CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;COMMITTEE;ENG — 26 octobre 2023

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RUSSIA (Applications nos. 37136/18 and 30 others – see appended list)             JUDGMENT   STRASBOURG 26 October 2023   This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Konshin and Others v. Russia, The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:   Péter Paczolay , President ,   Gilberto Felici,   Raffaele Sabato , judges , and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 5 October 2023, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in applications against Russia lodged with the Court under Article   34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on the dates indicated in the appended table. 2.     The Russian Government were given notice of the applications. THE FACTS 3.     The list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table. 4.     The applicants complained of the inadequate conditions of detention during their transport. Some applicants also raised complaints under other Convention provisions. THE LAW JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS 5.     Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment. JURISDICTION 6.     The Court observes that the facts giving rise to the alleged violations of the Convention occurred prior to 16 September 2022, the date on which the Russian Federation ceased to be a party to the Convention. The Court therefore decides that it has jurisdiction to examine the present applications (see Fedotova and Others v. Russia [GC], nos.   40792/10 and 2   others, §§   68 ‑ 73, 17   January 2023). ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE   3 OF THE CONVENTION 7.     The applicants complained principally of the inadequate conditions of detention during their transport. They relied on Article 3 of the Convention. 8.     The Court notes that the applicants were detained in poor conditions during transport. The details of the applicants’ detention are indicated in the appended table. The Court refers to the principles established in its case ‑ law regarding cramped and defective conditions during the transit of prisoners (see Tomov and Others v. Russia , nos. 18255/10 and 5 others, §§ 124-27, 9   April 2019). It reiterates in particular that a strong presumption of a violation arises when detainees are transported in conveyances offering less than 0.5 square metres of space per person, regardless of whether such cramped conditions result from an excessive number of detainees being transported together or from the restrictive design of compartments (ibid., §   125). As regards longer journeys, factors such as a failure to arrange an individual sleeping place for each detainee or to secure an adequate supply of drinking water and food or access to the toilet seriously aggravate the situation of prisoners during transfers and are indicative of a violation of Article 3 (ibid., § 127). 9.     In the leading case of Tomov and Others (cited above), the Court already found a violation in respect of issues similar to those in the present case. 10.     Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion on the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case the applicants’ conditions of detention during their transport were inadequate. 11.     These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article 3 of the Convention. OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS UNDER WELL-ESTABLISHED CASE-LAW 12.     The applicants whose names are listed in the appended table also complained under Article 13 of the Convention of the lack of an effective remedy for their complaints about poor conditions of detention during transport and under Article 3 about the use of metal cages in courtrooms. These complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article   35 § 3 (a) of the Convention, nor are they inadmissible on any other ground. Accordingly, they must be declared admissible. Having examined all the material before it, the Court concludes that they also disclose a violation of the Convention in the light of its findings in Tomov and Others (cited above, §§ 143-56) and Svinarenko and Slyadnev v. Russia [GC], nos.   32541/08 and 43441/08, ECHR 2014 (extracts), respectively. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE   41 OF THE CONVENTION 13.     Article 41 of the Convention provides: “If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.” 14.     Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case ‑ law (see, in particular, Pukhachev and Zaretskiy v. Russia, nos.   17494/16 and 29203/16, 16 November 2017), the Court considers it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table. FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY, Decides to join the applications; Holds that it has jurisdiction to deal with these applications as they relate to facts that took place before 16   September 2022; Declares the applications admissible; Holds that these applications disclose a breach of Article   3 of the Convention concerning the inadequate conditions of detention during transport; Holds that there have been violations of Article 3 of the Convention, and of Article 13 of the Convention, taken in conjunction with Article 3, in respect of the applicants who complained about their placement in a metal cage in courtrooms and about the lack of an effective domestic remedy to complain about poor conditions of detention during transport (see the appended table); Holds (a)   that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement; (b)   that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default during the default period plus three percentage points. Done in English, and notified in writing on 26 October 2023, pursuant to Rule   77   §§   2 and   3 of the Rules of Court.     