CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;GRANDCHAMBER;ENG — 25 juin 2024

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RUSSIA ( RE CRIMEA) (Applications nos. 20958/14 and 38334/18)   JUDGMENT   Art 33 • Inter-State application • Administrative practices by Russia predominantly in Crimea resulting in multiple Convention violations Art 2 (substantive and procedural) • Life • Administrative practice of enforced disappearances and lack of effective investigation into credible allegations of such practice • Court’s examination of complaint not limited to individuals unaccounted for • Applicability of Art   2 engaged regardless of the release of most of those abducted Art 3 (substantive and procedural) • Torture • Inhuman and degrading treatment • Administrative practice of ill-treatment of Ukrainian soldiers, ethnic Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars and journalists • Administrative practice of ill-treatment of “Ukrainian political prisoners” both in Crimea and the Russian Federation and lack of effective investigation • Degrading conditions of detention of “Ukrainian political prisoners” in the Simferopol SIZO in Crimea • Systemic problem resulting from overall shortcoming in organisation and functioning of Crimean prison system Art 5 • Lawful arrest or detention • Administrative practice of unacknowledged and incommunicado detention of Ukrainian soldiers, ethnic Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars and journalists Art 5 • Art 7 • Ongoing administrative practice of unlawful deprivation of liberty, prosecution and/or conviction of “Ukrainian political prisoners” based on application of Russian law in Crimea • Retroactive application of criminal law and extension of criminal-law provision in an unforeseeable manner by the courts in Crimea Art 6 • Tribunal established by law • Wholesale application of Russian law in Crimea after its admission to the Russian Federation, in breach of the Convention as interpreted in the light of International Humanitarian Law • General and wholesale replacement of Ukrainian law • Courts in Crimea not “established by law” Art 8 • Private life • Administrative practice of preventing permanent citizens of Crimea from effectively being able to opt out of Russian citizenship Art 8 • Private life • Family life • Home • Administrative practice of unlawful and arbitrary raids and searches of private houses Art 8 • Family life • Administrative practice of unlawful transfers of Crimean prisoners to penal facilities located on Russian territory Art 9 • Freedom of religion • Administrative practice of unlawful harassment of religious leaders not conforming to the Russian Orthodox faith, arbitrary raids of places of worship and confiscation of religious property • No legitimate aim or justification provided Art 10 • Freedom of expression • Administrative practice of unlawfully suppressing non-Russian media, including closure of Ukrainian and Tatar television stations • Administrative practice not “necessary in a democratic society” Art 11 • Freedom of peaceful assembly • Freedom of association • Administrative practice of unlawfully prohibiting public gatherings and manifestations of support for Ukraine or the Crimean Tatar community as well as intimidation and arbitrary detention or organisers of demonstrations • Administrative practice not “necessary in a democratic society” Art 10 • Art 11 • Administrative practice of unlawful deprivation of liberty, prosecution and/or conviction of “Ukrainian political prisoners” for exercising their freedom of expression, of peaceful assembly and association Art 1 P1 • Deprivation of property • Administrative practice of unlawful large-scale expropriation (nationalisation) of property belonging to civilian and private enterprises in Crimea, entailing a conclusive transfer of ownership without compensation • Impugned deprivations disproportionate Art 2 P1 • Right to education • Administrative practice of suppression of the Ukrainian language in schools and persecution of Ukrainian-speaking children at school • Denial of substance of the right to education Art 2 P4 • Administrative practice of unlawfully restricting the freedom of movement between Crimea and mainland Ukraine resulting from the de facto transformation by the respondent State of the administrative border line into a State border between the Russian Federation and Ukraine Art 14 (+ Art 8, 9, 10, 11 and Art 2 P4) • Discrimination • Lack of objective or reasonable justification for discriminating against Crimean Tatars Art 18 (+ Art 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 11) • Restrictions for unauthorised purposes • Art   18 not applicable in conjunction with Art   7 in view of that provision’s non-derogable nature (incompatible ratione materiae ) • Art   18 applicable in conjunction with Art   5, 6, 8, 10 and   11 • Administrative practice of restricting the “Ukrainian political prisoners’” rights and freedoms with predominant ulterior purpose of punishing and silencing any political opposition • Continuous State policy, developed and publicly promoted by prominent representatives of important Russian authorities, of stifling any opposition to Russian policies • Pattern of retaliatory prosecution, misuse of criminal law and general crackdown on political opposition to Russian policies in Crimea Art 38 • Non-compliance with State obligation to furnish all necessary facilities Art 46 • Execution of judgment • Individual measures • Respondent State to take measures, as soon as possible, to secure the safe return of the prisoners concerned transferred from Crimea to penal facilities located on the Russian Federation’s territory   Prepared by the Registry. Does not bind the Court.   