CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 28 novembre 2023

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display:inline-block } .sD11CFAB7 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:15.01pt; margin-bottom:3pt; text-align:justify; padding-left:1.99pt; font-family:Arial } .sFBC99493 { font-style:italic } .s2D9C6089 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s69DCC830 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .s4F597665 { width:33.22pt; display:inline-block } .sEEEC397 { width:146.09pt; display:inline-block } .s5A65B3DC { width:46.56pt; display:inline-block } .s44B8752F { width:177.11pt; display:inline-block } SECOND SECTION CASE OF DRAGO TADIĆ v. CROATIA (Application no. 25551/18)   JUDGMENT Art 6 § 1 (criminal) • Independent and impartial tribunal • Objective impartiality of the Supreme Court whose president had allegedly played a role in criminal offences for which the applicant was tried, relating to an attempt to influence the Supreme Court itself in a case against a well-known politician, and gave testimony as a prosecution witness in the applicant’s trial • President’s testimony neither the “sole” evidence to ground his conviction nor “decisive” for the outcome of his case • Applicant given the opportunity to cross-examine the President before the trial court and made his allegations against the President for the first time in his appeals against the trial court’s judgment • Supreme Court judges who examined the applicant’s appeals were sufficiently independent from the President and free from any undue influence from him • Applicant’s fears as regards lack of impartiality not objectively justified Art 6 § 1 (criminal) and § 2 • Right to a fair hearing and to be presumed innocent not breached by publication in the media during appeal proceedings of recordings of the applicant’s telephone conversations tapped by the Security Intelligence Agency • Supreme Court (appellate) judges highly experienced professional judges trained to disregard any suggestion from outside the trial • Conviction upheld strictly on the basis of the evidence in the case file which did not contain the impugned recordings • No evidence suggesting that the Supreme Court judges were influenced by the recordings   STRASBOURG 28 November 2023   FINAL   28/02/2024   This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Drago Tadić v. Croatia, The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Arnfinn Bårdsen,   Jovan Ilievski,   Pauliine Koskelo,   Saadet Yüksel , judges ,   Lorraine Schembri Orland , ad hoc judge ,   Frédéric Krenc,   Diana Sârcu , judges , and Hasan Bakırcı, Section Registrar, Having regard to: the application (no.   25551/18) against the Republic of Croatia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Croatian national, Mr Drago Tadić (“the applicant”), on 24 May 2018; the decision to give notice to the Croatian Government (“the Government”) of the complaints concerning the lack of impartiality of the Supreme Court and the breach of presumption of innocence and to declare inadmissible the remainder of the application; the parties’ observations; the withdrawal (under Rule 28 of the Rules of Court) from the case of Mr   Davor Derenčinović, the judge elected in respect of the Republic of Croatia, and the appointment by the President of Ms Lorraine Schembri Orland to sit as ad hoc judge (Rule 29 § 2); Having deliberated in private on 7 November 2023, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: INTRODUCTION 1.     The case concerns criminal proceedings in which the applicant was found guilty of conspiring with several persons with a view to influencing the Supreme Court, by means of paying a sum of money, to render a decision favourable to a well-known politician who was being tried for a war crime. 2.     The applicant complained that the Supreme Court, as the appellate court in his case, had not been impartial because of the circumstances surrounding its president, who had testified as a witness for the prosecution. He also complained that the publication in the media – two months before the Supreme Court had adopted a decision in his case – of recordings of his telephone conversations made by the Security Intelligence Agency had exerted pressure on the Supreme Court judges to uphold his conviction and had breached his right to be presumed innocent. THE FACTS 3.     The applicant was born in 1961 and lives in Osijek. He was represented by Ms V. Drenški Lasan, a lawyer practising in Zagreb. 4.     The Government were represented by their Agent, Ms Š. Stažnik. 5.     The facts of the case may be summarised as follows. Background INFORMATION 6 .     In May 2009 B.G. (a well-known politician) and several other persons, were found guilty by the first-instance court of a war crime against the civilian population. B.G. was sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment. The defendants and the prosecution lodged appeals with the Supreme Court ( Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske ), which examined them in a session held from 31 May until 2 June 2010. On the latter date, the Supreme Court upheld B.G.’s conviction but reduced his sentence to eight years’ imprisonment. Investigation and criminal proceedings AGAINST the applicant 7 .     