CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;COMMITTEE;ENG — 26 octobre 2023

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RUSSIA (Applications nos. 3341/19 and 29 others – see appended list)             JUDGMENT   STRASBOURG 26 October 2023   This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Zaychenko and Others v. Russia, The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:   Péter Paczolay , President ,   Gilberto Felici,   Raffaele Sabato , judges , and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 5 October 2023, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in applications against Russia lodged with the Court under Article   34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on the dates indicated in the appended table. 2.     The Russian Government were given notice of the applications. THE FACTS 3.     A list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table. 4.     The applicants complained of the inadequate conditions of detention during their transport. Some applicants also raised a complaint under Article   13 of the Convention. THE LAW JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS 5.     Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment. JURISDICTION 6.     The Court observes that the facts giving rise to the alleged violations of the Convention occurred prior to 16 September 2022, the date on which the Russian Federation ceased to be a party to the Convention. The Court therefore decides that it has jurisdiction to examine the present applications (see Fedotova and Others v. Russia [GC], nos.   40792/10 and 2   others, §§   68 ‑ 73, 17   January 2023). ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE   3 OF THE CONVENTION 7.     The applicants complained principally of the inadequate conditions of detention during their transport. They relied on Article 3 of the Convention. 8.     The Court notes that the applicants were detained in poor conditions during transport. The details of the applicants’ detention are indicated in the appended table. The Court refers to the principles established in its case ‑ law regarding cramped and defective conditions during the transit of prisoners (see Tomov and Others v. Russia , nos. 18255/10 and 5 others, §§ 124-27, 9   April 2019). It reiterates in particular that a strong presumption of a violation arises when detainees are transported in conveyances offering less than 0.5 square metres of space per person, regardless of whether such cramped conditions result from an excessive number of detainees being transported together or from the restrictive design of compartments (ibid., §   125). As regards longer journeys, factors such as a failure to arrange an individual sleeping place for each detainee or to secure an adequate supply of drinking water and food or access to the toilet seriously aggravate the situation of prisoners during transfers and are indicative of a violation of Article 3 (ibid., § 127). 9.     In the leading case of Tomov and Others (cited above), the Court already found a violation in respect of issues similar to those in the present case. 10.     Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion on the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case the applicants’ conditions of detention during their transport were inadequate. 11.     These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article 3 of the Convention. OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS UNDER WELL-ESTABLISHED CASE-LAW 12.     The applicants whose names are listed in the appended table also complained under Article 13 of the Convention of the lack of an effective remedy for their complaints about poor conditions of detention during transport. These complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention, nor are they inadmissible on any other ground. Accordingly, they must be declared admissible. Having examined all the material before it, the Court concludes that they also disclose a violation of the Convention in the light of its findings in Tomov and Others (cited above, §§ 143-56). APPLICATION OF ARTICLE   41 OF THE CONVENTION 13.     Article 41 of the Convention provides: “If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.” 14.     Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case ‑ law (see, in particular, Pukhachev and Zaretskiy v. Russia, nos.   17494/16 and 29203/16, 16 November 2017), the Court considers it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table. FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY, Decides to join the applications; Holds that it has jurisdiction to deal with these applications as they relate to facts that took place before 16   September 2022; Declares the applications admissible; Holds that these applications disclose a breach of Article   3 of the Convention concerning the inadequate conditions of detention during transport; Holds that there has been a violation of Article 13 of the Convention, taken in conjunction with Article 3, in respect of the applicants who relied on that provision (see the appended table); Holds (a)   that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement; (b)   that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default during the default period plus three percentage points. Done in English, and notified in writing on 26 October 2023, pursuant to Rule   77   §§   2 and   3 of the Rules of Court.     