STRASBOURG 25 June 2024   This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision. Table of Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PROCEDURE I.   INTRODUCTION II.   ADMISSIBILITY PROCEDURE BEFORE THE GRAND CHAMBER REGARDING APPLICATION N o .   20958/14 III.   PROCEDURE ON THE ADMISSIBILITY (IN RELATION TO APPLICATION N o .   38334/18 AND THE COMPLAINT CONCERNING THE ALLEGED TRANSFERS OF “CONVICTS” TO THE TERRITORY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION) AND MERITS BEFORE THE GRAND CHAMBER THE FACTS THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE A.   Application no.   20958/14 1.   The facts of the case as submitted by the applicant Government (a)   Enforced disappearances and the lack of an effective investigation under Article   2 of the Convention (b)   Ill-treatment and unlawful detention under Articles   3 and 5 of   the Convention (i)   Conditions of, and treatment, in detention, contrary to Article   3 (ii)   Unlawful detention contrary to Article   5 (c)   Extending the application of Russian law to Crimea with the result that the courts in Crimea could not be considered to have been “established by law” within the meaning of Article   6 (d)   Alleged violations of Article   8 of the Convention (i)   Impossibility of opting out of Russian Federation citizenship   in violation of Article   8 of the Convention (ii)   Arbitrary raids of private dwelling houses (iii)   Forcible transfer of convicts (e)   Harassment and intimidation of religious leaders not conforming to the Russian Orthodox faith, arbitrary raids of places of worship and confiscation of religious property, in breach of Article   9 of   the   Convention (f)   Suppression of non-Russian media, including the closure of Ukrainian and Tatar television stations, in breach of Article   10 of   the Convention (g)   Prohibition of public gatherings and demonstrations, as well as intimidation and arbitrary detention of organisers of demonstrations in violation of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly under Article   11 of the Convention (h)   Expropriation without compensation of property from civilians   and private enterprises in violation of Article   1 of   Protocol   No.   1 (i)   Suppression of the Ukrainian language in schools and persecution of Ukrainian-speaking children at school in violation of Article   2 of Protocol No.   1 (j)   Restriction of freedom of movement between Crimea and mainland Ukraine, resulting from the de facto transformation (by   the Russian Federation) of the administrative delimitation line   into a border (between the Russian Federation and Ukraine) in violation of Article   2 of Protocol No.   4 (k)   Targeting Crimean Tatars in breach of Article   14, taken in conjunction with Articles   8, 9, 10 and 11 of the Convention and   Article   2 of Protocol No.   4 2.   The facts of the case as submitted by the respondent Government (a)   Arguments about the absence of administrative practice in respect   of the alleged violations of Articles   2, 3 and 5 of the   Convention (b)   Arguments about the extension of the legislation of the Russian Federation to the territory of the “Republic of Crimea” and on the   establishment of courts in Crimea “by law” within the meaning of Article   6 of the Convention (c)   On the absence of a violation of Article   8 of the Convention due to the lawfulness and reasonableness of the imposition of the Russian citizenship in the territory of the “Republic of Crimea”, and the availability of an effective opportunity to withdraw from   the citizenship of the Russian Federation (d)   On the absence of violations of freedom of thought, conscience and religion on account of searches of religious communities, confiscation of religious property and persecution of religious leaders who do not profess the Russian Orthodox faith (e)   On the absence of any restrictions on the activities of non-Russian   media in the territory of the “Republic of Crimea” (Article   10 of the Convention) (f)   Arguments about the absence of an administrative practice of prohibition of public events and gatherings, as well as unreasonable detention of the organizers of public events (Article   11 of the Convention) (g)   On compliance with the requirements of Article   1 of Protocol No.   1 to the Convention (h)   On the absence of suppression of the Ukrainian language and persecution of students speaking the Ukrainian language in the schools of Crimea in violation of Article   2 of Protocol No.   1 to   the Convention (i)   On compliance with Article   2 of Protocol No.   4 to the Convention as a result of establishing the state border line between the “Republic of Crimea” and Ukraine (j)   On the absence of an administrative practice of persecution on the   Crimean Tatars in violation of Article   14 of the Convention in   conjunction with Articles   8, 9, 10 and 11 of the Convention and   Article   2 of Protocol No.   4 B.   