CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 28 novembre 2023

.s800EAC49 { font-size:12pt } .s5E1364CA { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .sBB9EE52A { font-family:Arial } .s58ABC179 { margin-top:30pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s29100277 { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold } .s34DFC730 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sA36B60A1 { font-family:Arial; font-style:italic } .s339D85E6 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:14pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s8FE8E970 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:10pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s780F5245 { border:0.75pt solid #000000; clear:both } .s71604A6B { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; padding-top:1pt; padding-right:4pt; padding-left:4pt; font-size:10pt } .s3756EA5F { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; padding-right:4pt; padding-left:4pt; padding-bottom:1pt; font-size:10pt } .sC08D0465 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:3pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s10950C61 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify } .s598389FB { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:14pt } .sF5E1C6CF { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline; color:#ff0000 } .sFE10DC93 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center } .sE208486F { font-family:Arial; color:#ff0000 } .s598389F8 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:11pt } .s32563E28 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .s4ACA9207 { page-break-before:always; clear:both; mso-break-type:section-break } .sB9D5CABB { width:28.35pt; display:inline-block } .s3AAE10DF { margin-top:14pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .s3CA22BA { font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s6B505E72 { margin:0pt; padding-left:0pt } .sDECD9755 { margin-left:11.67pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:6.78pt; font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s743F3A55 { margin-right:0pt; margin-left:0pt; padding-left:0pt } .s879C130D { margin-left:7.05pt; margin-bottom:12pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-weight:bold; text-transform:none } .s9D48DD53 { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s5E8F5A28 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:25.5pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold } .sA2548810 { margin-top:14pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .sE32676A2 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s718D1C37 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-align:center; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .sF9B3189B { margin-top:6pt; margin-left:21.25pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:7.1pt; text-align:justify } .s4B8D41EE { font-family:Arial; font-size:10pt } .sDA7B489D { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:15pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:3.45pt; font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s64DD921C { font-family:Arial; color:#010000 } .sDD998142 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:17pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .sAE6FB95D { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:32.01pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:1.99pt; font-family:Arial; font-style:italic } .sF54F3725 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:42.55pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .sDBC81028 { width:4.83pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .s65DDED6B { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:42.55pt; margin-bottom:6pt; text-indent:-17.05pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:10pt } .s7AE800C3 { width:4.28pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .s2044A09A { margin-left:6.51pt; margin-bottom:6pt; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:1.99pt; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic } .s5C5C410E { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:18.34pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:0.11pt; font-family:Arial; text-transform:uppercase } .s448F0C15 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:18pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .sD11CFAB7 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:15.01pt; margin-bottom:3pt; text-align:justify; padding-left:1.99pt; font-family:Arial } .sFBC99493 { font-style:italic } .sD58C010 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:15.01pt; margin-bottom:3pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; padding-left:1.99pt; font-family:Arial } .sBB6E85D0 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:34pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .sE5BF05B1 { width:2.33pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .s7F175FE6 { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:51.05pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17.05pt; text-align:justify } .sE5C1F6E3 { width:3.33pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block } .s51DFF5CF { margin-top:0pt; margin-left:34pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-17pt; text-align:justify } .s2D9C6089 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s69DCC830 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .sC986E16F { font-family:Arial; color:#ffffff } .s95770030 { margin-top:30pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .s4F597665 { width:33.22pt; display:inline-block } .sEEEC397 { width:146.09pt; display:inline-block } .s5A65B3DC { width:46.56pt; display:inline-block } .s44B8752F { width:177.11pt; display:inline-block } .sD00444C6 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:14pt } .sF0E7BF98 { width:106.04%; border-collapse:collapse } .s8A119D43 { width:7.32%; border:0.75pt solid #838383; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#dfdfdf } .s2EF62ED2 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:12pt } .sE1A7A04C { font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; color:#424242 } .s421CA1 { width:32.64%; border:0.75pt solid #838383; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#dfdfdf } .s873FCA49 { width:25.34%; border:0.75pt solid #838383; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#dfdfdf } .s5BC4D0E4 { width:17.5%; border:0.75pt solid #838383; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#dfdfdf } .sFD849F2 { width:17.2%; border:0.75pt solid #838383; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#dfdfdf } .s206A3F9B { width:7.32%; border:0.75pt solid #838383; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top } .s7D36CAAB { width:32.64%; border:0.75pt solid #838383; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top } .sB6ACFAE3 { width:25.34%; border:0.75pt solid #838383; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top } .s9475187D { width:17.5%; border:0.75pt solid #838383; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top } .sE9F3A370 { width:17.2%; border:0.75pt solid #838383; padding:1.02pt 5.03pt; vertical-align:top } SECOND SECTION CASE OF NADİR YILDIRIM AND OTHERS v. TÜRKİYE (Application no. 39712/16)   JUDGMENT   Art 6 § 2 • Breach of presumption of innocence by virtue of wording used by trial court president in investigatory reports drawn up for the lifting of the applicants’ parliamentary immunity, who were elected as members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly while criminal proceedings were pending against them • Government’s failure to demonstrate that explicit and unqualified statement that the applicants had committed the offences imputed to them was specifically called for by nature, context, or circumstances of proceedings • Statements by judges subject to stricter scrutiny that those by investigative authorities • Wording used fell foul of requirement that courts employ careful language which should not in any way reflect the opinion that the suspect or defendant is guilty • Constitutional Court’s failure to remedy resulting prejudice Art 35 § 1 • Exhaustion of domestic remedies • Court not able to conclude that appellate review an effective remedy in case circumstances given criminal proceedings pending for more than ten years and elapse of substantial time since impugned investigatory reports written • Government’s failure to demonstrate through case-law effectiveness of compensation claim in respect of damage flowing from an act by a judge in the course of criminal proceedings in relation to an alleged infringement of Art 6 § 2   STRASBOURG 28 November 2023   FINAL   08/04/2024     This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.   In the case of Nadir Yıldırım and Others v. Türkiye, The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Arnfinn Bårdsen , President ,   Jovan Ilievski,   Egidijus Kūris,   Saadet Yüksel,   Lorraine Schembri Orland,   Diana Sârcu,   Davor Derenčinović , judges , and Hasan Bakırcı, Section Registrar, Having regard to: the application (no.   39712/16) against the Republic of Türkiye lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by six Turkish nationals, Mr Nadir Yıldırım, Selma Irmak, Besime Konca, Alican Önlü, Dirayet Taşdemir and Ahmet Yıldırım (“the applicants”), on 29 June 2016; the decision to give notice to the Turkish Government (“the Government”) of the complaint concerning the presumption of innocence and to declare the remainder of the application inadmissible; the parties’ observations; Having deliberated in private on 7 November 2023, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: INTRODUCTION 1.     The applicants complained of a breach of their right to be presumed innocent under Article 6 § 2 of the Convention, arguing that in a criminal case brought against them the president of the trial court had stated in the investigatory reports drawn up for the lifting of their parliamentary immunity that they had committed the offences imputed to them. THE FACTS 2.     The applicants’ details are set out in the appended table. They were represented by Mr M. Beştaş, a lawyer practising in Diyarbakır. 3.     The Government were represented by their Agent, Mr Hacı Ali Açıkgül, Head of the Department of Human Rights of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Türkiye. 4.     The facts of the case may be summarised as follows. 5.     In 2007 the Diyarbakır Chief Public Prosecutor’s Office opened a criminal investigation into suspected links between certain individuals, including the applicants, and the activities of the KCK/TM (Koma Civakên Kurdistan   – The Kurdistan Communities Union/Assembly of Türkiye), which is regarded by the Court of Cassation as an armed terrorist organisation and the “urban wing” of the PKK (Workers’ Party of Kurdistan). 6.     On 9 June 2010 the Diyarbakır public prosecutor’s office filed a bill of indictment against a number of persons, including the applicants, with the Diyarbakır Sixth Assize Court, which had special jurisdiction to hear cases relating to the aggravated crimes specified in Article 250 § 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (“the CCP”), as in force at the material time. The public prosecutor charged the applicants Selma Irmak, Besime Konca, Dirayet Taşdemir and Ahmet Yıldırım with, inter alia , membership of an armed terrorist organisation under Article 314 § 2 of the Criminal Code (“the CC”), the applicant Alican Önlü with commanding such an organisation under the first paragraph of the same provision, and the applicant Nadir Yıldırım with attempting to disrupt the unity of the State and its territorial integrity under Article   302 of the CC. 7.     Following a legislative change the Diyarbakır Sixth Assize Court, before which some sixty-three hearings had been held, was closed and the criminal proceedings against the applicants were transferred to the Diyarbakır Second Assize Court (hereinafter referred to as “the trial court”). 8.     