he or she has shown, by committing an exceptionally gross criminal offence, that public order and security would be seriously endangered by allowing him or her to remain in Sweden, or if the refugee has conducted activities that have endangered national security and there is reason to assume that he or she would continue to conduct such activities here. 24.     Under Chapter 5, section 1(3), a residence permit granted under the first paragraph of Chapter 5, section 1 shall be permanent or valid for at least three years. If a new temporary residence permit is granted to an alien who has been granted a temporary residence permit under that first paragraph, the new permit shall be valid for at least two years. However, the first and second sentences do not apply if compelling considerations of national security or public order require a shorter period of validity. However, the period of validity may not be shorter than one year. 25.     Chapter 5, section 1(4), read in conjunction with section 4 of the Temporary Act, states that Chapter 5, section 1(1) does not apply to persons otherwise in need of protection during the period 20 July 2016 until 19   July 2019. Residence permits on account of family ties 26.     Under Chapter 5, section 3 of the Aliens Act, a residence permit is, unless otherwise provided in sections 17-17b, to be granted to a child who is an alien, is unmarried and has a parent who is resident in or has been granted a residence permit to settle in Sweden (subsection 2) and an alien who is a parent of an unmarried alien child who is a refugee or a person otherwise in need of protection, if that child arrived in Sweden separately from both parents or from another adult person who may be regarded as having taken the place of the parents, or if the child has been left alone after arrival (subsection 4). 27.     Under Chapter 5, section 3a of the Aliens Act, a residence permit may, unless otherwise provided in sections 17, subsection 2, be granted to an alien who in some way other than those referred to in section 3 or in section 5 is a close relative of someone who is resident in or who has been granted a residence permit to settle in Sweden, if he or she has been a member of the same household as that person and there exists a special relationship of dependence between the relatives that already existed in the country of origin. The Temporary Act 28.     During 2015 Sweden experienced a record increase in asylum-seekers amounting to almost 163,000 (see paragraphs 41 and 45 below). Consequently, the Aliens Act was amended by means of enacting the Temporary Act, in force from 20 July 2016 to 19 July 2019. The Temporary Act adjusted the validity of residence permits to the minimum level provided by the Recast Qualification Directive (Council Directive 2004/83/EC – later repealed and replaced by Directive 2011/95/EU) and adjusted the possible grounds for family reunification to the minimum level provided by the Family Reunification Directive (Council Directive 2003/86/EC of 22   September 2003). The Temporary Act also limited the right to family reunification for both refugees and persons benefitting from subsidiary protection. Essentially, the right to family reunification for refugees was limited to the nuclear family, and the right to family reunification for persons benefitting from subsidiary protection was suspended during the period from 20 July 2016 until 19   July 2019. 29.     According to the preparatory works to the Temporary Act (proposal to temporarily restrict the possibility of being granted a residence permit in Sweden , prop. 2015/16:174), Sweden had to temporarily alter its migration-related legislation in order to reduce the number of people seeking asylum there, while at the same time improving the capacity of reception and integration arrangements. By means of the Temporary Act it was therefore brought in line with the minimum level stipulated under EU law and international conventions. As regards persons benefitting from subsidiary protection, the preparatory works stated that the EU Family Reunification Directive was not applicable to them. The restriction of the right to family reunification for persons benefitting from subsidiary protection was also considered compatible with Article 8 of the Convention. It was held that the Temporary Act would only apply for three years, and that in the light of the considerable strain on the Swedish asylum system and other essential societal functions resulting from the large number of asylum-seekers, postponing family reunification during this period was compatible with the Convention. Moreover, noting that the limitations on the right to family reunification introduced by the Temporary Act were more far-reaching for persons benefitting from subsidiary protection compared to refugees, the preparatory notes stated that the Act was to be considered compatible with Article 14 of the Convention. It was held that refugees generally have grounds for protection that last longer than those in respect of persons benefitting from subsidiary protection, since refugees have individual grounds for protection. The proposed amendments were therefore not considered to be discriminatory. Lastly, since it could not be excluded that there could be exceptional cases in which the postponement of the right to family reunification would be contrary to Sweden’s international obligations, a safety provision was introduced by section 13 of the Temporary Act. As a consequence (according to the preparatory works to the Temporary Act), an individual assessment of the right to family reunification was to be carried out in each particular case. It was stated that it was mainly the European Convention on Human Rights that would be at issue when applying this provision. Residence permits for refugees and persons in need of protection under the Temporary Act 30.     