Viktoriya Maradudina   Péter Paczolay   Acting Deputy Registrar   President       APPENDIX List of applications raising complaints under Article 3 of the Convention (inadequate conditions of detention during transport) No. Application no. Date of introduction Applicant’s name Year of birth Representative’s name and location Means of transport Start and end date Sq. m per inmate Specific grievances Other complaints under well-established case-law Amount awarded for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage and costs and expenses per applicant (in euros) [1]     37136/18 22/07/2018 Konstantin Vasilyevich KONSHIN 1976     train 25/01/2018 to 26/01/2018 0.2 m²     insufficient number of sleeping places, inadequate temperature, lack of or insufficient natural light, passive smoking, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of privacy for toilet Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000     37357/18 17/07/2018 Leonid Yevgenyevich FREYDMAN 1980     van, train 11/07/2018 to 12/07/2018 0.39 m²     insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of fresh air, passive smoking, lack or insufficient quantity of food, no or restricted access to toilet Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000     37663/18 27/07/2018 Mikhail Mikhaylovich GRIGORYEV 1986     van, train 09/02/2018 to 10/02/2018               van, train 07/03/2018 to 07/03/2018 0.2-0.4 m²                   0.2-0.4 m²     overcrowding, insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of or insufficient electric light, sleep deprivation, no or restricted access to potable water, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of privacy for toilet, lack of fresh air   overcrowding, insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of or insufficient electric light, no or restricted access to potable water, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of privacy for toilet, lack of fresh air Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000     37678/18 26/07/2018 Sergey Nikolayevich SMYKALOV 1991     van 31/01/2018 to 31/01/2018     van 20/02/2018 to 20/02/2018 0.36 m²         0.36 m²     overcrowding, no or restricted access to potable water, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of fresh air, lack of or insufficient electric light   overcrowding, lack of fresh air, lack of or insufficient electric light Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000     40367/18 08/08/2018 Andrey Igorevich LEVCHENKO 1988     train 03/02/2018 to 07/03/2018   insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of privacy for toilet, lack of or insufficient electric light, passive smoking, overcrowding Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000     40485/18 08/07/2018 Igor Viktorovich KOROBOV 1988     train 13/01/2018 to 09/02/2018 0.4 m²     overcrowding, insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen   1,000     40763/18 06/08/2018 Aleksandr Vladimirovich BALASHIKHIN 1966     van, train 03/07/2018 to 04/07/2018   lack of or insufficient physical exercise in fresh air, passive smoking, overcrowding, poor quality of food, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of privacy for toilet   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000     40777/18 30/07/2018 Aleksandr Vladimirovich KALOSHIN 1975     van, train 21/03/2018 to 22/03/2018       van, train 15/05/2018 to 15/05/2018 0.5 m²           0.5 m²     overcrowding, no or restricted access to potable water, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of privacy for toilet, lack of or insufficient electric light, insufficient number of sleeping places   overcrowding, no or restricted access to potable water, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of privacy for toilet, insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of or insufficient electric light Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000     41812/18 21/08/2018 Sergey Aleksandrovich SKRIPNIK 1987     train 23/07/2018 to 23/07/2018   overcrowding, insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of fresh air, no or restricted access to potable water   1,000   41822/18 21/08/2018 Yevgeniy Gennadyevich NESTEROV 1983     train, van 15/08/2018 to 16/08/2018 0.2 m²     insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of or insufficient electric light, no or restricted access to toilet, no or restricted access to potable water, lack of privacy for toilet, lack of fresh air, passive smoking Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   42085/18 26/08/2018 Artem Stanislavovich BEZRUKOV 1998 Ivan Severovich Sidorov Moscow van (11 trips to and from the Zelenogradskiy District Court and Moscow City Court) 05/10/2017 to 06/06/2018   overcrowding, passive smoking, lack of fresh air Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   42309/18 27/08/2018 Ruslan Rinatovich GARIYEV 1980     van, train 07/08/2018 to 09/08/2018   inadequate temperature, lack of fresh air, no or restricted access to toilet, overcrowding, passive smoking, poor quality of food, poor quality of potable water   1,000   42402/18 23/08/2018 Andrey Vladimirovich MALYARENKO 1985     train, van 09/08/2017 to 27/07/2018   overcrowding, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, no or restricted access to toilet, inadequate temperature Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   42483/18 26/08/2018 Nikolay Dmitriyevich NIKITAYEV 1994 Ivan Severovich Sidorov Moscow van since 09/11/2017; most recent trip took place on 23/08/2018 0.3-0.5 m²     overcrowding, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of fresh air, mouldy or dirty cell, passive smoking, no or restricted access to potable water   1,000   43753/18 28/08/2018 Yuriy Mikhaylovich PASKAL 1966     train, van 02/02/2018 to 01/03/2018   inadequate temperature, insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities, no or restricted access to toilet, no or restricted access to