In the parliamentary elections held on 1 November 2015 the applicants were elected as members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly (“the National Assembly”) for the Peoples’ Democratic Party (HDP), a left-wing pro-Kurdish political party. Since the applicants thus acquired parliamentary immunity under Article 83 of the Constitution, the criminal proceedings against them could only be pursued if the National Assembly lifted that immunity. 9 .     On 7 March 2016 the president of the trial court drew up an investigatory report ( fezleke ) in respect of each applicant whereby he requested the General Directorate for Criminal Matters of the Ministry of Justice to lift their parliamentary immunity in accordance with Article 83 of the Constitution. In each report, the president first reproduced, inter alia , certain extracts from the bill of indictment, such as the contents of intercepted telephone conversations of the applicants and audio recordings of speeches they had given, which had been obtained via covert listening devices, and then drew inferences from them, stating that the applicants had carried out certain acts which laid the foundations for the charges against them. In doing so, the president largely reproduced the wording and conclusions contained in the bill of indictment. However, in the subsequent section of each report, entitled “Assessment”, the president stated that “even though it [was] seen that [the applicant] [had] committed the offences imputed to [him or her], it ha[d] been understood that [he or she] was elected as a member of the National Assembly in the parliamentary elections of 1 November 2015”. By the same token, the final part of each report, entitled “Conclusion and Assessment” read, in so far as relevant, as follows: “... it is understood that [the applicant] committed the offences imputed to [him or her]”. 10.     At a hearing held on 15 March 2016, the counsel for the applicants and the counsel for some of the other defendants asked the members of the trial court to recuse themselves and withdraw from sitting in the case on account of the language employed in the investigatory reports, where it had been stated that the applicants had committed the offences of which they had been accused. The court, with the participation of its president, dismissed the withdrawal request on the grounds that none of the conditions enumerated in Articles   22 and 23 of the CCP had been met. The court further noted that since a request to lift the immunity of the defendants who were members of the National Assembly could not be made without indicating the accusations levelled against them, the applicants’ withdrawal request had to be regarded under Article 31 § 1 (c) of the CCP as having been made with the intention of prolonging the proceedings. The court indicated that its decision was amenable to an objection before the Diyarbakır Third Assize Court within seven days. 11.     On 22 March 2016 the applicants lodged an objection against the above-mentioned interlocutory decision with the Diyarbakır Third Assize Court, arguing that the trial court had failed to comply with the procedure to examine requests for withdrawal as laid down in Article 27 § 1 of the CCP in that all the judges in respect of whom withdrawal had been requested had taken part in the assessment of that request. Furthermore, even though the trial court had assessed the request from the standpoint of Articles 22 and   23 of the CCP, it had failed to rule on it in so far as it concerned Article 24 §   1 of the CCP. That part of the withdrawal request had been based on the judges’ alleged lack of impartiality and had been left unaddressed. The expression of opinion by a judge fell within the ambit of Article 24 § 1 of the CCP and since the withdrawal request had been based on the words used by the president of the court, he could no longer be regarded as impartial. On that basis, it was wholly unjustified to consider their application as having been made with the intention of prolonging the proceedings. Lastly, the expressions used by the president of the trial court had clearly infringed their right to be presumed innocent as protected by the Constitution and the Convention. 12.     On 24 March 2016 the Diyarbakır Third Assize Court upheld the objection and overturned the trial court’s interlocutory decision, holding that the withdrawal request could not be regarded as having been made with the intention of prolonging the proceedings; thus, it should have been examined in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 27 § 1 of the CCP. The court’s decision contained no assessment in respect of the applicants’ allegations of a breach of their right to be presumed innocent, as protected under Article 6 § 2 of the Convention. 13 .     The president of the trial court and a member of its bench whose withdrawal was also requested composed a written opinion dated 24   March 2016 in which they submitted that previous requests for the lifting of parliamentary immunity in which they had only voiced concerns about the commission of offences by defendants who had been elected as members of the National Assembly had been rejected by the General Directorate for Criminal Matters of the Ministry of Justice. The observations made in the investigatory reports could not thus be regarded as expressions of opinion and should be understood in the context of those rejections. 14.     At a hearing held on 25 March 2016 before the trial court, counsel for the applicants stated that the reason why they had lodged an application for the withdrawal of the president and two other members of the bench was that the investigatory reports had been signed by all three of them. At the end of the hearing, the trial court, with the participation of judges whose withdrawal had not been sought, dismissed the application, holding that the content of the investigatory reports, which had been written with a view to the lifting of the parliamentary immunity and in compliance with an obligation stemming from Article   83 of the Constitution, had not been such as to cast doubt on the impartiality of the judges in question. The trial court’s decision contained no assessment as regards the presumption of the applicants’ innocence. The court indicated that its decision was amenable to objection before the Diyarbakır Third Assize Court within seven days. 15.     