Unless otherwise stated in section 18 of the Temporary Act, under section 5(1) of the Act, a residence permit granted to a refugee or a person eligible for subsidiary protection under Chapter 5, section 1 of the Aliens Act shall (contrary to the third paragraph of that section) be temporary. 31.     Under section 5(2), a residence permit shall be valid for three years if the alien is a refugee, unless otherwise stated in section 16a or unless compelling considerations of national security or public order require a shorter period of validity. However, the period of validity may not be shorter than one year. If a new residence permit is granted, the new permit shall also be temporary, unless otherwise provided in section 17 or 18. The period of the validity of the new permit shall be determined in accordance with the rules set out in section 5(2). 32.     Section 5(3) of the Temporary Act states that if the alien in question is a person eligible for subsidiary protection then the residence permit shall be valid for thirteen months, unless otherwise provided in section 16a. If a new residence permit is granted to a person eligible for subsidiary protection who has been granted a temporary residence permit under the first paragraph, the new permit shall also be temporary, unless otherwise provided in section   17 or 18. The new permit shall be valid for two years, unless otherwise stated in section 16a or unless compelling considerations of national security or public order require a shorter period of validity. However, the period of validity must not be shorter than one year. Residence permits on account of family ties granted under the Temporary Act 33.     Under section 7 of the Temporary Act, a residence permit shall not be granted under Chapter 5, section 3, subsection 1, points 1-4, or section 3a of the Aliens Act if the person to whom the alien cites family ties is a person eligible for subsidiary protection who has been granted a temporary residence permit under section 5 or section 16a. However, if the person to whom the alien cites family ties has had their application for a residence permit registered with the Swedish Migration Agency, with a registration date of 24   November 2015 or earlier, a residence permit shall be granted (1) under Chapter 5, section 3, subsection 1, point 4 of the Aliens Act and (2) to the same extent as would be the case in respect of a residence permit granted under section 6(1) to a person who cites family ties to a refugee. Sweden’s commitments to international conventions under the Temporary Act 34.     Section 13 of the Temporary Act states that if an application for a residence permit on the grounds of family ties is dismissed and cannot be granted on other grounds, such a permit shall nevertheless be granted to an alien who is not in Sweden if a decision to refuse to grant a residence permit would be contrary to a Swedish commitment under an international convention. 35.     Section 13 of the Temporary Act was applied in a leading judgment by the Migration Court of Appeal (MIG 2018:20). A father, mother and their children had applied for a residence permit on account of their family ties to their eight-year-old son/brother, who had arrived in Sweden with other relatives and had been granted a temporary residence permit as a person eligible for subsidiary protection. The restriction of the right to respect for family life that a refusal of residence permits to his parents and siblings would entail under the provisions of the Temporary Act was deemed to be not reasonably proportionate to the government’s stated purpose of temporarily reducing immigration. Particular weight was attached to the fact that the principle that the best interests of a child had to be given priority in any examination of whether a restriction of the right to respect for family life under Article 8 of the Convention is proportionate. Since it would be contrary to Swedish commitments under a convention not to allow family reunification in that particular situation, residence permits were granted. Prolongation of the Temporary Act 36.     The Temporary Act was prolonged by two more years up to and including 19 July 2021. However, as of 20 July 2019 the Act reintroduced the same possibility (that is to say, the same possibility of being granted family reunification) to refugees and persons eligible for subsidiary protection. In the preparatory works to the Temporary Act the government stated that it found the reintroduction of that possibility to be desirable both from a humanitarian perspective and by way of a measure to facilitate integration, and that it wanted to ensure Sweden’s compliance with international conventions – in particular, the European Convention on Humans Rights (prolongation of the law on temporary restrictions on the possibility of being granted residence permit in Sweden, prop. 2018/2019:128). International law and material 37.     The relevant international law and material was recently set out in M.A. v. Denmark [GC], no. 6697/18, §§ 36-41, 9 July 2021. 38.     In addition, in respect of Sweden, in March 2016 the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) made observations on the draft version of the Temporary Act, and stated, among other things: “Denying beneficiaries of alternative status the right to family unity and family reunification 49.UNHCR is aware that according to Article 3(2)(c) of the Family Reunification Directive, beneficiaries of subsidiary (i.e., alternative) protection are not included in the scope of the Directive. UNHCR, however, considers that the humanitarian needs of individuals granted subsidiary protection are not different from those of refugees, and that differences in entitlements are therefore not justified in terms of the individual’s flight experience and protection needs. There is also no reason to distinguish between the two as regards their right to family life and access to family reunification. 