CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 16 mai 2023

.s800EAC49 { font-size:12pt } .sFE10DC93 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center } .sBB9EE52A { font-family:Arial } .s523616E0 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; font-size:14pt } .s29D6C880 { margin-top:48pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center } .s29100277 { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold } .s39E5096F { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:14pt; text-align:center } .sA36B60A1 { font-family:Arial; font-style:italic } .s24E6874 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:18pt; text-align:center } .s780F5245 { border:0.75pt solid #000000; clear:both } .sE77B86B8 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; padding-top:1pt; padding-right:4pt; padding-left:4pt } .sD423F84E { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; padding-right:4pt; padding-left:4pt; padding-bottom:1pt } .s96B1B5AB { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:10pt; text-align:center } .sE208486F { font-family:Arial; color:#ff0000 } .s598389FB { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:14pt } .s2E932ED2 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:11pt } .s4ACA9207 { page-break-before:always; clear:both; mso-break-type:section-break } .s10950C61 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s32563E28 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .sB9D5CABB { width:28.35pt; display:inline-block } .s3AAE10DF { margin-top:14pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .s3CA22BA { font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s6B505E72 { margin:0pt; padding-left:0pt } .s6E417FF3 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:11.67pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:6.78pt; font-family:Arial } .s2CDE95FB { font-family:Arial; font-style:italic; text-decoration:line-through } .sDA7B489D { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:15pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:3.45pt; font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s8B983D37 { text-transform:none } .s9D48DD53 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s1E2B8B97 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .sDECD9755 { margin-left:11.67pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:6.78pt; font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s743F3A55 { margin-right:0pt; margin-left:0pt; padding-left:0pt } .s879C130D { margin-left:7.05pt; margin-bottom:12pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-weight:bold; text-transform:none } .s3A692EA6 { margin-top:14pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-align:center; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s9CB19847 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:28.35pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s5E8F5A28 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:25.5pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold } .sD7287D91 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:9pt } .s5C5C410E { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:18.34pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:0.11pt; font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s67CAFE05 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:18.45pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s7C22C014 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:16.34pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:2.11pt; font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .sDD998142 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .s2044A09A { margin-left:6.51pt; margin-bottom:6pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:1.99pt; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic } .sF54F3725 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:42.55pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .sDBC81028 { width:4.83pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .s65DDED6B { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:42.55pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s7AE800C3 { width:4.28pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .sAE6FB95D { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:32.01pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:1.99pt; font-family:Arial; font-style:italic } .sFB0EA06 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:35.5pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; line-height:113%; font-size:10pt } .sC53D44FE { width:9.47pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .sCD82236A { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:51.05pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; line-height:113%; font-size:10pt } .s320E5A8E { width:5.95pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .s4BAE41EE { font-family:Arial; font-size:11pt } .sD051EF8 { width:3.72pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .s4196892D { width:3.17pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .sC47DA4E2 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:18.34pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:1.51pt; font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s74818F78 { margin-top:14pt; margin-bottom:3pt; text-align:justify; font-family:Arial; list-style-position:inside } .sE7B3A78A { width:1.99pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .sFBC99493 { font-style:italic } .sD11CFAB7 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:15.01pt; margin-bottom:3pt; text-align:justify; padding-left:1.99pt; font-family:Arial } .s2D9C6089 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s69DCC830 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .sA04AE28A { width:35.22pt; display:inline-block } .sE13162EA { width:134.76pt; display:inline-block } .s5A65B3DC { width:46.56pt; display:inline-block } .s44B8752F { width:177.11pt; display:inline-block } .s379BC09C { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:right } .s5E1364CA { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt }   THIRD SECTION CASE OF BURANDO HOLDING B.V. AND PORT INVEST B.V. v. THE NETHERLANDS (Applications nos. 3124/16 and 3205/16)   JUDGMENT Art 8 • Correspondence • Transmission and use in competition law proceedings of data lawfully obtained through telephone tapping in criminal investigations • Impugned data transmission sufficiently foreseeable under applicable domestic law • Extensive ex post facto judicial oversight • Adequate safeguards • Domestic system adequately capable of avoiding abuse of power • Art 8 not requiring ex ante authorisation by a court in specific case-context • Adequate balancing exercise between interests at stake • Relevant and sufficient reasons justifying necessity and proportionality of interference Art 13 (+ Art 8) • Effective remedy   STRASBOURG 16 May 2023   THIS CASE WAS REFERRED TO THE GRAND CHAMBER WHICH DELIVERED JUDGMENT IN THE CASE ON 01/04/2025   This judgment may be subject to editorial revision.   In the case of Burando Holding B.V. and Port Invest B.V. v. the Netherlands, The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Pere Pastor Vilanova , President ,   Yonko Grozev,   Jolien Schukking,   Darian Pavli,   Peeter Roosma,   Ioannis Ktistakis,   Andreas Zünd , judges , and Milan Blaško, Section Registrar, Having regard to: the applications (nos.   3124/16 and 3205/16) against the Kingdom of the Netherlands lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by two Dutch limited liability companies, Burando Holding B.V. and Port Invest B.V. (hereinafter also referred to as “the applicant companies”), on 7   January 2016; the decision to give notice to the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (“the Government”) of the complaints concerning Articles 8 and   13 of the Convention; the parties’ observations; Having deliberated in private on 4 April 2023, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: INTRODUCTION 1.     The case concerns the transmission of data lawfully obtained in a criminal investigation to another law enforcement authority. The applicant companies complain that the transmission of the data to and their use by the Competition Authority had not been foreseeable and that procedural safeguards were insufficient. THE FACTS 2 .     The applicant companies are limited liability companies incorporated under Dutch law, engaged in the collection of waste liquids from ships in the Rotterdam port region. Burando Holding B.V. was the sole shareholder and a board member of Port Invest B.V. at the relevant time. Port Invest B.V. was in turn the sole shareholder and a board member of the I. company at the relevant time. The applicant companies were represented by Mr   H.A.   Bravenboer, a lawyer practising in Rotterdam. 3.     The Government were represented by their Agent, Ms B. Koopman, of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4.     The facts of the case may be summarised as follows. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND DATA TRANSMISSION 5.     At the end of 2006, the Intelligence and Investigation Service ( Inlichtingen- en opsporingsdienst ) of the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment ( Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer – hereinafter, “VROM-IOD”), a special investigative service within the meaning of the Special Investigative Services Act ( Wet op de bijzondere opsporingsdiensten ; see paragraph 28 below) that operates under the authority of the public prosecutor ( officier van justitie ), began an investigation under the codename “Toto” into the I.   company, which was suspected of involvement in the disposal of polluted waste in contravention of environmental protection legislation. 6 .     In the context of this criminal investigation the VROM-IOD, duly authorised by an investigating judge ( rechter-commissaris ), intercepted telephone conversations made by some of the I. company’s employees. Among them were conversations between an employee of I. company and an employee of the Ships Waste Oil Collector B.V. company (the applicant company in application no. 2799/16). 7 .     Certain of those intercepted conversations were identified as being of potential interest to the Netherlands Competition Authority ( Nederlandse Mededingingsautoriteit – “the NMA”) because they contained indications of price-fixing. In an official record ( proces-verbaal ) dated 21 April 2008, drawn up by an official of VROM-IOD, those indications of price-fixing were recorded and summary transcripts of some of these conversations were annexed to this report. 8 .     On 21 October 2008 the public prosecutor in charge gave permission in accordance with the Judicial and Criminal Data Act ( Wet Justitiële en Stravorderlijke gegevens – “the WJSG”; see paragraph 18 below) for the official record, including the annexes, to be transmitted to the NMA by adding on the document “transmission to NMA approved” and dating and signing it by hand. The transmission to the NMA took place on 29 June 2009. 9.     The NMA subsequently started an official investigation into possible violations of the Competition Act ( Mededingingswet – see paragraph 29 below). 10 .     On several dates in 2009 and 2010 the public prosecutor in charge gave permission for the transmission to the NMA of a further selection of transcripts and audio files of the telephone conversations intercepted in the “Toto” criminal investigation. It transpires from information in the casefile that prior to those transmissions there had been contacts between VROM ‑ IOD and NMA officials on the selection of the data that could be of relevance for the investigation into price-fixing. The latest transmission of data was approved by the prosecutor in August 2010 and took place on 8/9   September 2010. 11 .     