On different dates the counsel for the applicants lodged objections against the above-mentioned interlocutory decision with the Diyarbakır Third Assize Court, arguing, inter alia , that the wording employed in the investigatory reports had constituted a genuine ground for withdrawal and that it had also given rise to a breach of the applicants’ right to be presumed innocent. 16.     On 6 April 2016 the Diyarbakır Third Assize Court dismissed the objection lodged on behalf of the applicants, holding that the investigatory report containing the request for the lifting of the parliamentary immunity was a procedural act of a preparatory nature, namely to overcome the obstacle to the criminal proceedings which was laid down in Article 83 of the Constitution. Accordingly, the statements contained in those reports could not be regarded as being an opinion pronounced by the trial court prior to the delivery of the judgment on the merits. The Diyarbakır Third Assize Court did not undertake an assessment concerning the alleged breach of the applicants’ right to be presumed innocent. 17.     On 11 April 2016 the applicants lodged an individual application with the Constitutional Court whereby they complained that the wording employed by the president of the trial court had given rise to a breach of their right to be tried by an impartial court under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention and of their right to be presumed innocent under Article 6 § 2 of the Convention, arguing that they had had no other remedy at their disposal by which to submit those complaints. 18.     At a hearing held on 11 April 2016, the trial court dismissed the applicants’ lawyer’s request that the court should await the outcome of the individual application that they had lodged with the Constitutional Court before proceeding with the case, holding that the issue of the requested withdrawal of judges would be examined at the appellate stage. 19.     On 16 May 2016 the Constitutional Court delivered its judgment, in which it only examined the applicants’ complaint under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention and found it inadmissible. Noting that the criminal prosecution of the applicants could not have been pursued until a decision to lift their immunity had been given, the Constitutional Court held that the applicants could avail themselves of certain administrative and judicial remedies –   without specifying what those remedies were   – upon the completion of the criminal proceeding against them and found that they had failed to exhaust the domestic remedies. No mention was made in the Constitutional Court’s judgment of the applicants’ complaints under Article 6 § 2 of the Convention. 20.     On 9 May 2017 the High Council of Judges and Prosecutors issued a decree in accordance with which the president of the trial court, whose withdrawal the applicants had sought, was re-assigned to a court located in another city. RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE Relevant domestic law Constitution 21.     Article 83 of the Constitution, which concerns parliamentary immunity, reads as follows: “Members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall not be liable for their votes and statements in the course of the Assembly’s work, for the views they express before the Assembly or for repeating or disseminating such views outside the Assembly, unless the Assembly decides otherwise at a sitting held on a proposal by the Bureau. A member who is alleged to have committed an offence before or after election shall not be arrested, questioned, detained or tried unless the Assembly decides otherwise. This provision shall not apply in cases where a member is caught in the act of committing a crime punishable by a heavy penalty and in cases falling under Article   14 of the Constitution, provided that an investigation has been initiated before the election. However, in such situations the competent authority shall notify the Turkish Grand National Assembly immediately and directly. The execution of a criminal sentence imposed on a member of the Turkish Grand National Assembly either before or after his or her election shall be suspended until he or she ceases to be a member; the statute of limitations shall not apply during the term of office. The investigation and prosecution of a re-elected member shall be subject to a fresh decision by the Assembly to lift immunity. Political party groups in the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall not hold debates or take decisions regarding parliamentary immunity.” 22.     Provisional Article 20 of the Constitution, as adopted by the National Assembly on 20 May 2016 (by way of Law no. 6718), reads as follows: “On the date when this Article is adopted by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, the provision of the first sentence of the second paragraph of Article 83 of the Constitution shall not be applied to members who are the subject of requests for the lifting of immunity which have been submitted by the authorities with the power to investigate or grant leave for an investigation or prosecution, the public prosecutor’s office or the courts to the Ministry of Justice, to the Prime Minister’s Office, to the Office of the President of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and to the chair of the Joint Committee comprising the members of the Constitutional Committee and the Justice Committee. Within fifteen days of the entry into force of this Article, any files with the chair of the Joint Committee comprising the members of the Constitutional Committee and the Justice Committee, the Office of the President of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, the Prime Minister’s Office and the Ministry of Justice concerning the lifting of parliamentary immunity shall be returned to the competent authority so that it can take the necessary action.” Code of Criminal Procedure 23.     