Viktoriya Maradudina   Péter Paczolay   Acting Deputy Registrar   President   APPENDIX List of applications raising complaints under Article 3 of the Convention (inadequate conditions of detention during transport) No. Application no. Date of introduction Applicant’s name Year of birth   Representative’s name and location Means of transport Start and end date Sq. m per inmate Specific grievances Other complaints under well ‑ established case-law Amount awarded for pecuniary and non ‑ pecuniary damage and costs and expenses per applicant (in euros) [1]     3341/19 14/12/2018 Viktor Aleksandrovich ZAYCHENKO 1990     van 16/05/2018 to 20/11/2018 0.2 m²     lack of fresh air, inadequate temperature, overcrowding   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000     6793/19 29/12/2018 Pavel Pavlovich YAKOVETS 1980     van 11/07/2018 to 11/07/2018   van 09/09/2018 to 09/09/2018   lack of fresh air, overcrowding       lack of fresh air, overcrowding   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000     8289/19 30/01/2019 Aleksandr Valentinovich BONDAREV 1986     train 18/12/2018 to 17/01/2019   no or restricted access to toilet     1,000     9068/19 28/01/2019 Kazbek Salikhovich KARABASHEV 1993     train, van 25/08/2018 to 18/09/2018   overcrowding, lack of fresh air, inadequate temperature, insufficient number of sleeping places   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000     11256/19 27/06/2019 Khusan Sarvarovich MURTAZOV 1987 Alla Vladimirovna Fabritskaya Taganrog train, van 12/01/2019 to 29/01/2019     1.5 m²     overcrowding, lack of fresh air, passive smoking, no or restricted access to potable water, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000     20668/19 01/04/2019 Vladimir Nikolayevich BELYY 1983 Roman Nikolayevich Petrov Cheboksary train, transit cell, van 18/12/2018 to 17/01/2019   overcrowding, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of fresh air, no or restricted access to running water, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of privacy for toilet, poor quality of food   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000     21139/19 05/04/2019 Maksim Vladimirovich GRUZDEV 1975 Aleksandr Vladimirovich Vinogradov Kostroma van, train 25/07/2019 to 09/08/2019 0.3-0.4 m²     overcrowding   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000     24227/19 10/04/2019 Andrey Aleksandrovich SILANTYEV 1992     train, transit cell, van 29/12/2018 to 26/01/2019 1-2 m²       no or restricted access to potable water, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of fresh air, insufficient number of sleeping places Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000     24365/19 08/04/2019 Mikhail Yuryevich GLUKHAREV 1972     train, transit cell, van 24/02/2019 to 25/02/2019 0.2-0.5 m²     overcrowding, lack of fresh air, inadequate temperature, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of or insufficient natural light, passive smoking, lack of privacy for toilet, lack or insufficient quantity of food, lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, insufficient number of sleeping places, no or restricted access to toilet Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   24788/19 16/04/2019 Eduard Grigoryevich TSATURYAN 1985     train, van, transit cell, (IZ-1 Ufa,   IZ-1 Ryazan,   IZ-5 Rostov-on-Don, IZ-2 Pyatigorsk) 17/12/2018 to 17/01/2019 0.4-2.5 m²     no or restricted access to potable water, passive smoking, overcrowding, numerous occasions of transport, no or restricted access to running water, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of fresh air, lack of or insufficient electric light, inadequate temperature, poor quality of food, no or restricted access to warm water, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   24838/19 16/04/2019 Aleksandr Vladimirovich POTUPA 1972     van, transit cell 21/12/2018 to 22/12/2018         train 22/12/2018 to 23/12/2018     train 27/12/2018 to 28/12/2018   0.2 m²             0.22 m²     overcrowding, lack of fresh air, no or restricted access to potable water, no or restricted access to toilet, passive smoking, lack of or insufficient electric light, handcuffing, insufficient number of sleeping places   overcrowding, insufficient number of sleeping places, no or restricted access to potable water, no or restricted access to toilet, passive smoking   overcrowding, insufficient number of sleeping places Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   25370/19 19/04/2019 Anton Petrovich YATSENKO 1983     train, transit cell, van 17/12/2018 to 17/01/2019 0.1-1 m²     insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, no or restricted access to toilet, no or restricted access to potable water, lack of fresh air, lack of or insufficient natural light Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   26208/19 26/04/2019 Firdavsi Yeriyevich MERGANOV 1977     train, van, transit cell 17/12/2018 to 21/12/2018 0.4 m²     overcrowding, inadequate temperature, lack of fresh air, insufficient number of sleeping places, passive smoking Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport       1,000   26647/19 07/05/2019 Sergey Borisovich SMIRENIN 1976     train, van 13/04/2019 to 13/04/2019   lack of fresh air, inadequate