warm water, poor quality of potable water   1,000   44041/18 31/08/2018 Nikolay Gennadyevich PAVLOV 1982     van, train 03/07/2018 to 04/07/2018 <1 m²     inadequate temperature, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of privacy for toilet, no or restricted access to toilet Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   44534/18 03/09/2018 Stefan Venkovich GORNICHAROV 1983     train 25/06/2018 to 27/06/2018 0.4 m²     lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of privacy for toilet, no or restricted access to toilet   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   44748/18 05/09/2018 Sergey Petrovich ZHURAVLEV 1988     van, train 15/05/2018 to 15/05/2018 0.3 m²     overcrowding, no or restricted access to toilet, passive smoking, lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   44926/18 07/09/2018 Igor Ivanovich KOSTYLEV 1988     van, train 17/05/2018 to 29/06/2018 0.1-0.7 m²     lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, insufficient number of sleeping places, lack or insufficient quantity of food, lack of or insufficient electric light, passive smoking, no or restricted access to potable water, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of privacy for toilet Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   45208/18 02/09/2018 Yuriy Mikhaylovich KETOV 1988     train 21/05/2018 to 23/05/2018 0.34 m²     lack of or insufficient electric light, lack of or insufficient natural light, overcrowding, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of fresh air, lack of privacy for toilet, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, insufficient number of sleeping places Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   45225/18 05/09/2018 Aleksandr Viktorovich SHATS 1975     train, van 15/03/2018 to 15/03/2018   overcrowding, no or restricted access to toilet, insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of or insufficient electric light, no or restricted access to potable water, lack of fresh air, inadequate temperature, passive smoking, lack or inadequate furniture, no or restricted access to warm water, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   45230/18 12/09/2018 Oleg Anatolyevich PIKULEV 1966     train, van 07/08/2018 to 09/08/2018   train, van 27/09/2018 to 29/09/2018 0.4 m²     insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of fresh air, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, no or restricted access to toilet, no or restricted access to potable water, no or restricted access to running water, inadequate temperature, passive smoking   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   45717/18 29/08/2018 Oleg Vyacheslavovich TATKIN 1983     train, van 07/07/2018 to 07/07/2018 0.2 m²     overcrowding, no or restricted access to running water, lack of privacy for toilet, no or restricted access to toilet, lack of or insufficient electric light   1,000   46005/18 05/09/2018 Igor Sergeyevich SINICHKIN 1989     transit cell, van 22/09/2017 to 06/07/2018   overcrowding, lack or insufficient quantity of food, no or restricted access to potable water, lack of fresh air, passive smoking, sharing cells with inmates infected with contagious disease, inadequate temperature, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of or insufficient electric light, no or restricted access to toilet, lack or inadequate furniture Art. 3 - use of metal cages and/or other security arrangements in courtrooms - detention in a metal cage during hearings at the Noginsk Town Court and the Moscow Regional Court on at least 25 occasions between 22/09/2017 and 06/07/2018 8,500   46208/18 11/09/2018 Vladimir Olegovich BOGACHEV 1960     train 21/08/2018 to 22/08/2018 0.4 m²     overcrowding, lack of or insufficient electric light, insufficient number of sleeping places, no or restricted access to toilet       Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   46618/18 03/09/2018 Sergey Viktorovich AZARIKHIN 1981     train 17/05/2018 to 08/06/2018 0.3 m²     insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of fresh air, overcrowding, no or restricted access to warm water, passive smoking   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   46622/18 04/09/2018 Roman Sergeyevich KETSKO 1986     transit cell, train 03/07/2018 to 04/07/2018 0.3 m²     insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of fresh air, no or restricted access to toilet, overcrowding, constant electric light   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   46863/18 27/09/2018 Aleksandr Petrovich VOLKOV 1980     van, train 25/08/2018 to 25/08/2018 0.3 m²     lack of security belts, no or restricted access to potable water, insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, lack of or insufficient electric light, no or restricted access to toilet         1,000   46964/18 19/09/2018 Vitaliy Anatolyevich CHEREPANOV 1983     van, train 21/08/2018 to 21/08/2018   train, van 01/10/2018 to 01/10/2018 0.4-0.6 m²       0.3 m²     insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of or poor quality of bedding and bed linen, no or restricted access to toilet, no or restricted access to potable water, lack of fresh air, passive smoking Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   47687/18 25/09/2018 Aleksey Vadimovich RUZHNIKOV 1991     train 02/08/2018 to 03/08/2018   lack of fresh air, lack of or insufficient electric light, no or restricted access to toilet   Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000   48041/18 17/09/2018 Eduard Anatolyevich LEVITSKIY 2018     train, van 11/07/2018 to 12/07/2018   insufficient number of sleeping places, overcrowding, lack of or insufficient electric light, no or restricted access to toilet Art. 13 - lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of detention during transport 1,000     [1] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.