The relevant provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, as they were in force at the material time, read as follows: Circumstances disqualifying a judge [from] hearing a case   Article 22 “1.     [In the event that] the judge (a)   sustained damage as a result of the offence; (b)   ever had a relationship in the form of marriage, guardianship or administratorship with the suspect, defendant or victim, even if [such relationship] subsequently ended; (c)   is a first-degree relative, by consanguinity or marriage, of the suspect, defendant or the victim; (d)   is related by adoption to the suspect, defendant or the victim; (e)   is related up to the third degree (inclusive) to the suspect, defendant or victim; (f)   is a relative by marriage of up to the second degree (inclusive) with the suspect, defendant or victim, even if the marriage has ended; (g)   has been involved in the same case as public prosecutor, judicial police, counsel for the suspect or the defendant or legal representative of the victim; (h)   has been heard in the same case in the capacity of a witness or expert; [he or she] shall not sit as a judge.” Judge[s] disqualified from proceedings   Article 23 “(1)     A judge who has taken part in the decision or the judgment cannot take part in the decision or the judgment to be given by a higher court in respect of the [previous] judgment. (2)     A judge who has played a role at the investigation stage of the [same] case cannot play any role at the trial stage. (3)     When criminal proceedings are reopened, a judge who has played a role in the previous proceedings cannot play a role in the same [reopened] case.” Grounds for withdrawal of judge[s] and parties able to make such applications   Article 24 “(1)     the withdrawal [of a judge] may be requested not only in the circumstances disqualifying a judge [from] trying a case but also on the basis of any other grounds which cast doubt on his or her impartiality. (2)     The public prosecutor, suspect or defendant or their counsel, the intervening party ( katılan ) or his or her legal representative may lodge an application for the withdrawal of the judge. (3)     Where any of the persons [indicated in subparagraph 2] so request, the names of judges who will take part in the decision or the judgment shall be notified to them.” Time-limit for applications for the withdrawal of a judge on [any] grounds casting doubt on his or her impartiality   Article 25 “(1)     Applications for the withdrawal of a judge on [any] grounds casting doubt on his/her impartiality may be lodged until the commencement of the defendant’s questioning in the first-instance courts, and in matters requiring a hearing, until the presentation to the other members [of the bench] of the assessment report at regional courts of appeal or the report drawn up by the judge rapporteur or the member of the Court of Cassation assigned [for that purpose] [at the Court of Cassation]. In other cases, an application for the withdrawal of a judge may be lodged until the commencement of the examination. (2)     An application for the withdrawal of a judge may also be lodged until the completion of the hearing or the examination on [any] grounds which emerged or became known thereafter. However, such an application shall be lodged within seven days of the ground for withdrawal becoming known.” Procedure for the application for withdrawal   Article 26 “(1)     The application is lodged with the court to which [the judge whose withdrawal is being requested] belongs, or by submitting it to a clerk of the court who shall make a written record of it.” (2)     The person who lodges an application for withdrawal is under an obligation to provide, in a single submission, all the grounds for withdrawal which he or she has come to know and to put them forward together with the facts within the time-limit. (3)     The judge whose withdrawal is requested shall submit his or her views concerning the grounds provided for the withdrawal in writing.” The court ruling on the application for withdrawal   Article 27 “(1)     An application for withdrawal shall be decided by the court of which [the contested judge] is a member. However, the judge whose withdrawal was requested cannot take part in the deliberation [on the application]. If the court cannot be composed for that reason, [the competence] to make a decision on this subject belongs to: a)   if the application for withdrawal is in respect of a judge of a criminal court of general jurisdiction ( asliye ceza mahkemesi ), the assize court of the same judicial district; b)   if the application for withdrawal is in respect of a judge of an assize court and if the assize court is comprised of several chambers within a given judicial district, the chamber that follows it in numerical terms, and for the last chamber, the first chamber [of the assize court], and if there is only one chamber of the assize court within a given judicial district, the closest assize court [thereto]. (2)     If the application for withdrawal is in respect of a judge of a criminal magistrate’s court ( sulh ceza hakimi ), the criminal court of general jurisdiction [shall decide on the application], and [if it is] in respect of a single judge, the assize court within the same judicial district shall decide [on the application]. (3)     Applications for withdrawal in respect of the president or members of the criminal chambers of the regional courts of appeal shall be examined and decided by the chamber where [the contested president or the member] sits without the participation of the president or member whose withdrawal was requested. (4)     If the application for withdrawal is accepted, another