The Security Intelligence Agency ( Sigurnosno-obavještajna agencija ) learned that the applicant (who was a businessman) and several other persons had allegedly become aware that the Supreme Court had adopted a decision that had been unfavourable to B.G. and were suspectedly taking steps with a view to influencing the judges to change that decision before the parties concerned were notified of it.   The Security Intelligence Agency tapped their telephone conversations in the period between 4   and 20 July 2010. The recordings of those conversations were not part of the ensuing criminal proceedings against the applicant. 8 .     On 20 July 2010 the Office for the Suppression of Corruption and Organised Crime ( Ured za suzbijanje korupcije i organiziranog kriminaliteta – hereinafter “the OSCOC”) asked an investigating judge of the Zagreb County Court ( Županijski sud u Zagrebu ) to authorise the use of special investigative measures (namely, phone tapping and covert monitoring) against the applicant and several other persons on the grounds that they were suspected of conspiring for the purpose of committing criminal offences. The investigating judge granted the request and ordered the use of secret ‑ surveillance measures from 20 July until 20 September 2010. 9.     On 7 October 2010, relying on the results of the special investigative measures (see paragraph 8 above) and searches of the suspects, their vehicles, homes and other premises, the OSCOC opened an investigation in respect of the applicant and four other persons. During the investigation, multiple witnesses were heard. Some of them mentioned the alleged involvement of several high-profile persons within the judiciary and the sphere of politics in the attempt to influence the Supreme Court to change its decision to one that was favourable to B.G. 10 .     On 11 March 2011, at the proposal of two of the applicant’s co ‑ suspects, the investigators questioned B.H., the President of the Supreme Court at the time. B.H. told the investigators that on 14 July 2010 he had had lunch with the applicant and several other persons. After lunch the applicant had asked him in private about the case against B.G. Notably, the applicant had told him that “they” knew about the Supreme Court’s decision and about the possibility of the Supreme Court’s service for recording, monitoring and studying judicial practice ( Služba evidencije, praćenja i proučavanja sudske prakse – hereinafter “the Records Service”) remitting the case to the court’s panel, which could then alter its decision. The applicant had further suggested that instead of assigning the case to a court advisor who was supposed to examine the panel’s decision once it arrived in the Records Service, the case should be assigned specifically to a certain Supreme Court judge, A.P., who also worked in the Records Service. Having understood that the applicant was in possession of confidential information, the following morning B.H. had informed the State Attorney General of his conversation with the applicant. 11.     On 4 July 2011 the OSCOC indicted the applicant and four other persons in the Zagreb County Court with the criminal offences of conspiring for the purpose of committing criminal offences and instigating an illegal intercession. 12 .     The OSCOC reached an agreement on guilt and sentencing with the applicant’s co-accused, and the proceedings ensued solely against the applicant, who denied the charges against him. 13 .     During the trial, the Zagreb County Court played the recorded telephone conversations between the applicant, his former co-accused and other persons (see paragraph 8 above), inspected the video footage and photographs taken during their covert monitoring, examined other material evidence contained in the file, and heard thirty witnesses, including the applicant’s former co-accused, and the President of the Supreme Court, B.H. The witnesses were cross-examined by the prosecution and the defence. 14.     In his witness testimony of 6 September 2012, the President of the Supreme Court, B.H., was questioned about the fact that on 15 July 2010, he had asked the head of the Supreme Court’s Records Service, Judge S.B.K., to entrust Judge A.P. with examining the panel’s decision in the case against B.G., instead of the court advisor who had initially been entrusted with that task. B.H. submitted that he had done so in order to avoid any objections to the effect that a court advisor and not a judge had examined the decision rendered in that sensitive case. However, Judge A.P. had eventually declined to accept the task, and the decision had ultimately been examined by the court advisor. 15 .     In the oral statement that he gave at the end of the trial, the applicant denied that he was guilty of the charges against him. He explained that he had merely been collecting information about the case against B.G. at the request of S.M., a journalist and a friend of B.G.’s (and afterwards his co-accused). He also submitted that at the lunch held on 14 July 2010, he had only asked B.H., the President of the Supreme Court, to explain to him what normally happened when a panel decision arrived at the Records Service. B.H. had replied that the panel’s decision in the case against B.G. would most probably be examined by Judge A.P. The applicant asked the court to hear Judge S.B.K. as a witness, so that she could explain when, how and why the President of the Supreme Court had asked her to change the person in the Records Service who would be in charge of examining the panel’s decision against B.G., and whether the Records Service could indeed remit the case to the panel. He argued that her testimony would prove that he had had nothing to do with deciding which member of the Records Service staff would be assigned to the case against B.G. The Zagreb County Court dismissed the applicant’s request that Judge S.B.K. be heard, reasoning that it was aimed at establishing facts that were irrelevant for the charges against the applicant. 