It further transpires from information in the case-file that as a result of the “Toto” criminal investigation, the I. company was summoned to appear before the Rotterdam Regional Court ( R rechtbank ) on 19 December 2008 on suspicion of having committed, several times, acts in breach with Article 225 of the Criminal Code ( Wetboek van Strafrecht ) and section 18.18 of the Environmental Management Act ( Wet Milieubeheer ), that in February 2009 another preparatory hearing ( regiezitting ) before the Regional Court took place, that in March 2010 an agreement to settle the criminal case was being reached between the I. company and the public prosecutor, and that the Regional Court, having heard the parties on 5 July 2010, gave judgment on that same date. Having established that a settlement had been reached, the Regional Court declared the public prosecutor, as requested, inadmissible in the prosecution. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS 12 .     Based on the results of its investigation, the NMA concluded that during the period between 30 August 2005 and 31 July 2007 several companies, including the I. company, had coordinated their behaviour with the aim of allocating contracts and preventing or limiting price competition in the field of ship-generated waste collection. In doing so, these companies violated section 6 of the Competition Act (see paragraph 30 above). On 16   November 2011 the NMA imposed a fine on the I.   company in the amount of EUR   1,861,000, which fine was jointly and severally attributed to Port Invest B.V., and for the amount of EUR 621.000 to Burando Holding B.V. Because of their interconnectedness (see paragraph 2 above), the NMA assumed that Port Invest B.V. and Burando Holding B.V. had exercised decisive influence on the I. company’s actions. 13 .     The applicant companies lodged a written objection ( bezwaarschrift ) with the NMA, protesting , inter alia, against the absence of any knowable, reviewable weighing of interests by the public prosecutor and against the lack of prior judicial control on the transmission of the data to the NMA. It requested the NMA to give its consent to submit the objection directly to the Rotterdam Regional Court by way of appeal ( beroep ). The NMA gave its consent. The Regional Court joined the appeal of the applicant companies with the appeals of other ships’ waste disposal companies that were fined for breaching section 6 of the Competition Act, including Ships Waste Oil Collector B.V. (see application no. 2799/16). 14.     The Regional Court gave judgment on 11 July 2013 (ECLI:NL:RBROT:2013:5042), declaring the appeal well-founded. Referring to its recent judgment of 13 June 2013 (ECLI:NL:RBROTT:2013:CA3079), it reiterated that the intercepted telephone data did qualify as ‘criminal data’ within the meaning of the WJSG (see paragraph 18 below). Further, it found that no reviewable weighing of interests had been recorded since the public prosecutor had merely given handwritten permission for the transmission of the official record of 21 April 2008 (see paragraph 8 above) and subsequently on pre-printed forms without reasoning. From this it followed that the transcripts were to be excluded as evidence. Since the NMA’s investigation and their decisions had mainly relied on this evidence, the Regional Court quashed the NMA’s decisions. 15 .     The Consumer and Market Authority ( Autoriteit Consument en Markt – hereinafter “the ACM”), the successor body to the NMA, lodged a further appeal ( hoger beroep ) with the Supreme Administrative Court for Trade and Industry ( College van Beroep voor het bedrijfsleven ). The ACM argued, inter alia, that the transmission of the data by the Public Prosecution Service to another public authority would only be contrary to domestic law or to Article   8 of the Convention if it could not be considered necessary with a view to a “compelling general interest” or if it did not comply with the requirements of proportionality and subsidiarity. That assessment fell to be made, according to the WJSG, by the civil courts in the shape of an ex post facto judicial review. The transmission of data to another public authority on the basis of section 39f(1) of the WJSG was a factual act, not a decision within the meaning of the General Administrative Law Act ( Algemene wet bestuursrecht ; see paragraph 31 below) and therefore not amenable to judicial review by the administrative courts. Such a factual act required neither reasoning nor an ex ante judicial review of its lawfulness. 16.     The applicant companies lodged a cross-appeal ( incidenteel hoger beroep ) on the grounds that the Regional Court had failed to find that the recordings of the intercepted telephone conversations were not properly part of any criminal file and thus not “criminal data” that may be transmitted to another entity in accordance with section 39f(1) of the WJSG. Referring to Article 126cc of the Code of Criminal Procedure (see paragraph 32 below), they further argued that some of the data transmissions had been unlawful because they took place more than two months after the settlement agreement was reached between the I. company and the public prosecutor, which according to the applicant companies marked the end of the criminal proceedings. 17 .     