judge or court shall be appointed to hear the case.” Decisions to be given upon an application for withdrawal and the legal remedies to be pursued   Article 28 “(1)     Decisions accepting withdrawal requests are final; an objection may be filed against decisions dismissing [such requests]. A dismissal decision resulting from an objection [against the withdrawal request] shall be examined in the context of the judgment [on the merits].” Withdrawal of a judge and the adjudicating authority   Article 30 “(1)     In the event that the judge withdraws on the basis of reasons which entail his or her disqualification, the authority shall assign another judge or a court to try the case. (2)     In the event that the judge seeks to withdraw by advancing grounds which cast doubt on his or her impartiality, the authority shall rule whether the withdrawal is appropriate or not. If withdrawal is found appropriate, another judge or court shall be assigned to try the case. (3)     Article 29 shall be applied in respect of acts which have been carried out in cases where delay is prejudicial.” Dismissal of application for withdrawal   Article 31 “(1)     The court shall dismiss an application for withdrawal lodged during a trial in the following circumstances: (a)   the application for withdrawal has not been lodged on time; (b)   the ground or evidence [therefor] has not been put forward; (c)   it is clearly inferable that the application for withdrawal has been lodged to prolong the proceedings. (2)     In such circumstances, the application for withdrawal shall be dismissed by the judicial panel [of the court] with the participation of the judge in question in the deliberations [or] by the judge in question in the single judge courts. (3)     An objection may be filed against decisions on this subject.” Compensation claim   Article 141 “(1)     All kinds of pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage [sustained] in the course of [a] criminal investigation or prosecution may be claimed from the State by anyone: (a)   who has been arrested or taken into or kept in detention under conditions or in circumstances not complying with the law; (b)   who has not been brought before a judge within the statutory permissible duration of police custody; (c)   who has been detained without having been reminded of his or her statutory rights or who has been deprived of the opportunity to benefit from those rights; (d)   who, even if he or she was detained lawfully during the investigation or trial, has not been brought before a judicial authority within a reasonable time and has not obtained a judgment on the merits within a reasonable time; (e)   who, after being arrested or detained in accordance with the law, was not subsequently committed for trial or was acquitted; (f)   who was sentenced to a term [of imprisonment] the duration of which was less than the time spent under arrest or in pre-trial detention or [who] was necessarily subjected to a [judicial] fine because that was the only penalty provided by law for the offence committed [by that person]; (g)   who has not been informed in writing or, where that has not been possible, verbally, of the reasons for his or her arrest or pre-trial detention; (h)   whose next of kin has not been informed of his or her arrest or pre-trial detention; (i)   in respect of whom a search warrant has been executed in a disproportionate manner; (j)   whose property or other assets have been confiscated without the conditions [provided for by law] having been fulfilled, or without the necessary precautions for the safekeeping [of confiscated property or assets] having been taken, or whose property or other assets have been used for an unauthorised purpose or not returned in time; (k)   who has not been allowed to have recourse to the legal remedies indicated in the Code concerning the act of arrest or pre-trial detention. (2)     Authorities taking the decisions laid down in subparagraphs (e) and (f) of the first paragraph shall inform the interested party of his or her right to compensation, and that right shall be recorded in the decision given. (3)     Except for the cases enumerated in the first paragraph, a compensation claim arising from the acts or decisions of judges and public prosecutors during a criminal investigation and prosecution, including personal fault, tortious acts, or other types of liability, may only be lodged against the State.” Conditions for a compensation claim   Article 142 “A claim for compensation may be lodged within three months of the person concerned being informed that the decision or judgment has become final, or, in any event, within one year of the decision or judgment becoming final.” End of the hearing and the judgment [to be given]   Article 223 § 8 “Where it becomes apparent that [any of] the grounds for the discontinuance of a criminal proceedings set out in the Criminal Code are present or that the prerequisites for [pursuing] a particular criminal investigation or prosecution are not met, a decision to discontinue the case shall be taken. However, if the commencement of a criminal investigation or prosecution has been contingent upon a condition and it is understood that the condition has not been met, a decision to halt [the proceedings] shall be given with a view to awaiting the materialisation of the condition. Such a decision may be objected against.” Appeal of decisions given prior to the judgment [on the merits]   Article 287 “Court decisions taken prior to the judgment on the merits [and] which form the basis thereof or in respect of which no remedy lies may appealed against together with the judgment [on the merits].” Relevant practice 24 .     