16 .     On 27 February 2013 the Zagreb County Court adopted a judgment finding the applicant guilty of the criminal offences with which he had been charged and sentencing him to two years’ imprisonment. In its judgment, the Zagreb County Court noted that during June and July 2010 – knowing that the appellate proceedings in the case against B.G. and others concerning war crime were pending before the Supreme Court, and with a view to obtaining a decision favourable for B.G. – the applicant had associated S.J., B.Ć.T., S.M. and I.D. in a common enterprise: he and S.J. had been in charge of finding persons who would (in return for payment) influence the Supreme Court judges and persons working in that court’s Records Service; S.M. and I.D. had been in charge of gathering money with which to finance those criminal offences; and B.Ć.T. had been in charge of coordinating everyone’s actions. The Zagreb County Court established that, in order to achieve their plan, the applicant and S.J. had contacted numerous persons regarding the case against B.G., and that upon learning that the Supreme Court panel had rendered its decision, which was to be reviewed by the Records Service, which could remit the case to the panel in the event that the decision was contrary to the Supreme Court’s case-law, the applicant and S.J. had enquired who in the Records Service would be in charge of examining the panel’s decision, expecting to succeed in remitting the case to the panel. Moreover, the Zagreb County Court established that S.M. and I.D. had failed to gather the agreed amount of money, so the applicant had borrowed 50,000 euros from a certain P.P. for the purpose of achieving their plan. It further established that S.J. had made contact with the former State Secretary in the Justice Ministry, M.D.V., and that, in accordance with the applicant’s instructions, S.J. was about to give M.D.V. a sum of money in exchange for influencing the Supreme Court judges in B.G.’s case; in the end, however, that did not happen, as S.M. and I.D. – having started to suspect that they were being monitored by the authorities – ended all further action. 17 .     The Zagreb County Court established those facts largely on the basis of the secret-surveillance recordings (see paragraph 8 above), whose authenticity the applicant never disputed. As to the testimony given by the witnesses, including that of the applicant’s former co-accused, who had confessed to the charges – see paragraph 12 above, the Zagreb County Court accepted it as credible in those parts where it corresponded to other evidence – primarily the secret-surveillance recordings. 18 .     As to the fact that the applicant had been contacting different persons in order to gather information regarding the appellate proceedings against B.G., the Zagreb County Court established, inter alia, that the applicant had asked the President of the Supreme Court, B.H., about those proceedings on 14 July 2010. It noted that B.H.’s and the applicant’s versions differed as to what exactly had been said during their private conversation but concluded that those differences were irrelevant for the subject matter of the case since it was undisputed that the two had spoken about the proceedings against B.G. on the applicant’s initiative. The Zagreb County Court also established that the applicant had had contact with several other persons regarding the appellate proceedings against B.G., such as a former President of Croatia, a certain well-known politician and a person who had connections at the Supreme Court. 19 .     The Zagreb County Court further established that the applicant had undoubtedly been aware of the illegality of his actions, not least because in their tapped telephone conversations and text messages he and his interlocutors had spoken in code in order to obfuscate the meaning of their statements, and because at one point the applicant had asked his wife to throw their mobile telephones into the sea in order to cover up evidence. In sentencing the applicant to two years’ imprisonment, the Zagreb County Court held it against him that the ultimate goal of his actions had been to influence the Supreme Court judges to undertake unauthorised actions; conversely, the court noted in his favour that he had no other criminal convictions. 20 .     