The Supreme Administrative Court for Trade and Industry gave judgment on 9 July 2015 (ECLI:NL:CBB:2015:192). It quashed the Regional Court’s judgment, dismissed the applicant companies’ cross-appeal and referred the case back to the Regional Court. Its reasoning included the following: “3.5     ... Under section 1, introductory sentence and subsection (b), of the WJSG, the term criminal data in this Act and the provisions based on it is understood to mean: personal data or data concerning a legal person obtained in the context of a criminal investigation, which the Public Prosecution Service processes in a criminal file or by automated means. The Supreme Administrative Court for Trade and Industry agrees with the Regional Court that the telephone taps submitted to the ACM qualify as criminal data within the meaning of the above-mentioned provision. It follows from the passages in the Explanatory Memorandum ... that the legislature intended the term ‘criminal file’ [ strafdossier ] in this legislative provision to be broad. In this connection, the Supreme Administrative Court for Trade and Industry also refers to paragraph 3.4.6 of the judgment of the Supreme Court of 20 April 2012 in the Trafigura case (ECLI:NL:HR:2012:BV3436 [see paragraph 22 below]), in which it was considered, among other things, that a criminal file may relate to more acts than those for which the Public Prosecution Service institutes a prosecution. The assertion ... that the telephone tap data [ tapgegevens ] have no relevance for the prosecution and qualify as by-catch, for which reason this material does not belong in the criminal file, is not followed by the Supreme Administrative Court for Trade and Industry. Furthermore, as the ACM has stated, in this case it could not be ruled out that the telephone tap data at any stage of the criminal proceedings would have relevance ... In any case, the telephone tap data were stored digitally and to that extent processed automatically. In this respect, it should be noted that the concept of ‘processing personal data’ ... is broadly defined: any operation or set of operations which relates to personal data, including in any case the collection, recording, organisation, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or any other form of making available, alignment or combination, blocking, erasure or destruction of data. ... 4.3     ... The Explanatory Memorandum ... states that, in view of Article 8, paragraph   2, [of the] ECHR, the term ‘compelling general interest’ must be understood to mean the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, the prevention of disorder or crime, the protection of health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. The ACM is charged with the enforcement of the Competition Act and, in particular, the supervision and investigation of cartels, prohibited price-fixing and other forms of coordination between companies. In view of the nature of the cartel ban in Section 6 of the Competition Act, the [Supreme Administrative Court of Trade and Industry] is of the opinion that in this case there is a compelling general interest, namely the economic well-being of the country. In this regard, reference is also made to the ECHR judgment of 2   October 2014 in the case of DELTA PEKÁRNY a.s. v. the Czech Republic , no.   97/11, §   81, 2 October 2014. Furthermore, the provisions of section 39f(1), introductory sentence and subsection (c), of the WJSG have been complied with. After all, the information was transmitted in order for the ACM to supervise compliance with regulations. 4.4     With respect to the question of whether the transmission was necessary as referred to in section 39f(2) of the WJSG, the Regional Court correctly pointed out that the Explanatory Memorandum to the amendment of the WJSG shows that a careful balancing of interests must take place when the data relating to criminal records are transmitted. However, the Supreme Administrative Court for Trade and Industry does not follow the Regional Court’s opinion that, in view of what is stated in the Explanatory Memorandum, the transmission of criminal data must be based on a weighing of interests by the public prosecutor that is known and can be assessed by the court – made at the time of the transmission and apparent at that time. The availability of written reasoning from the public prosecutor at the time of the transmission may simplify the verification of compliance with section   39f of the WJSG, but neither the law nor legislative history suggests that the unavailability of written reasoning at the time of transmission means that the requirements for transmission have not been met. In view of the foregoing, the judgment under appeal must be quashed to that extent. 4.5     The Supreme Administrative Court for Trade and Industry will now assess on the basis of the parties’ arguments whether the evidence obtained in the context of a criminal investigation was lawfully provided to a public authority that used this material in proceedings for the imposition of an administrative fine. 4.6     In this connection, it must first be established whether the transmission of criminal data, in this case consisting of telephone tap data, in accordance with section   39f of the WJSG, violates Article 8 of the ECHR. Under the second paragraph of Article   8 of the ECHR, an interference with the right to privacy is only permitted to the extent that it is provided for by law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interest of, inter alia , the economic well-being of the country. The starting-point for the assessment is that the telephone taps from which the data in question were obtained were conducted after the investigating judge had given permission to do so. ... The public prosecutor’s competence to transmit the telephone tap data is statutorily grounded in the WJSG. Moreover, as to the lawfulness of this obtainment [sc. by the ACM], the law provides for a judicial procedure with sufficient guarantees, both under civil law in the context of the transmission of the data and under administrative law in the context of the review of the decision to impose a fine based on these data. The report in these cases shows that the ACM extensively assessed the evidence, including the telephone tap data, within the framework of the determination of whether there had been a violation of section 6(1) of the Competition Act. After the report was published and before the ACM decided to impose a fine, the appellants were given the opportunity to put forward their views on the report, which they did. Finally, the