The Government submitted two judgments handed down, respectively, by the First and Eighth Chambers of the Court of Cassation in support of their contention that the Court of Cassation was in a position to review and, if need be, to quash interlocutory decisions concerning dismissals of requests for disqualification of judges which formed the basis of first ‑ instance courts’ judgments on the merits. In the first judgment (2011/304   E., 2011/6142 K.), which was delivered on 19 October 2011, the Court of Cassation quashed a first-instance court’s judgment on the merits, holding that the indication that the accused had jointly committed the offence with another person in respect of whom the proceedings had been disjoined had cast doubt on the impartiality of its bench. In the second judgment (2014/33889   E., 2016/1153 K.), which was delivered on 8 February 2016, the Eighth Criminal Chamber of the Court of Cassation held that the lower court’s decision of lack of jurisdiction, in so far as it contained the opinion that the elements of the offence of torture had not been made out, was such that it had amounted to an expression of legal opinion, thereby casting doubt on its impartiality. Accordingly, the Court of Cassation quashed the lower court’s judgment on the merits, holding that the members of the bench should have abstained from taking part in the case. 25 .     Furthermore, in support of their contention that the Constitutional Court was empowered to examine and remedy the applicants’ complaints relating to their right to the presumption of innocence, the Government cited the judgment in E.A. (no. 2) (application no. 2017/34336, 15   September 2021) in which the Constitutional Court examined whether statements made by public officials during the claimant’s trial for being a member of an armed terrorist organisation had infringed the latter’s right to be presumed innocent and concluded that they had not. The Court notes that the Constitutional Court further found that Turkish law did not offer any effective legal remedy in respect of such complaints, given the absence of any precedent showing that a claim for compensation before the civil courts or the lodging of an application for the initiation of disciplinary proceedings against a public official who had made prejudicial statements had been successful. 26 .     The Government also submitted domestic court decisions and judgments, which, in their view, showed the effectiveness of the remedy set out in Article 141 § 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (“the CCP”) in respect of complaints of a breach of the right to be presumed innocent under Article   6 § 2 of the Convention. One of them was the judgment of the Twelfth Criminal Chamber of the Court of Cassation dated 11   November 2015 (2015/13049   E., 2015/17584 K.) whereby that court quashed a first-instance court’s decision to dismiss a claim under Article 141 § 3 of the CCP in respect of damage sustained as a result of a decision by the public prosecutor to include in the bill of indictment certain “profiling records” ( fişleme kayıtları ) containing highly sensitive personal information. The Court of Cassation took the view that in order to lodge a claim for compensation under the said provision, an action or decision must occur during the investigation or prosecution stages and be carried out or handed down by a judge or a public prosecutor. Even though no positive legal provision prevented the inclusion of personal information in a bill of indictment, the Court of Cassation held that the inclusion of the information had been uncalled for in that case and ruled that the complainant should be awarded a reasonable sum in compensation for damage so sustained. Subsequently, on 12 April 2016 the first-instance court awarded the complainant 5,000 Turkish liras (approximately 1,553 euros at the material time), which was upheld with final effect by the Court of Cassation on 11 March 2019. The Government cited another judgment of the Twelfth Criminal Chamber of the Court of Cassation which concerned an almost identical compensation claim based on the inclusion of personal information in a bill of indictment, which also resulted in compensation being paid to the complainant under Article 141 § 3 of the CCP. 27.     The Court notes that the above-mentioned judgments in paragraph   26 all concerned claims for compensation which were lodged by individuals who had been involved in the so-called “İzmir military espionage trial” ( İzmir askeri casusluk davası ). 28.     In the same vein as the above, the Government lastly referred to the Constitutional Court’s M.Y. judgment (application no.   2014/7149, 22   November 2017), in which that court had dealt with an alleged breach of the right to respect for private life of another defendant from “the İzmir military espionage trial” on the basis of the same legal issue, namely inclusion of personal information in a bill of indictment. The Constitutional Court had declared the application inadmissible on the ground of non-exhaustion of available remedies, holding that the applicant ought to have availed himself of the remedy under Article 141 § 3 of the CCP, even though that remedy had become available and effective after he had lodged his application with that court. THE LAW PRELIMINARY REMARKS 29.     The Government argued that neither written authority to act nor a valid power of attorney had been submitted to the Court on behalf of the applicant Besime Konca at the time the application had been lodged with the Court. On that account, the Government invited the Court to dismiss her application for failing to comply with the requirements set out in Rules 45 §   3 and   47 of the Rules of the Court. 30.     The Government further argued that the lawyer who had signed the applicants’ observations on the admissibility and merits of the case and their just satisfaction claims, namely Mr M. Özdemir, had lacked authority to act on behalf of the applicants, save for Nadir Yıldırım. Accordingly, the Government invited the Court to disregard the submissions in question. 31.     The applicants did not comment on those points. 32.     