The applicant and the prosecution both lodged appeals against the judgment with the Supreme Court. The prosecution asked that a harsher sentence be imposed on the applicant. The applicant argued, inter alia , that he had only played a minor role – that of collecting information about the appellate proceedings against B.G. Ascribing to him the key role in the affair had served to justify the failure to prosecute certain other persons whose involvement had been discovered during the investigation. He argued that the only incriminating evidence against him had been the testimony of the President of the Supreme Court, B.H., whose allegations had been contradictory and not credible. He pointed out that B.H. had reported him to the State Attorney General for allegedly suggesting that the Supreme Court panel’s decision in the case against B.G. be assigned to Judge A.P. in the Records Service, whereas after his conversation with the applicant, B.H. had assigned the case precisely to judge A.P., instead of the court advisor who was normally supposed to examine it. Furthermore, the investigation had shown that B.H. had been in contact with certain other persons; whose requests to him in respect of the case against B.G. he had probably granted, and B.H. had used his conversation with the applicant on 14 July 2010 to cover up his own actions. In that connection he complained of the fact that the trial court had refused to hear Judge S.B.K., who could have clarified the circumstances surrounding the fact that B.H. had asked her to assign the case against B.G. to Judge A.P. Judge S.B.K. could also have clarified whether it had ever happened that the Records Service had remitted a case to the panel, and the panel had then altered its decision in respect of that case. For his part, the applicant doubted that such a scenario was even possible in practice, contending that the applicable legislation did not sufficiently regulate the matter. The applicant also challenged in detail the trial court’s conclusions regarding the other relevant facts, and the application of the relevant law. He lastly argued that the non-suspended prison sentence imposed on him had been too strict compared with the suspended prison sentences imposed on his former co-accused. Moreover, in the circumstances where some of the perpetrators of the impugned criminal offences concerning manipulating the appellate proceedings against B.G. had never even been prosecuted, the trial court’s explanation that his sentence served the purpose of the general prevention of crime was entirely cynical. ARTICLE PUBLIsHED IN THE MEDIA 21 .     While the appeals were pending before the Supreme Court, on 11   December 2016 the newspaper Nedjeljni jutarnji (the Sunday edition of the daily national newspaper Jutarnji list ) published an article entitled “How the [Security Intelligence Agency] discovered the infiltration of the Supreme Court” ( Kako je SOA otkrila upad u Vrhovni sud ). The article referred to the recordings of telephone conversations between the applicant, his former co-accused and certain other persons tapped by the Security Intelligence Agency in the period between 4 and 20 July 2010 (see   paragraph 7 above). It stated that those recordings did not form part of the criminal case against the applicant, which at that time had been pending before the Supreme Court for more than three years, but that in general information gathered by the secret services served as an indicator to the authorities of what was going on in the “underground”, so that they could focus the conduct of their investigation. The article outlined the charges against the applicant, including that – in order to help B.G. in his case – he had allegedly been trying to make contact with Supreme Court judges, the President of the Supreme Court B.H. and certain influential politicians. It stated that the witness testimony of the President of the Supreme Court in the case against the applicant had contradicted the content of the impugned Security Intelligence Agency recordings. The article further stated that the recordings were important because they showed that a group of people had managed to “break into” one of the most important institutions in Croatia. Since the names of various judges and other public officials had come up in the recorded telephone conversations, some of whom were still in their posts, it was important to inform the public of them. The article then enumerated the judges, politicians and other publicly known persons who had been mentioned in the recorded conversations, pointing out that the most interesting part of those conversations was that concerning the meeting between the applicant and the President of the Supreme Court, B.H., on 14 July 2010. The article explained that in the proceedings against the applicant B.H. had testified that he had met the applicant on 14 July 2010 by chance, after the applicant had walked in on a lunch date that B.H. had had arranged with certain other persons. It then cited transcripts of telephone conversations suggesting that the lunch between the applicant and B.H. had purposefully been arranged beforehand in order for them to discuss the case against B.G. The article also cited transcripts of the applicant’s telephone conversations recorded immediately after his lunch with B.H., according to which the applicant had told his wife and other interlocutors that he had spoken to B.H. for some twenty minutes in private and that things should work out satisfactorily; B.H. had promised to try to convince a certain M. and to determine whether a remittal of the case would work. B.H. had reportedly also referred to the possibility of lodging a complaint at “a higher instance”, but the applicant had told him that such a scenario had already been “nixed”. B.H. had then reportedly admitted that he was afraid of a certain B.; otherwise, he would have “taken care of things” immediately. The article also cited transcripts of telephone conversations in which the applicant had arranged borrowing money from P.P., and telephone conversations in which the applicant and his interlocutors had commended the efforts exerted by the former President of Croatia in respect of the matter, the useful information given to them by M.D.V., and the fact that a certain B. had reportedly confirmed that he would be “in favour” [of the plan to have the case remitted]. The article was also published on the news portal Jutarnji.hr, where it is still possible to hear the impugned recordings. DECISIONS OF the SUPREME COURT AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT 22 .     