Application no.   38334/18 1.   The facts of the case as submitted by the applicant Government (a)   Persecution of Crimean Tatars (i)   “Case of 26   February 2014” (α)   Akhtem Chiygoz (β)   Mustafa Dehermendzhi (γ)   Taliat Yunusov (δ)   Eskender Nebiyev (ii)   “Case of 3   May 2014” (α)   Edem Mustafaevich Osmanov (β)   Tair Izetovich Smedlyaiev (iii)   Ilmi Umerov (b)   Persecution of Euromaidan activists (i)   Oleksandr Kostenko (ii)   Andrii Kolomiyets (iii)   Mykola Shyptur (c)   “Case of an activist” - Volodymyr Balukh (i)   Administrative and criminal proceedings (α)   Administrative proceedings (β)   Criminal proceedings concerning the unlawful acquisition and possession of ammunition and explosives (γ)   Criminal proceedings concerning the disruption of a   prison’s activities (ii)   Alleged lack of adequate medical assistance (iii)   Criminal investigation opened by the Ukrainian authorities (iv)   Transfer to Ukraine (d)   “Internet cases” (i)   Emil Minasov (ii)   Ihor Movenko (α)   Assault and criminal complaint (β)   Administrative proceedings (public display of Nazi symbols) (γ)   Criminal proceedings against Mr   Movenko (iii)   Ismail Ramazanov (iv)   Yevhenii Karakashev (e)   Cases of “Ukrainian saboteurs” (i)   Yevhen Panov (ii)   Andriy Zakhtey (iii)   Volodymyr Prysych (iv)   Dmytro Dolgopolov and Ganna Sukhonosova (v)   Oleksiy Bessarabov, Volodymyr Dudka and Dmytro Shtyblikov (vi)   Hlib Shabliy and Oleksiy Stohniy (f)   Persecution of Muslims (i)   Bakhchisaray case of Crimean Muslims (ii)   New Bakhchisaray case of Crimean Muslims (α)   Case of Mr   Syleyman Asanov, Mr   Tymur Ibragimov, Mr   Server Zekeryaev, Mr   Seyran Saliyev, Mr   Memet Belyalov and Mr   Ernest Ametov (β)   Case of Mr   Server Mustafayev and Mr   Edem Smailov (iii)   Yalta case of Crimean Muslims (α)   Case of Mr   Emir-Usein Kuku, Mr   Muslim Aliev, Mr   Enver Bekirov and Mr   Vadym Siruk (β)   Case of Mr   Arsen Dzheparov and Mr   Refat Alimov (iv)   Sevastopol case of Crimean Muslims (α)   Arrest and criminal proceedings (β)   The prisoners’ transfer after conviction and refusal to   transfer them to Ukraine (γ)   Criminal investigation opened by the Ukrainian authorities (v)   New Sevastopol case - Enver Seytosmanov (vi)   Simferopol case (vii)   Case of Vedzhie Kashka – Mr   Bekir Dehermendzhi, Mr   Asan Chapukh, Mr   Kazim Ametov, Mr   Kurtseit Abdullaiev and Mr   Ruslan Trubach (viii)   Tablighi Jamaat case (g)   “The Chechen case” – Mykola (Nikolay) Karpyuk and Stanislav   Klykh (i)   Background to the criminal proceedings (ii)   Mr   Karpyuk’s pre-trial detention and ill-treatment (iii)   Mr   Klykh’s pre-trial detention and ill-treatment (iv)   Efforts of the Ukrainian consular authorities to obtain information about the arrest and detention of Mr   Karpyuk and Mr   Klykh and consular access (v)   Conviction of Mr   Karpyuk and Mr   Klykh (vi)   “Inhuman treatment” and lack of medical assistance in prison after conviction (vii)   Mr   Klykh’s and Mr   Karpyuk’s transfer to Ukraine to serve their sentences (h)   Cases of “the Crimean Four” (i)   Oleg Sentsov (ii)   Oleksandr (Aleksandr) Kolchenko (iii)   Hennadii Afanasiev (iv)   Oleksiy (Aleksey) Cherniy (i)   “Right Sector” cases (i)   Mykola Dadeu (ii)   Oleksandr Shumkov (iii)   Roman Ternovskyy (j)   Case of a so-called “war criminal” - Serhiy Lytvynov (i)   First set of criminal proceedings (war crimes) (ii)   Second set of criminal proceedings (aggravated robbery) (k)   Case of a journalist - Roman Sushchenko (l)   “Spy cases” (i)   Valentyn Vyhivskyi (Valentin Vygovsky) (ii)   Yurii Soloshenko (iii)   Viktor Shur (m)   “Cases of so-called terrorists” (i)   Oleksii Syzonovych (ii)   Pavlo Hryb 2.   Facts of the case as submitted by the respondent Government (a)   Transfer of prisoners (b)   “The case of 26   February” (i)   Initiation of proceedings (ii)   “Arrest of Nariman Dzhelyal[ov], the First Deputy Chairman   of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People” (iii)   Arrest of Mustafa Dehermendzhi (iv)   Arrest of E.E. Emirvaliev, a Crimean Tatar activist (v)   Arrest of Ali Asanov (vi)   The trial (c)   Searches in the house of Mr   M. Asaba, a Mejlis member, and   the   premises of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People and   its   newspaper Avdet as part of the investigation of the   “3   May   case” (d)   Criminal case against Aleksandr (Oleksandr) Kostenko (e)   Criminal case against Ukrainian activists in Crimea (“Cherkasy   case”) RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE THE LAW I.   