CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;COMMITTEE;ENG — 27 octobre 2022

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RUSSIA (Applications nos. 68334/16 and 2 others – see appended list)           JUDGMENT   STRASBOURG 27 October 2022       This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision.   In the case of Syazin and Others v. Russia, The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:   Darian Pavli , President,   Andreas Zünd ,   Frédéric Krenc , judges, and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 6 October 2022, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in applications against Russia lodged with the Court under Article   34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on the various dates indicated in the appended table 2.     The Russian Government (“the Government”) were given notice of the applications. THE FACTS 3.     The list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table. 4.     The applicants complained of the secret surveillance in the context of criminal proceedings. THE LAW JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS 5.     Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 8 of the Convention 6.     The applicants complained of the secret surveillance in the context of criminal proceedings. They relied, expressly or in substance, on Article 8 of the Convention, which reads as follows: “1.     Everyone has the right to respect for his private ... life .... 2.     There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.” 7.     The Court reiterates that covert surveillance measures, including video and audio recording of the applicant’s communications, amount to an interference with his right to respect for his private life, within the meaning of Article   8   §   1 of the Convention and are to be justified under Article 8 § 2 (see, for example, Bykov v. Russia [GC], no. 4378/02, §   72, 10 March 2009). It further reiterates that it is incumbent on the domestic courts to carry out an effective judicial review of the lawfulness and “necessity in a democratic society” of the contested surveillance measures and to furnish sufficient safeguards against arbitrariness within the meaning of Article   8   §   2 of the Convention (see Zubkov and Others v. Russia , nos.   29431/05 and 2 others, §§   131, 7 November 2017). 8.     The Court has already established, in a number of earlier cases, that the refusal on the part of the domestic authorities to disclose a surveillance authorisation to the applicants without a valid reason deprived them of any possibility to have the lawfulness of the surveillance measures and their “necessity in a democratic society” reviewed and amounted to a violation of Article   8 of the Convention (see, among other authorities, Šantare and Labazņikovs v.   Latvia , no. 34148/07, §§   60-62, 31 March 2016; Radzhab Magomedov v.   Russia , no. 20933/08, §§   80-84, 20 December 2016; and Zubkov and Others , cited above, §§   122-32). 9.     Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion on the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case there is nothing to suggest that the domestic courts which authorised the covert surveillance against the applicants verified whether there was a “reasonable suspicion” against them or applied the “necessity in a democratic society” and “proportionality” test. Moreover, the refusal to disclose the surveillance authorisation to the applicants without any valid reason deprived them of any possibility to have the lawfulness of the measure, and its “necessity in a democratic society”, reviewed by an independent tribunal in the light of the relevant principles of Article 8 of the Convention. 10.     These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article   8 of the Convention. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE   41 OF THE CONVENTION 11.     Article 41 of the Convention provides: “If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.” 12.     Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case ‑ law (see, in particular, Akhlyustin v. Russia, no. 21200/05, 7 November 2017, Zubkov and Others, cited above, Dudchenko v. Russia, no. 37717/05, 7 November 2017, Moskalev v.   Russia, no. 44045/05, 7 November 2017 and Konstantin Moskalev v.   Russia, no. 59589/10, 7 November 2017), the Court considers it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table. 13.     The Court further considers it appropriate that the default interest rate should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points. FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY, Decides to join the applications; Declares the applications admissible; Holds that these applications disclose a breach of Article 8 § 1 of the Convention concerning the secret surveillance in the context of the criminal proceedings; Holds (a)   that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement; (b)   that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points . Done in English, and notified in writing on 27 October 2022, pursuant to Rule   77   §§   2 and   3 of the Rules of Court.     Viktoriya Maradudina   Darian Pavli   Acting Deputy Registrar   President     APPENDIX List of applications raising complaints under Article 8 § 1 of the Convention (secret surveillance in the context of criminal proceedings) No. Application no. Date of introduction Applicant’s name Year of birth   Type of secret surveillance Date of the surveillance authorisation Name of the issuing authority Other relevant information Specific defects Amount awarded for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage and costs and expenses per applicant (in euros) [1]     68334/16 07/11/2016 Aleksey Sergeyevich SYAZIN 1983 interception of telephone communications 19/11/2013, Volgograd Regional Court The applicant was not given a copy of the surveillance authorisation. The applicant (an attorney at the time) was found guilty of fraud. The final decision on the matter was taken by the Volgograd Regional Court on 10/05/2016. The applicant was refused access to the decisions authorising secret surveillance measures against him/her. 7,500     74880/17 18/10/2017 Yuriy Alekseyevich BALYSHEV 1975 interception of telephone communications 30/09/2015, transcript of telephone communications; 01/10/2015 obtained by Federal Security Service of the Oryol Region The applicant was not given a copy of the surveillance authorisation, the domestic courts did not apply "necessity" test, nor did they verify the existence of a reasonable suspicion in respect of the applicant at the time of the surveillance authorisation. The applicant was refused access to the decisions authorising secret surveillance measures against him, the courts did not verify the existence of a “reasonable suspicion” and did not apply the “necessity in a democratic society test”. 7,500     45985/18 05/08/2018 Roman Aleksandrovich DARACH 1990 interception of telephone communications, surveillance (“наблюдение”) 19/05/2014; 10/11/2014, Zelenodolsk Town Court of the Tatarstan Republic The applicant was not given the information that served as the basis for the authorisation of the interception, no relevant and sufficient grounds for the interception, lack of sufficient safeguards against arbitrariness (“quality of law”), no judicial authorisation of the surveillance measures. The applicant was refused access to the decisions authorising secret surveillance measures against him, the use of “surveillance” or “operative experiment” measures was not accompanied by sufficient safeguards against arbitrariness (“quality of law”). 7,500   [1] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.