50.The European Commission also considers that the humanitarian protection needs of persons benefiting from subsidiary protection do not differ from those of refugees, and encourages Member States to adopt rules that grant similar rights to refugees and beneficiaries of subsidiary protection. This is justified by the fact that the convergence of both protection statuses is also confirmed in the recast Qualification Directive. 51.Furthermore, the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereafter “CJEU”) has held that the duration of residence in the EU Member States is only one of the factors that must be taken into account when considering an application for family reunification, and that a waiting period cannot be imposed without taking into account, in specific cases, all the relevant factors, while having due regard to the best interests of minor children. 52.The ECtHR has also concluded in several cases that since national authorities had not given due consideration to the applicants’ specific circumstances, the family reunification procedure had not offered the requisite guarantees of flexibility, promptness and effectiveness to ensure compliance with their right to respect for their family life. For that reason, the State had not struck a fair balance between the applicants’ interests on the one hand, and its own interest in controlling immigration on the other, in violation of Article 8. More generally, the ECtHR has concluded that preventing a temporary residence permit holder of five years from family reunification was in breach of Articles 8 and 14 of the ECHR. 53.Moreover, UNHCR wishes to refer to the ECtHR, which, as stated above in paragraph 27, has held that a difference of treatment in “analogous, or relevantly similar, situations”, is discriminatory if it has no objective and reasonable justification. The Council of Europe Committee of Ministers have also adopted a Recommendation on family reunion, which equally applies to refugees and “other persons in need of international protection”. 54.When the Family Reunification Directive was introduced, UNHCR welcomed the adoption of more favourable rules for family reunification in the Directive and has called on all Member States not to apply time limits to the more favourable conditions granted to refugees. ... ” 39.     Moreover, a report by the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, following his visit to Sweden from 2 until 6 October 2017 (DH(2018)4), stated, inter alia : “1.2 RIGHT TO FAMILY REUNIFICATION 21. A number of limitations to the right to family reunification have been introduced through the law on temporary restrictions to obtaining a residence permit in Sweden, which entered into force on 20 July 2016 for a three-year period. ... 24. The Commissioner is concerned that the temporary law makes it more difficult to be reunited with family members, especially for beneficiaries of subsidiary protection and those recognised as refugees under the Geneva Convention whose family members do not apply for reunification within the three-month deadline. Several interlocutors of the Commissioner have also drawn attention to several practical obstacles to family reunification, in addition to the legal impediments, such as a strict ID/passport requirement to prove identity, difficulties in reaching a Swedish embassy or consulate to participate in an interview, and long processing times, with a 21-month waiting period on average. 25. The Commissioner also shares the concern expressed by UNHCR that, given that applicants fleeing conflict situations in most cases receive subsidiary protection rather than refugee status under the Geneva Convention, the temporary law will significantly hamper for example Syrian applicants’ access to family reunification.” EU law and Other European material 40.     The relevant EU law and other European material was set out in M.A.   v.   Denmark (cited above, §§ 42-62). StatisticS 41.     Annual public statistics concerning the number of aliens in Sweden, issued by the Migration Agency, show that the total number of asylum seekers in Sweden was as follows: 2015: 162,877 (including 51,338 Syrians) 2016: 28,939 (including 5,457 Syrians) 2017: 25,666 (including 4,718 Syrians) 42.     The number of persons granted asylum (including subsidiary protection – see brackets) was as follows: 2015: 36,630 (18,456) 2016: 71,562 (48,355) 2017: 36,607 (13,804) 2018: 25,377 (4,978) 43.     The number of residence permits granted on the basis of family reunification with a person already granted asylum or subsidiary protection was as follows: 2015: 16,251 2016: 15,149 2017: 19,129 2018: 16,637 44.     According to figures cited in M.A. v. Denmark (cited above, §§   66 ‑ 68), the total number of asylum-seekers in the EU was approximately as follows: 2013: 431,000 2014: 627,000 2015: 1.3 million 2016: 1.3 million 2017: 712,000 2018: 638,000 45.     Moreover, in 2015 the main destinations in Europe for persons seeking asylum were: Germany with 476,500; Hungary with 177,100; Sweden with 162,900; and France with 118,000 (numbers rounded off). The Swedish Government submitted that in 2015 Sweden received 12.5% of all asylum-seekers coming to the EU that year. 46.     