COMMON PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS FOR BOTH APPLICATIONS A.   Scope of the case 1.   Scope of the case in so far as it relates to application no.   20958/14 (a)   Substantive and temporal scope of the case determined at the   admissibility stage (b)   Scope of the case at the merits stage 2.   Scope of the case in so far as it relates to application no.   38334/18 (a)   Subject-matter of the application (b)   Pursuance of the claims (c)   Object of the application (d)   Extent of the complaints raised B.   Approach to evidence 1.   General principles 2.   Approaching the evidence in this case C.   Jurisdiction 1.   General 2.   Article   1 jurisdiction in relation to application no.   38334/18 (a)   The parties’ submissions (i)   The position of the Russian Government (ii)   The position of the Ukrainian Government (b)   The Court’s assessment (i)   General principles (ii)   Application of the general principles to the facts of the case (α)   Events which allegedly occurred in Crimea (β)   Events which possibly occurred in “DPR” and “LPR” (γ)   Events which allegedly occurred in Belarus 3.   Jurisdiction ratione temporis of the Court 4.   Jurisdiction ratione materiae of the Court D.   Compliance with Article   38 of the Convention E.   Relationships between the provisions of the Convention and the rules of   international humanitarian law 1.   The parties’ submissions 2.   The Court’s assessment F.   The general issue of “lawfulness” as required by the Convention 1.   The parties’ submissions 2.   The Court’s assessment (a)   Existing case-law (b)   Considerations in favour of distinguishing the present case G.   The concept of administrative practice II.   APPLICATION N o .   20958/14 A.   Alleged violation of Article 2 of the Convention 1.   The parties’ submissions (a)   The applicant Government (b)   The respondent Government 2.   The Court’s assessment (a)   Relevant provisions of international law (b)   General principles in the Court’s case-law (c)   Application of the above principles to the facts of the present case B.   Alleged violation of Articles 3 and 5 of the Convention 1.   The parties’ submissions (a)   The applicant Government (b)   The respondent Government 2.   The Court’s assessment (a)   Relevant international humanitarian law (b)   General principles regarding Articles   3 and 5 of the   Convention (c)   Application of the above principles to the facts of the   present   case C.   Alleged violation of Article 6 of the Convention 1.   The parties’ submissions (a)   The applicant Government (b)   The respondent Government 2.   The Court’s assessment (a)   Relevant IHL (b)   As to the merits of the complaint under Article   6 of the   Convention D.   Alleged violation of Article 8 of the Convention 1.   Alleged impossibility of opting out of Russian citizenship (a)   The parties’ submissions (i)   The applicant Government (ii)   The respondent Government (b)   The Court’s assessment 2.   Arbitrary raids of private dwelling houses (a)   The parties’ submissions (i)   The applicant Government (ii)   The respondent Government (b)   The Court’s assessment 3.   Forcible transfer of convicts E.   Alleged violation of Article 9 of the Convention 1.   The parties’ submissions (a)   The applicant Government (b)   The respondent Government 2.   The Court’s assessment (a)   Relationship between the provisions of the Convention and the   rules of international humanitarian law (b)   General principles in the Court’s case-law concerning Article   9 of   the Convention (c)   Application of the above principles to the facts of the   present   case F.   Alleged violation of Article 10 of the Convention 1.   The parties’ submissions (a)   The applicant Government (b)   The respondent Government 2.   The Court’s assessment (a)   Relationship between the provisions of the Convention and the   rules of international humanitarian law (b)   General principles under Article   10 of the Convention (c)   Application of the above principles to the present case G.   Alleged violation of Article 11 of the Convention 1.   The parties’ submissions (a)   The applicant Government (b)   The respondent Government 2.   The Court’s assessment H.   Alleged violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention 1.   The parties’ submissions (a)   The applicant Government (b)   The respondent Government 2.   The Court’s assessment (a)   Relevant international humanitarian law (b)   Relevant principles in the Court’s case-law concerning Article   1   of Protocol No.   1 (c)   Application of the above-mentioned principles to the   present   case I.   Alleged violation of Article 2 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention 1.   The parties’ submissions (a)   The applicant Government (b)   The respondent Government 2.   