The Court notes that according to a power of attorney attached to the application form lodged with the Court, the applicant Besime Konca had authorised Mr M. Beştaş to lodge an application with the Court on her behalf. Accordingly, this applicant is duly represented before the Court. Furthermore, Mr   Beştaş informed the Court by a letter dated 13 October 2022 that he and Mr   Özdemir had been working on the application together and that he had approved all the submissions made by Mr Özdemir. Accordingly, the Court dismisses the Government’s above-mentioned objections. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 § 2 OF THE CONVENTION 33.     The applicants complained that the wording employed in the investigatory reports drawn up by the then president of the bench sitting in the criminal proceedings against them had breached their right to be presumed innocent, as guaranteed in Article 6 § 2 of the Convention, which reads as follows: “Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.” Admissibility 34.     The Government raised three preliminary objections alleging a loss of victim status, a premature application and non-exhaustion of domestic remedies. Objection as to the loss of victim status (a)    The parties’ observations 35.     The Government submitted that the applicants could no longer be regarded as victims within the meaning of Article 35 of the Convention because the president of the trial court who had drafted the investigatory reports forming the basis of their complaints under Article 6 § 2 of the Convention had not participated in the trial after 5   September 2016. Furthermore, it was not possible for that judge to have played any further role in the trial, given his re-assignment to another province on 9   May 2017. 36.     The applicants did not comment on this objection. (b)    The Court’s assessment 37.     The Court reiterates that acquiring and losing victim status are two different concepts which have been the subject of different lines of case-law (see Sakhnovskiy v. Russia [GC], no. 21272/03, § 66, 2 November 2010). An applicant may lose his or her victim status if two conditions are met: firstly, the authorities must have acknowledged, either expressly or in substance, a breach of the Convention, and secondly, they must have afforded redress for it (see, among many other authorities, Selahattin Demirtaş v.   Turkey (no.   2) [GC], no. 14305/17, § 218, 22 December 2020). That exercise involves an examination of the nature of the right in issue, the reasons advanced by the national authorities in their decision and the persistence of adverse consequences for the applicant after the decision (see Freimanis and Līdums v.   Latvia , nos. 73443/01 and 74860/01, § 68, 9 February 2006). Only when the two above-mentioned conditions are satisfied does the subsidiary nature of the protective mechanism of the Convention preclude an examination of an application (see Arat v. Turkey , no. 10309/03, § 46, 10   November 2009, and Ker imoğlu v. Türkiye , no. 58829/10, § 45, 6   December 2022). 38.     The Court notes that neither the fact that the president of the trial court did not participate in the applicants’ trial after 5 September 2016 (which was after the present application had been lodged), nor his re-assignment to another province constituted an acknowledgement of a breach of the applicants’ right to be presumed innocent. Furthermore, the authorities did not offer any redress for the alleged violation suffered by the applicants. That being the case, the Court dismisses the Government’s objection that the applicants had lost their victim status. Objection as to premature application and failure to exhaust domestic remedies (a)    The parties’ observations 39.     The Government submitted that the criminal proceedings against the applicants were still pending before the Diyarbakır Second Assize Court, and that they should have awaited the conclusion of the case before lodging their application with the Court, given that compliance with the requirements of a fair trial must be examined in each case having regard to the development of the proceedings as a whole, and not on the basis of an isolated consideration of one particular aspect. By the same token, and given that the proceedings had not yet concluded, the applicants could not be said to have exhausted the domestic remedies available to them, including an appeal to a court of appeal ( istinaf ), an appeal to the Court of Cassation and an individual application to the Constitutional Court. 40.     Moreover, even though the Diyarbakır Third Assize Court had stated that its decision of 6 April 2016 dismissing the applicants’ requests for the disqualification and withdrawal of judges was final, the Government asserted that, for the following reasons, that was not the case. In the Government’s view, the interlocutory decision in question had been made in the course of the trial against the applicants and it had thus formed part of the basis of the judgment on the merits, which had yet been to be handed down by the trial court. That being the case, the appellate court could review interlocutory decisions, including that of 6 April 2016, together with the judgment on the merits in accordance with Article 287 of the CCP, which stipulated that decisions rendered prior to the judgment on the merits and forming the basis thereof could be appealed against at the same time as that judgment. In any event, the decision in question would be reviewed in the context of the judgment on the merits, which meant that, as the trial court had held at the hearing on 11 April 2016, it would be amenable to appeal. 41.     In the Government’s view, it was against this background that the trial court had stated at the hearing on 11 April 2016 that the withdrawal request would be examined at the appeal stage. To support their argument, the Government submitted two judgments handed down by different chambers of the Court of Cassation in which they had quashed judgments on the merits handed down by lower courts, holding that the impartiality of those courts was in doubt (see paragraph 24 above). Accordingly, the applicant’s allegations in the present case could also be reviewed by