Lastly, in 2015, the main destinations in Europe, for asylum-seekers per capita (that is to say per 100,000 of population) were (approximately): Hungary (1,770), Sweden (1,600), Austria (1,000), Norway (590), Finland (590), Germany (460), Luxembourg (420), Malta (390) and Denmark (370). Comparative law material 47.     The relevant comparative law material was set out in M.A. v.   Denmark (cited above, § 69). THE LAW ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 8 OF THE CONVENTION 48.     The applicants complained that the Swedish authorities’ refusal of 24   August 2017, owing to the suspension introduced by the Temporary Act, to grant the first and third applicants residence permits on the basis of their family ties with the second applicant had been in breach of Article 8 of the Convention, which reads as follows: “1.     Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. 2.     There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.” Admissibility 49.     The Court notes that this complaint is neither manifestly ill-founded nor inadmissible on any other grounds listed in Article   35 of the Convention. It must therefore be declared admissible. Merits The parties 50.     The applicants maintained that the domestic authorities had failed to engage in a thorough balancing test of the interests at stake, notably the interests of the child, and that they had not relied on relevant and sufficient reasons for refusing to grant the first and third applicants residence permits that would have enabled their family reunification with the second applicant. 51.     They submitted that the authorities had not, during the domestic proceedings, enquired about or referred to the applicants’ relationship with their husband/father in Saudi Arabia. Accordingly, it had not come to light that he only had a visa to visit the husband of his daughter (from another relationship), but that he was not in possession of a residence permit (which would have allowed the applicants to request family reunification with him). In any event, it would have been inappropriate to apply the approach that the family could have been reunited elsewhere since they were all persons with protection status. 52.     The applicants pointed out that although the Temporary Act was supposed to postpone the applicant’s right to family reunification only for three years, in the present case it had had an indefinite effect, since the second applicant had in the meantime reached the age of eighteen years. 53.     The Government maintained that the refusal had been in accordance with the law and had pursued the legitimate aim of protecting the economic well-being of the country by regulating immigration, and that a fair balance had been struck between the various interests at stake. 54.     In respect of the interest of the State, they reiterated that the Temporary Act had been introduced owing to a major increase in the level of immigration to Sweden in 2015: in that year close to 163,000 people had sought asylum in Sweden – 12.5% of all asylum-seekers in the EU that year. Hence the strain on the Swedish asylum system had been very palpable, and still was. The aim of the Act had been to reduce the number of asylum-seekers, while improving the capacity of reception and integration arrangements. The Act had been aimed at merely temporarily enabling Sweden to grant residence permits based on family reunification only to the minimum number of applicants provided by EU law and international conventions. 55.     In respect of the applicants’ interests, while acknowledging that living apart must have caused the family difficulties, the Government noted that the family had made some voluntary choices in this respect. The first applicant’s husband, the father of the second and third applicant, had been residing in Saudi Arabia since 2012, and there were no indications as to why the first applicant could not join him there, where she had been born, and where she had a brother and where her husband’s family were living. Moreover, several of their adult children already lived in various other countries. In respect of the second applicant, who is now an adult, it had been taken into account that he was seventeen years old, and thus a minor, when the application for family reunification had been lodged. Accordingly, it had been assessed whether there was a relationship of dependency between him and the first applicant. It had also been noted that he had asked his mother to let him go to Sweden to live with his brothers and to study. As regard the third applicant, his father was in Saudi Arabia and his mother in Syria, and there was no indication that his ties to the second applicant (his brother) was any stronger than his ties to his parents, or that a family reunification with the second applicant would be in his best interests. Third-party interveners 56.     The Danish Government submitted in particular that it was important, when assessing the compatibility with Article 8 of a temporary suspension in respect of family reunification, to take into account the law in other European countries as well as international law (including EU law). In 2015 and 2016 there had been an urgent need for some member States to be able to introduce different legislation in respect of family reunification for beneficiaries of subsidiary protection in order to cope with the influx of persons in need of such protection and to ensure effective integration. 57.     The VU Migration Law Clinic did not address the Article 8 issue.   The Court’s assessment (a)    General principles 58.     