On 7 February 2017 the Supreme Court dismissed the appeals lodged by the applicant and the prosecution and upheld the applicant’s conviction. In its decision it did not refer to the Nedjeljni jutarnji article (see paragraph   21 above) or the Security Intelligence Agency’s recordings in any way. It found that the trial court had properly established the relevant facts and correctly applied the law, addressing all the applicant’s arguments to the contrary. Inter alia , it found it clear that the Supreme Court’s Records Service could in practice remit the case to the panel for re-examination. It also agreed with the trial court that Judge S.B.K.’s witness testimony had been irrelevant, since the applicant’s allegations regarding B.H., which S.B.K. had been expected to clarify, had had in any event nothing to do with establishing the facts relevant for the accusation against the applicant. Specifically, the Supreme Court agreed with the trial court that it was only relevant that the applicant and B.H. had spoken about the appellate proceedings against B.G. and the Records Service at the applicant’s initiative, a fact which the applicant and B.H. did not dispute. In particular, the Supreme Court held: “... the question of the credibility of B.H.’s statements – which [the applicant] seeks to dispute – goes beyond the factual description of the charges [against the applicant] and constitutes speculation on the part of [the applicant] about the actions of the witness B.H. and the goal thereof, which are not the subject of these proceedings; nor does it affect the establishment of the facts against [the applicant], because it is undisputed between [the applicant] and the witness B.H. that their conversation regarding the second-instance criminal proceedings against B.G. was initiated precisely by [the applicant], and that they spoke about the Supreme Court’s Records Service.” The Supreme Court considered that the applicant’s sanction had been properly imposed by the trial court, since the ultimate goal of his actions had been to influence the Supreme Court judges in a case concerning a war crime, which demonstrated disrespect towards the highest court in Croatia and the country’s value system. It added that it could not have re-examined the sanctions imposed on the applicant’s former co-accused and compared them with the sentence imposed on the applicant since they had been convicted on the basis of an agreement with the prosecution, and the judgments against them had immediately become final. 23 .     In two subsequent constitutional complaints, the applicant complained, inter alia , that the Supreme Court had not been impartial – as required by Article 29(1) of the Croatian Constitution ( Ustav Republike Hrvatske ) and Article 6 § 1 of the Convention – because the president of that court had been placed in a position in which he had had “to defend himself from the publicly expressed suspicions of his being involved in the criminal offence, and the Supreme Court, as the appellate court – building around itself an ‘institutional self-protecting shield’ against the criminal offence –breached the constitutional requirement of objective impartiality to the applicant’s detriment, in the sense that it did not respect the constitutional requirement of remaining neutral”. He argued that the Supreme Court’s lack of neutrality in respect of his case had been evident from the fact that it had refused to properly scrutinise the witness testimony of its president and the practical work of the Records Service. That lack of neutrality had further been reflected in the reasons that that court had given in support of his sentence. Lastly, the applicant argued that it was the Supreme Court that had shown disrespect towards the country’s value system when it had dismissed the applicant’s requests to clarify the actions of its president in the case against B.G. The applicant also complained that the publication of the Security Intelligence Agency’s recordings of his telephone conversations, while the proceedings had been pending before the Supreme Court, had influenced the Supreme Court’s decision in respect of his case, including the sentence it had imposed on him. He submitted that publishing those recordings, which had not been used as evidence in the criminal proceedings against him, merely eight weeks before the session of the Supreme Court, had demonstrated that “there [had been] a media campaign sponsored by the State that [had] allowed the information contained in the unlawful evidence to become known to the appellate court judges”. He referred to Natsvlishvili and Togonidze v. Georgia (no. 9043/05, § 105, ECHR 2014 (extracts)), where the Court had confirmed that a virulent media campaign could adversely affect the fairness of a trial and involve the State’s responsibility – both in terms of the impartiality of the court under Article 6 § 1, and with regard to the presumption of innocence embodied in Article 6 § 2. In his constitutional complaints the applicant did not dispute the authenticity of the published Security Intelligence Agency’s recordings of his telephone conversations or the transcripts thereof. 