Supreme Administrative Court of Trade and Industry considers a sufficient case has been made out that the information about the alleged price-fixing could not in reason have been obtained by the ACM in a different, less intrusive manner, since such agreements are not, as a rule, put in writing. In the judgment of the provisional-measures judge of the Regional Court of The Hague of 26 June 2009 (ECLI:NL:RBSGR:2009:BJ0047), which was also cited by the parties, the provisional ‑ measures judge gave judgment in a case comparable to the present one about the lawfulness of the transmission of telephone taps by the Public Prosecution Service to the ACM, and in doing so he also arrived at this conclusion with regard to the proportionality of the provision. In view of the foregoing, the Supreme Administrative Court for Trade and Industry sees no evidence that the transmission of the telephone tap data to the ACM in accordance with section 39 of the WJSG violates Article 8 of the ECHR or any other treaty provision. ... The circumstance that the ACM itself does not have the competence to intercept telephone conversations does not constitute a ground for the finding that the use of the intercepted telephone conversations by the ACM should be considered unacceptable. The WJSG provides precisely for the possibility that such data, obtained using coercive measures in criminal proceedings, may be transmitted to, among others, public authorities that do not themselves have the competence to make use of such coercive measures. Contrary to the argument made by the I. company, Port Invest B.V. and Burando Holding B.V., the circumstance that the ACM – in consultation with the Ministry – had, having [taken cognisance of transcripts and recordings of intercepted telephone conversations], made a selection from the bulk of the data that were available and provisionally considered relevant by the Ministry, does not, in the given situation, lead the Supreme Administrative Court for Trade and Industry to find that the transmission took place contrary to the WJSG. ... 4.10     The I. company, Port Invest B.V. and Burando Holding B.V. have also argued that the transmissions of 30 June, 7 July and 2 September 2010 were unlawful because the criminal case against them had ended with the conclusion of a settlement on 24   March 2010. The Supreme Administrative Court for Trade and Industry agrees with the ACM that the criminal case did not end until the court ruling of 5 July 2010 became final, therefore on 19 July 2010. In view of the two-month period referred to in Article 126cc, paragraph 2, of the Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure, at the time of all the transmissions there did not yet exist a situation in which the data provided should have been destroyed.” RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE The Judicial and Criminal Data Act Relevant provisions 18 .     At the relevant time the WJSG provided as follows: Section 1 “In this Act and the provisions made pursuant thereto, the following definitions shall apply: ... (b)     criminal data: personal data or data concerning a legal person obtained in the context of a criminal investigation, which the public prosecutor processes in a criminal file or by automated means; ...” Section 39b “(1) The Board of Procurators General shall only process criminal data if this is necessary for the proper discharge of the duties of the Public Prosecution Service or to comply with another statutory obligation. ...” Section 39f “(1)     The Board of Procurators General may ... in so far as it is necessary in view of a compelling general interest [ zwaarwegend algemeen belang ], transmit criminal data to persons or public authorities [ instanties ] for the following purposes: ... (c)     enforcement of legislation; (2)     The Board of Procurators General may only transmit criminal data to persons or official bodies as referred to in the first paragraph to the extent that those data, for those persons or official bodies: (a)     are necessary in view of a compelling general interest or the determination, exercise or defence of a right in law ...” Legislative history 19 .     Section 39f of the WJSG was enacted pursuant to a transitional provision of the Personal Data Protection Act, which required a lex specialis for the transmission of personal criminal data. 20.     The following extracts are taken from the Explanatory Memorandum ( Memorie van Toelichting ) to the bill that led to the amendment of the WJSG (Lower House of Parliament, parliamentary year 2002-03, 28 886, no. 3, pp.   3, 5, 7-8 and 13): “The proposed section 1(b) of this bill defines criminal data as data processed about a natural or legal person in the context of a criminal investigation. These data can be included in the case documents and processed in a criminal file, [the Public Prosecution Service’s case management system] or the higher appeal systems. The Code of Criminal Procedure does not contain a definition of the term ‘case documents’ [ processtukken ]. In practice, the concept is broadly interpreted. ... The proposed sections 39e and 39f require the provision of criminal data to third parties to be ‘necessary in view of a compelling general interest’. ... In view of Article 8 § 2 of the ECHR, the term ‘compelling general interest’ must be understood to mean the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, the prevention of disorder and crime, the protection of health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. ... In weighing the interests [of the suspect and the compelling general interest against each other], the Public Prosecution Service should also, considering the need for the transmission which it must be able to demonstrate, take into account the principles of proportionality and subsidiarity. In addition to weighing these interests, the Public Prosecution Service should consider whether the requested transmission of information, being a form of further processing of the requested data, is not incompatible with the aim for which these were added to the criminal file at the time, namely the prosecution of one or more criminal acts. As a final matter, the receiver of the information should have a basis on which to be permitted to receive the information requested. ... The decision of the Public Prosecution Service to transmit criminal data of the person concerned to a third party under the proposed sections 39e or 39f cannot be regarded as a decision within the meaning of section 1:3, first paragraph, of the General Administrative Law Act [see paragraph 31 below]. ... The act is aimed solely at the factual transmission of information relating to criminal data.” Relevant domestic case-law 21 .     