The Court reiterates that recently it found that a refusal to grant family reunification to a long-term married couple owing to a three-year waiting period applicable to beneficiaries of temporary protection had entailed a violation of Article 8 (see M.A. v. Denmark [GC], no. 6697/18, 9   July 2021). In that case the Court examined: the extent of the State’s obligations to admit to its territory relatives of persons residing there (ibid., §§ 130-33); case-law regarding the substantive requirements regarding family reunification (ibid., §§ 134-36); case-law regarding the procedural requirements for processing applications for family reunification (ibid., §§ 137-39); and the scope of the State’s margin of appreciation (ibid., §§ 140-63). In respect of the latter the Court concluded as follows: “161.     Having regard to all the elements above, the Court considers that the member States should be accorded a wide margin of appreciation in deciding whether to impose a waiting period for family reunification requested by persons who have not been granted refugee status but who enjoy subsidiary protection or, like the applicant, temporary protection. 162.     Nevertheless, the discretion enjoyed by the States in this field cannot be unlimited and falls to be examined in the light of the proportionality of the measure. While the Court sees no reason to question the rationale of a waiting period of two years as that underlying Article 8 of the EU Family Reunification Directive (three years being accepted only by way of derogation – see paragraphs 46, 156 and 157 above), it is of the view that beyond such duration the insurmountable obstacles to enjoying family life in the country of origin progressively assume more importance in the fair balance assessment [bold added]. Although Article 8 of the Convention cannot be considered to impose on a State a general obligation to authorise family reunification on its territory (see paragraph 142 above), the object and purpose of the Convention call for an understanding and application of its provisions such as to render its requirements practical and effective, not theoretical and illusory in their application to the particular case. This principle of effectiveness is a general principle of interpretation extending to all the provisions of the Convention and the Protocols thereto (see, for example, Muhammad and Muhammad v. Romania [GC], no.   80982/12 , §   122, 15 October 2020). 163.     Furthermore, the said fair-balance assessment should form part of a decision-making process that sufficiently safeguards the flexibility, speed and efficiency required to comply with the applicant’s right to respect for family life under Article 8 of the Convention (see paragraphs 137 to 139 above).” (b)    Application of the above-mentioned principles and considerations to the present case 59.     Applying the principles set out in the above-mentioned case, the Court notes from the outset that the present case concerns the suspension of the second applicant’s right to be granted family reunification with his mother and brother, who had not previously resided in Sweden. Therefore, this case is to be seen as one involving an allegation of failure on the part of the respondent State to comply with its positive obligations under Article 8 of the Convention (see , M.A. v. Denmark , cited above, §§ 164-65 and the references cited therein). Thus, the crux of the matter is whether the Swedish authorities, on 24 August 2017 – when refusing the applicants’ application for family reunion owing to the above-noted temporary suspension – struck a fair balance between the competing interests of the individual and of the community as a whole. The applicants had an interest in being reunited, whereas the Swedish State had an interest in serving the general interests of the economic well-being of the country by regulating immigration and controlling public expenditure. The Court also notes that from the date on which the second applicant turned eighteen years old on 8   August 2018 he was in principle no longer eligible to seek family reunification. Thus, even if the right to apply for family reunification had been reintroduced after 19   July 2019, that right would not have applied to the second applicant. The refusal of 24 August 2017 therefore became final. (i)       The legislative and policy framework 60.     In 2016, the Swedish legislature amended the Aliens Act by introducing the Temporary Act, which was originally intended to be in force only from 20 July 2016 until 19   July 2019 (see paragraph 28 above). The amendments were set out notably in section 5(1) of the Temporary Act, and provided that all residence permits granted after 20 July 2016 (both to refugees and to persons eligible for subsidiary protection) were to be only temporary and valid for three years if the alien was a refugee (section 5(2)) and for thirteen months if the alien was a person eligible for subsidiary protection (section 5(3)). Moreover, by virtue of section 7 of the Temporary Act, persons eligible for subsidiary protection who had had their application for a residence permit registered with the Swedish Migration Agency after 24   November 2015 could not be granted family reunification while the Act was in force, unless under section 13 such a refusal would be contrary to a Swedish commitment under international conventions, including the European Convention on Human Rights. 61.     As to the legislative choices underlying the Temporary Act the preparatory works stated that the amendments were deemed necessary in the light of the significant increase in asylum-seekers in Sweden in 2015 (see paragraph 29 above) in order to reduce the number of asylum-seekers, while improving the capacity of reception and integration arrangements. The legislature thus wanted temporarily to bring the Swedis