24 .     On 13 March 2018 the Constitutional Court ( Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske ) dismissed the applicant’s constitutional complaints as unfounded. The Constitutional Court reiterated that B.H.’s alleged actions had not been the subject matter of the proceedings and had not affected the facts established against the applicant. Accordingly, there had been no need to hear Judge S.B.K. with respect to B.H.’s actions. It also found it clear that the Records Service could remit the case to the panel, and that there was therefore no need to hear Judge S.B.K. in that regard either. It further addressed the applicant’s complaint that “the courts had cocooned themselves” in respect of his arguments regarding the actions of B.H. and the inconsistency of his witness testimony in order to preserve their integrity. In that connection the Constitutional Court disagreed with the applicant that B.H.’ witness testimony had played a crucial role in the proceedings, noting instead that the applicant had been convicted on the basis of a large body of evidence – primarily lawful recordings of tapped telephone conversations. It reiterated that B.H.’s alleged actions were of no relevance to the facts established against the applicant. The Constitutional Court lastly noted that there was no connection between the media article complained of and the Supreme Court’s decision against the applicant, and that there was no indication that the Supreme Court in the applicant’s case had been partial because of it. The fact that its judgment had been rendered eight weeks after the article’s publication could have merely been a consequence of, for instance, the court’s case-processing dynamics. It concluded that the courts had convicted the applicant on the basis of numerous items of lawful evidence and had given extensive reasons for their findings. The fact that the applicant had not agreed with them had been insufficient to hold that the judges had been “contaminated” by the disputed publications in the media. 25.     The Constitutional Court’s decision was served on the applicant’s representative on 20 March 2018. Other relevant Information 26.     On 14 March 2017 the applicant lodged a civil claim against the publisher of the newspapers Jutarnji list and Nedjeljni jutarnji and the news portal Jutarnji.hr. He argued that the unlawful publication of the recordings made by the Security Intelligence Agency had influenced the Supreme Court in the criminal proceedings against him, aggravated his position in the trial and violated his personality rights. The civil proceedings are still pending before the first-instance court. 27 .     On 3 December 2019 the applicant filed a criminal complaint against the editor-in-chief of Jutarnji list and the author of the article published in Nedjeljni jutarnji , and against the unidentified employees of the Security Intelligence Agency and the State Attorney’s Office ( Državno odvjetništvo Republike Hrvatske ) who had allegedly provided the Security Intelligence Agency’s recordings to outside parties. An investigation into this matter is still being conducted by the domestic authorities. 28.     In the meantime, in 2015 the Constitutional Court quashed the Supreme Court’s judgment against B.G. and others concerning war crime (see   paragraph 6 above). The proceedings were remitted to the first-instance court which on 27 October 2023 sentenced B.G. to seven years’ imprisonment. RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE 29 .     The relevant Articles of the Croatian Constitution ( Ustav Republike Hrvatske , Official Gazette of the Republic of Croatia no. 56/1990 with subsequent amendments) read: Article 116 “The Supreme Court, as the highest court, ensures the uniform application of law and the equality of all in the application thereof. The President of the Supreme Court is elected and dismissed by the Croatian Parliament according to a proposal made by the President of the Republic, with the prior opinion of the general session of the Supreme Court and of the relevant committee of the Croatian Parliament. The President of the Supreme Court is elected for a period of four years. The establishment, scope, composition and organisation of courts, and proceedings before courts, are regulated by law.” Article 120 “Judicial duty is permanent. A judge will be dismissed from judicial duty if: -     he or she so requests, -     he or she permanently loses the ability to perform his or her duties, -     he or she is convicted of a criminal offence that renders him or her unworthy to perform [his or her] judicial duty, -     in accordance with the law, owing to [the fact that] a serious disciplinary offence [has been] committed, the National Judicial Council so decides, -     when he or she turns 70 years old. ... A judge cannot be transferred against his or her will, except in the event of the dissolution of the court [in question] or the reorganisation of that court in accordance with the law ...” Article 121 “The National Judicial Council ( Državno sudbeno vijeće ) is an autonomous and independent body that ensures the autonomy and independence of the judiciary in the Republic of Croatia. The National Judicial Council, in accordance with the Constitution and the law, independently decides on the appointment, promotion, transfer, dismissal and disciplinary responsibility of judges and presidents of courts, except for the President of the Supreme Court. ...” 