In his advisory opinion to the Supreme Court of 3 February 2012 in the Trafigura case (ECLI:NL:PHR:2012:BV3436 – see paragraph 17 above), which concerned a civil action against a transmission of data under section   39f of the WJSG, the Procurator General stated the following (footnotes omitted): “3.6.     This case does not concern an appeal against a decision of the public prosecutor [within the meaning of the General Administrative Law Act ( Algemene Wet Bestuursrecht – “the AWB”)]. In connection with what was claimed, the provisional ‑ measures judge had to give a preliminary judgment about the lawfulness of a factual act [ feitelijke gedraging ] of the public prosecutor, namely the transmission of the data to [company A]. This is in line with the design of the WJSG. ... The lawfulness of the factual act of the Public Prosecution Service (the transmission) does not depend on the reasons given by the person who carried out the act at the time or, as in this case, sometime later in an email. The assessment of the lawfulness of a factual act can be carried out by the court afterwards and independently.” 22.     In its judgment of 20 April 2012 in that case (ECLI:NL:HR:2012:BV3436), the Supreme Court took the same approach. With regard to the definition of criminal data, it considered: “Section 39f(1) of the WJSG does not require that the transmission of criminal data ... relate solely to offences which are the subject of a prosecution, since a criminal file may relate to more facts than those which are the subject of a prosecution.” The Transmission (Designation) Order 23 .     The Judiciary (Organisation) Act ( Wet op de Rechterlijke Organisatie ) provides a legal basis for the Board of Prosecutors General to give instructions, in the format of (designation) orders, to the Public Prosecution Service on the performance of its tasks and the exercise of its powers. 24 .     The Transmission of criminal data for purposes other than criminal law enforcement (Designation) Order ( Aanwijzing verstrekking van strafvordelijke gegevens voor buiten de strafrechtspleging gelegen doeleinden ; “the Transmission (Designation) Order”), as it stood at the relevant time (published in the Official Gazette ( Staatscourant ) of 28 January 2008, no. 19), provided further details about the cases in and the conditions under which the Public Prosecution Service might transmit information under the WJSG. 25.     As relevant to the case before the Court, the Transmission (Designation) Order provided that the Board of Procurators General could delegate ( mandateren ) its power to transmit criminal data within the meaning of section 39f of the WJSG, to, inter alios , the chief advocates general ( hoofdadvocaten-generaal ), who had the power to sub-delegate to individual advocates general and public prosecutors. 26 .     The Transmission (Designation) Order also contained further principles and instructions, including a flowchart, for the exercise of the power to transmit. The power to transmit was a discretionary power, not an obligation. It could be exercised upon request or proprio motu , but only after a balancing of interests. As regards the applicable principles of subsidiarity, necessity and proportionality, it was explained that these are closely interrelated in the assessment of whether, and if so, in what form, criminal data could be transmitted. Such data might only be transmitted to public authorities ( bestuursorganen ) if there is a legal basis for that authority to receive such information; if there was no other way for that authority to obtain the information that was less intrusive into the privacy of the person concerned; and if it was necessary for a purpose defined in section 39f of the WJSG. 27 .     The Transmission (Designation) Order emphasised that a decision to transmit was not a decision within the meaning of the AWB and thus not subject to administrative legal remedies. If a concerned party was of the opinion that a transmission had been unlawful, the only legal remedy was an appeal to the civil judge in tort proceedings ( onrechtmatige daad ). The Special Investigative Services Act 28 .     At the relevant time the Special Investigative Services Act provided as follows: Section 1 “In this Act and the provisions based thereon, the following definitions shall apply: a. special investigation service: one of the services referred to in section 2; ... c. Our minister concerned: Our minister under whom a special investigation service falls. Section 2 There are four special investigation services, namely: ... b. special investigation service, falling under Our Minister of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment ... Section 3 A special investigation service, under the authority of the public prosecutor, is charged with: a. the criminal enforcement of law and order in the policy areas for which Our Minister concerned is responsible ...” The Competition Act 29 .     Section 5 of the Competition Act, as it stood at the relevant time, provided that the NMA was charged with the enforcement of that Act. 30 .     