temperature, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, lack of privacy for toilet, overcrowding, no or restricted access to toilet, poor quality of potable water Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   26878/19 23/04/2019 Aleksandr Yuryevich ZEMTSOV 1984     train, transit cell, van 19/12/2018 to 21/12/2018 0.3 m²     no or restricted access to toilet, overcrowding, insufficient number of sleeping places   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   27763/19 21/04/2019 Andrey Ivanovich SHAMRAYEV 1976   Eduard Aleksandrovich BULUKHOV 1980     train, van, transit cell, (both applicants) 24/12/2018 to 04/02/2019   no or restricted access to toilet, overcrowding, bunk beds   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   28229/19 13/05/2019 Yuriy Viktorovich KISELEV 1985 Aleksandr Vladimirovich Vinogradov Kostroma transit cell 02/12/2018 to 20/12/2018 0.8-1.8 m²     overcrowding, insufficient number of sleeping places   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   29291/19 06/05/2019 Sergey Ivanovich KARIZHSKIY 1975     van, train 26/03/2019 to 16/04/2019 0.6 m²     insufficient number of sleeping places   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport         1,000   30111/19 07/12/2019 Ibragim Sultanovich BEKMURZIYEV 1978     train, transit cell 28/06/2019 to 19/08/2019 0.3 m²     overcrowding, insufficient number of sleeping places, no or restricted access to toilet, passive smoking, no or restricted access to potable water, inadequate temperature, lack of fresh air, mouldy or dirty cell, bunk beds, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of or insufficient natural light, no or restricted access to warm water, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, poor quality of food, lack or insufficient quantity of food Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   30339/19 20/05/2019 Pavel Vladimirovich TUROBOV 1967     train, transit cell, van 07/11/2019 to 17/11/2019   overcrowding   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   31315/19 29/05/2019 Andrey Vasilyevich FROLOV 1978     train, van, transit cell 17/12/2018 to 03/01/2019 0.3 m²     no or restricted access to toilet, no or restricted access to potable water, lack of privacy for toilet, overcrowding, mouldy or dirty cell, passive smoking, poor quality of food, lack of fresh air, insufficient number of sleeping places, inadequate temperature, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   31517/19 30/05/2019 Anton Sergeyevich GOLOVKO 1986     van, train 24/12/2018 to 29/01/2019   overcrowding, no or restricted access to toilet     1,000   31897/19 27/05/2019 Sergey Igorevich DONETSKOV 1982     van, transit cell, train 17/12/2018 to 21/12/2018 0.3-0.4 m²     inadequate temperature, lack of fresh air, insufficient number of sleeping places, passive smoking   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   31938/19 27/05/2019 Aleksandr Grigoryevich OBODETS 1981     train, transit cell, van 17/12/2018 to 21/12/2018 0.3-0.4 m²     overcrowding, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of fresh air, inadequate temperature, insufficient number of sleeping places, lack or inadequate furniture, passive smoking     Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   32139/19 29/05/2019 Yuriy Viktorovich KULIKOV 1983     train, transit cell, van 14/12/2018 to 10/01/2019 0.2-0.5 m²     lack of fresh air, inadequate temperature, no or restricted access to potable water, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of or insufficient electric light, no or restricted access to toilet Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   32170/19 08/05/2019 Aleksandr Anatolyevich POLUMESTNYY 1979     train, transit cell, van 22/12/2018 to 04/02/2019 0.2-0.3 m²     overcrowding, lack or insufficient quantity of food, no or restricted access to potable water, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of privacy for toilet, lack or inadequate furniture, passive smoking, lack of fresh air, lack of or insufficient electric light, insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   32714/19 20/05/2019 Vyacheslav Yuryevich FEDOTOV 1985     train, van, transit cell 17/12/2018 to 10/01/2019   overcrowding, passive smoking, lack of fresh air, insufficient number of sleeping places Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   33257/19 10/06/2019 Gennadiy Petrovich SIBILEV 1968     train, transit cell, van 29/12/2018 to 25/01/2019   overcrowding, passive smoking, poor quality of potable water, numerous occasions of transport   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport   1,000   33332/19 11/06/2019 Aleksandr Nikolayevcih IVCHENKO 1964     train, transit cell, van 21/12/2018 to 12/02/2019   insufficient number of sleeping places, passive smoking, overcrowding, no or restricted access to toilet   1,000   33652/19 11/06/2019 Aleksandr Aleksandrovich ZAYTSEV 1970     train, transit cell, van 17/12/2018 to 24/01/2019   overcrowding, inadequate temperature, lack of fresh air, passive smoking, insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of or insufficient electric light, no or restricted access to potable water, no or restricted access to toilet Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000     [1] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.