30 .     The National Judicial Council Act ( Zakon o Državnom sudbenom vijeću , Official Gazette of the Republic of Croatia no. 116/2010, with subsequent amendments) regulates the composition, powers and operation of the authority that has the power to decide on the appointment and dismissal of judges – namely, the National Judicial Council. It regulates, in particular, the process of appointment of judges, disciplinary offences in the course of the exercise of judicial office, and disciplinary proceedings against judges. The relevant provisions of the Act, as in force at the time, read: Article 42(1) “The National Judicial Council [decides on]: -     the appointment of judges, –     the appointment and dismissal of court presidents, -     the immunity of judges, -     the transfer of judges, -     conducting disciplinary proceedings and deciding on the disciplinary responsibility of judges, -     the dismissal of judges, -     participation in the training and development of judges and court officials, -     the adoption of the methodology [to be employed in] evaluating judges, -     keeping the personal records of judges, -     the management and control of judges’ property cards [documents that list all assets owned by judges].” Article 51(4) “A person can be appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court if he or she has worked as a judicial official for at least fifteen years [or] has for the same number of years been an attorney or a notary public, a university professor of legal sciences who has passed the bar exam and at has least fifteen years of work experience after passing the bar exam, and a reputable a lawyer [who has passed the] bar exam and [has] at least twenty years of work experience, [and] who has proved him or herself through professional work in a certain legal field and through professional and scientific work.” Article 73 “(1)     A judge shall be suspended from duty: -     if criminal proceedings have been initiated against him or her in respect of a criminal offence punishable by a prison sentence of five years or more, or while he or she is in custody, –     because of a conviction for a criminal offence that renders him or her unworthy to perform the duties of a judge, or -     owing to the commission of a serious disciplinary offence. (2)     A judge may be suspended from office: -     if criminal proceedings have been initiated against him or her in respect of a criminal offence punishable by up to five years’ imprisonment, -     if he or she undertakes a service, job or activity that is incompatible with the performance of [his or her] judicial duty, -     if in [lodging a] request for the initiation of disciplinary proceedings the authorised initiator [of that request] proposed dismissal as a disciplinary penalty. (3)     A request for suspension shall be submitted to the National Judicial Council by the president of the court in which the judge holds judicial office, the president of the immediately higher court, the relevant judicial council, or the President of the Supreme Court. (4)     A decision on suspension in the [scenarios] referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall be made by the president of the court [where the judge in question is employed]; ... in the [scenarios] referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article, the decision shall be made by the National Judicial Council without delay.” 31 .     The relevant provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure ( Zakon o kaznenom postupku , Official Gazette of the Republic of Croatia, nos.   152/2008, 76/2009, 80/2011, 91/2012, 143/2012, 56/2013, 145/2013, 152/2014), as in force at the material time, read: Article 19.f “(1)     The Supreme Court has jurisdiction to: 1.     decide at second instance appeals against decisions [delivered by] county courts, unless otherwise provided by law, ... (2)     The Supreme Court [reaches decisions] in panels composed of three judges ...” 32 .     The Act on the Security and Intelligence System of the Republic of Croatia ( Zakon o sigurnosno-obavještajnom sustavu Republike Hrvatske , Official Gazette of the Republic of Croatia nos. 79/2006 and 105/2006) established the Security Intelligence Agency for the purpose of the collection, analysis, processing and evaluation of data important for national security. Its relevant provisions read: Article 33 “(1)     The Security Intelligence Agency may apply, in respect of citizens, secret data-collection measures that temporarily limit certain constitutional human rights and fundamental freedoms. ... ... (3)     Secret data-collection measures are: 1.     