Section 6(1) of the Competition Act, as it stood at the relevant time, prohibited agreements between enterprises, decisions by associations of enterprises and concerted practices aimed at or with the effect of the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the Netherlands market (price-fixing). The General Administrative Law Act 31 .     Section 1:3 of the AWB defines a “decision” as a written decision by an administrative body, involving a legal act under public law. Section 3:46 of the AWB provides that a decision must be based on proper reasoning. It follows from sections 7:1 and 8:1 of the AWB that the administrative legal remedies of objection ( bezwaar ) and appeal to the administrative judge ( beroep ) may be instituted against decisions within the meaning of section   1:3. The Code of Criminal Procedure 32 .     Article 126cc of the Code of Criminal Procedure provided at the relevant time as follows: “1.     The public prosecutor shall retain the official records and other objects from which data can be derived, which have been obtained through surveillance by means of a technical device which records signals, the recording of confidential communications, the recording of telecommunications or the requesting of data on a user and the telecommunication traffic data pertaining to that user, in so far as said records or objects have not been added to the case file, and shall keep them available for the investigation until the conclusion of the case. 2.     Upon expiry of two months after the conclusion of the case ..., the public prosecutor shall instruct the destruction of the official records and other objects referred to in subsection 1. An official record of the destruction shall be prepared.” 33 .     Article 266 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provided at the relevant time: “1. The public prosecutor may withdraw the summons as long as the court hearing has not yet started. He shall notify the suspect and the injured party thereof in writing ...” The Criminal Code 34 .     The relevant part of Article 74 § 1 of the Criminal Code provides as follows: “Prior to the trial, the Public Prosecutor may set one or more conditions, which must be complied with in order to avoid criminal proceedings ... Compliance with these conditions shall preclude the right to institute criminal proceedings.” THE LAW JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS 35.     Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 8 OF THE CONVENTION 36.     The applicant companies complained that the transmission to the NMA of data that were irrelevant to the criminal investigation had constituted a violation of their rights under Article 8 of the Convention, which reads as follows: “1.     Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. 2.     There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.” Admissibility 37.     The Government did not submit any objections against the admissibility of the complaint. 38.     The Court notes that the complaint is neither manifestly ill-founded nor inadmissible on any other grounds listed in Article 35 of the Convention. It must therefore be declared admissible. Merits The parties’ submissions (a)    The applicant companies 39 .     The applicant companies submitted that the transmission of the tapped information to the NMA had not been in accordance with the law. They argued that it had not been foreseeable that the data which had no relevance to the criminal investigation were “criminal data” within the meaning of the WJSG. Furthermore, they argued that it had not been foreseeable that the NMA would be in a position to receive and use such data in the light of the fact that it had no powers of its own to intercept communications. They further submitted that it had not been foreseeable that the data could be transmitted without any prior knowable weighing of interests in written form and that this balancing test could be carried out afterwards by the courts instead. They considered their case to be comparable to that in Dragojević v.   Croatia (no. 68955/11, 15 January 2015). They also argued that it had not been foreseeable on the basis of the applicable domestic law that the NMA could have contacts with the VROM-IOD on the selection of the data that it wished to be transmitted to it. In their opinion the legislature had failed to set out in sufficient detail in the domestic law the extent of the authorities’ discretion and the manner it is to be exercised. Lastly, they argued that some of the data transmissions had been unlawful because they had taken place at a time when those data should already have been destroyed pursuant to Article 126cc of the Code of Criminal Procedure (see paragraph 32 above). Relying on Article 74 of the Criminal Code (see paragraph 34 above), the applicant companies argued that it was evident that a criminal case had ended when the settlement was reached, even though the judgment of the criminal court was given at a later date. 40 .     The applicant companies further submitted that the interference had not been “necessary in a democratic society”, arguing that the WJSG did not contain sufficient guarantees against arbitrary interferences and that the interference was not proportionate. Relying on Sanoma Uitgevers B.V. v.   the   Netherlands ([GC], no. 38224/03, § 90, 14 September 2010), they argued that an ex ante assessment of the transmission carried out by a judge had been necessary; such an assessment should not have been entrusted to the public prosecutor. Further, they argued that the ex post review of the transmission by the courts as provided under the domestic law was not sufficient, as it could not prevent irreparable harm. The review by the administrative courts furthermore did not suffice because it only related to the question whether evidence obtained by a transmission of data was lawful, and not to the transmission as such. (b)    The Government 41 .     The Government submitted that the foreseeability and safeguards required under Article 8 of the Convention should be established with reference to the seriousness of the interference. Since the transmission of data lawfully collected is not equivalent to an interception of communications, the procedural safeguards did not, in their opinion, need to be as stringent as those required in cases of interferences of that type. 42 .     In their view, the applicable law clearly described what information might be transmitted, by whom, to whom, under what conditions and to what end. They noted that the data transmitted in the present case were obtained in a criminal investigation with the authorisation of the investigating judge, that those data were subsequently stored digitally, thus processed electronically by the Public Prosecution Service, and therefore qualified as “criminal data” within the meaning of section 1 of the WJSG (see paragraph 18 above). That the transmitted data had not been used for the criminal prosecution does not mean that they are no criminal data as defined by law. The data had been transmitted to the NMA, an official body charged with the enforcement of legislation within the meaning of section 39f of the WJSG in the compelling general interest of the protection of the economic well-being of the country and for a purpose listed in section 39b of the WJSG. That the NMA had no power to intercept communications is not relevant for the question of foreseeability of the interference. In the WJSG the legislature set the scope for the transmission of lawfully obtained information precisely with person or bodies who do not themselves have the power to obtain such information. The Government further contested the applicant companies’ allegation that part of the transmissions had been unlawful because the recordings of the intercepted telephone conversations should already have been destroyed. 43 .     The Government further submitted that adequate safeguards had been in place and that the interference was not disproportionate. They pointed out that criminal data may only be transmitted on the basis of strict criteria laid down in the WJSG. A ‘compelling general interest’ must exist, and information may only be transmitted in pursuit of one of the statutory purposes exhaustively listed in section 39f, paragraph 1, of the WJSG. For every transmission a balancing exercise by the Public Prosecution Service, guided by the principles set out in the Transmission (Designation) Order (see paragraphs 24- 27 above), was required beforehand. The law did not prescribe that the reasoning of such a balancing test had to be provided in writing. This had been a conscious choice by the legislature. In addition, the law provided for safeguards in the form of judicial review ex post facto . The civil courts were competent to adjudicate on the transmission in tort proceedings, while the administrative courts could rule on the lawfulness of evidence obtained by transmission. Ex ante judicial review was not required either under domestic law or under Article 8 of the Convention. The Court’s assessment (a)    Whether there has been an interference 44.     The Government have not disputed that the transmission of the data constituted an interference with the applicant companies’ rights under Article   8. 45 .     The Court reiterates that legal persons may, under certain circumstances, claim rights to respect of their business premises and correspondence under Article 8 (see, inter alia , Naumenko and SIA Rix Shipping v. Latvia , no. 50805/14, § 46, 23 June 2022, and Bernh Larsen Holding AS and Others v. Norway , no. 24117/08, §§ 105-06, 14   March   2013). It further notes that the transmission of data obtained through the interception of telecommunications to and their use by other authorities may constitute a separate interference with rights protected by this provision (see Weber and Saravia v.   Germany (dec.), no. 54934/00, § 79, ECHR 2006 ‑ XI, with further references; see also Karabeyoğlu v. Turkey , no. 30083/10, §§ 112-21, 17 June 2016). 46.     Turning to the present case, the Court notes that only conversations of the I. company’s employees were intercepted and subsequently transmitted to the NMA (see paragraphs 6, 8 and 10 above). However, at the relevant time Burando Holding B.V. controlled all the shares in the I. company via Port   Invest B.V., who was also a board member of the I. company (see paragraph 2 above). For this reason, the domestic authorities assumed that Port Invest B.V. and Burando Holding B.V. exercised decisive influence on the I.   company’s actions (see paragraph 12 above). Under these circumstances, the Court considers that the I. company and the applicant companies are so closely identified with each other that it is artificial to distinguish between them (see, mutatis mutandis , Albert and Others v.   Hungary [GC], no. 5294/14, §§ 124 and 135-37, 7 July 2020, and Liblik and Others v. Estonia , nos. 173/15 and 5 others, § 112, 28 May 2019). 47.     Taking into account the foregoing, the Court accepts that the transmission to the NMA of data obtained in the “Toto” criminal investigation through tapping of the I. company’s employees’ telephones constituted an interference with the applicant companies’ rights under Article   8 of the Convention. (b)    Whether the interference was justified (i)       Introductory remarks 48 .     As noted above, the complaints in the present case concern the transmission of certain data; they do not concern the interception of those data. The applicant companies have raised Convention issues on the transmission of data in the context of competition law proceedings (see paragraphs 12-17 above). It is not in dispute between the parties that those data were lawfully obtained in the context of the criminal proceedings in which the interception orders were authorised by the investigating judge (see, by contrast, Versini-Campinchi and Crasnianski v. France, no. 49176/11, §§   35 a