the secret surveillance of telecommunications services, activities and traffic: a)     the secret surveillance of the content of communications, ...” Article 36 “(1)     Secret data-collection measures under Article 33 (3) (1.a) ... of this Act may be undertaken only on the basis of a written, reasoned order for their implementation issued by a judge of the Supreme Court. Judges authorised to issue a written order for the implementation of secret data-collection measures are [appointed] by the President of the Supreme Court. ... ... (4)     ... Officials and other persons who participate in the decision-making process and in the undertaking of [secret data collection] measures are obliged to keep secret all the information that they learn.” Section 39 “(1)     Security intelligence agencies establish and maintain collections and registers of personal data, and other records of collected data, and documents about data related to the work of the security intelligence agencies, and other records of their work and activities. (2)     Persons who are familiar with data [contained in] the records of security intelligence agencies and documents are obliged to keep them secret.” Section 91 “Serious violations of official duty ... are: ... -     the [sharing] of data of security intelligence agencies, regardless of the level of secrecy [of the data in question], with unauthorised persons; -     taking official documents that are marked secret outside the working premises of the agencies, except with the approval of the immediate manager.” 33 .     The Court Rules ( Sudski poslovnik , Official Gazette of the Republic of Croatia nos. 37/2014, 49/2014, 8/2015, 35/2015 and 123/2015) was a subordinate legislation that regulated the internal working of the courts at the material time. Article 26 regulated the automatic (random) assignment of cases (the allocation of new cases to judges was done automatically – that is, randomly – through the case allocation algorithm, after the basic data about the case had been entered); Article 27 regulated their manual assignment. Articles 27 and 28 read, in so far as relevant: Article 27 “(1)     Cases are assigned to judges by the president of the court department, or – if no court department has been established – by the president of the court. (2)     Cases are classified by date of receipt. If several cases are received at the same time, the cases are classified according to the alphabetical order of the surnames of the parties against whom the proceedings [in question] are initiated. (3)     Cases classified in this manner are assigned to individual judges according to the alphabetical order of their surnames, and to judicial panels according to the alphabetical order of the surname of the president of the panel. Panel presidents assign cases to panel members according to the alphabetical order of their last names. When assigning cases, attention will be paid to the even distribution of cases and to their type and complexity. ... (5)     In courts in which court departments have been established, cases are distributed according to the alphabetical order of the surnames of the judges in the department [in question]. ... (8)     The president of a court is obliged to assess the evenness of the workload [of that court’s] judges every three months. ... (10)     In order to establish an even workload, the president of a court will change the annual work schedule (that is, change the assignment of newly received cases) or issue a written, reasoned order by which he or she will assign certain cases to another judge if the uneven workload of individual judges is not a consequence of their not achieving the expected average work results. (11)     In the event of recusal or another justified [form of] indisposition on the part of the judge to whom [a certain] case has been assigned, the president of the court will reassign that case to another judge by means of a written reasoned order. ...” 34 .     The relevant provisions of the Rules of Procedure of the Supreme Court ( Poslovnik o radu Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske , Su ‑ 235 ‑ IV/1999), as in force at the material time, which regulated the internal working of the Supreme Court, read: Article 4 “The President of the court: -     administers the Supreme Court, -     represents the Supreme Court, -     coordinates the work of the court departments and other organisational units within the Supreme Court, -     convenes and presides over general sessions of the Supreme Court, -     manages the judicial administration and issues – in the course of [undertaking his or her] judicial administration duties – administrative decisions, orders and instructions, -     signs the decisions that he or she issues, -     supervises the material and financial operations of the court, -     performs other duties determined by the Constitution, the Courts Act, the Act on Civil Servants and Employees, the Court Rules of Procedure and other [legal] instruments, -     through the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Croatia, establishes cooperation with the supreme courts of other countries and participates in the work of international gatherings in the field of court-related work, and cooperates with international institutions for the [purpose of] protecting law and order. In matters relating to court administration, the president entrusts certain tasks to the presidents of court departments and to the court’s registry.” Article 47 “The distribution of judges and secretaries to departments, and the assignments of judges and judges’ assistants and panels in the departments, are established by the annual working schedule of the Supreme Court. The annual schedule establishes the deputy president of the Supreme Court, presidents of departments, their deputies, presidents and members of panels, secretaries in the departments and the appointment [of persons] to the Records Service.” Article 48 “The annual schedule is established by the President of the Supreme Court on the basis of the proposal of presidents of departments and the opinion [expressed by] the general session of the Supreme Court. The president of [each] department is