The Court’s assessment (a)   Relevant international humanitarian law (b)   General principles under Article   2 of Protocol No.   1 (c)   Application of the above-mentioned principles J.   Alleged violation of Article 2 of Protocol No. 4 to the Convention 1.   The parties’ submissions (a)   The applicant Government (b)   The respondent Government 2.   The Court’s assessment K.   Alleged violation of Article 14, taken in conjunction with Articles   8, 9, 10   and 11 of the Convention and with Article 2 of Protocol No.   4 to the Convention 1.   The parties’ submissions (a)   The applicant Government (b)   The respondent Government 2.   The Court’s assessment III.   APPLICATION N o .   38334/18 A.   Exhaustion of domestic remedies and six-month rule 1.   The parties’ submissions (a)   The respondent Government (b)   The applicant Government 2.   The Court’s assessment (a)   Exhaustion of domestic remedies (b)   The six-month rule B.   Evidential threshold C.   Alleged violation of Article   3 of the Convention 1.   Admissibility 2.   Merits (a)   The parties’ submissions (b)   The Court’s assessment (i)   General principles (ii)   Application of the principles referred to above in the   present   case (α)   Allegations of ill-treatment and lack of an effective investigation in this respect (β)   Conditions of detention in the Simferopol SIZO D.   Alleged violation of Articles   5, 6, and 7 of the Convention 1.   Admissibility (a)   Events which allegedly occurred in Russia (b)   Events which possibly occurred in the “DPR” and “LPR” or Belarus (c)   Events which allegedly occurred in Crimea 2.   Merits (a)   The parties’ submissions (i)   The applicant Government (ii)   The respondent Government (b)   The Court’s assessment (i)   Relevant international humanitarian law (ii)   General principles under Articles   5, 6 and 7 of the Convention, notably concerning the lawfulness of acts (iii)   Application of the above principles to the facts of the   present   case E.   Alleged violation of Article   8 of the Convention (transfer of prisoners) 1.   Admissibility 2.   Merits (a)   The parties’ submissions (i)   The applicant Government (ii)   The respondent Government (b)   The Court’s assessment (i)   Relevant international humanitarian law (ii)   General principles under Article   8 of the Convention (iii)   Application of these principles in the present case F.   Alleged violation of Articles   10 and 11 of the Convention 1.   Admissibility (a)   Events which allegedly occurred in Russia (b)   Events which allegedly occurred in Crimea (c)   Conclusion 2.   Merits (a)   The parties’ submissions (i)   The applicant Government (ii)   The respondent Government (b)   The Court’s assessment G.   Alleged violation of Article   18 in conjunction with Articles   5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 11 of the Convention 1.   Admissibility (a)   Regarding Article   18 in conjunction with Article   6 of the   Convention (b)   Regarding Article   18 in conjunction with Article   7 of the   Convention (c)   Conclusion as to admissibility 2.   Merits (a)   The parties’ submissions (i)   The applicant Government (ii)   The respondent Government (b)   The Court’s assessment (i)   General principles under Article   18 of the Convention (ii)   Application of the above principles in the present case (α)   Fundamental aspect of the case (β)   Plurality of purposes (γ)   The pursuance of an ulterior purpose (δ)   The predominance of the ulterior purpose (ε)   Conclusion IV.   APPLICATION OF ARTICLES   41 AND 46 OF THE CONVENTION A.   Article   46 of the Convention B.   Article   41 of the Convention OPERATIVE PROVISIONS A.   In so far as both applications are concerned B.   In so far as application no.   20958/14 is concerned: C.   In so far as application no.   38334/18 is concerned: D.   Application of Articles   41 and 46 of the Convention   LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ARC   Autonomous Republic of Crimea CAORF   Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation CCrPRF   Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation CES   Code of Execution of Sentences CFD   “Crimean Federal District” CM   Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe CrCRF   Criminal Code of the Russian Federation CSDF   “Crimean Self-Defence Forces” “DPR”   “Donetsk People’s Republic” FMS   Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation FSB   Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation FSIN   Russia’s Federal Prison Service HCNM   the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities HRAM   the OSCE Human Rights Assessment Mission HRMMU   United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine ICC   International Criminal Court ICJ   International Court of Justice ICRC   International Committee of the Red Cross IGO   Intergovernmental organisation IHL   International humanitarian law ITU   International Telecommunication Union “LPR”   “Luhansk People’s Republic” “MRT”   “Moldavian Republic of Transdniestria” NGO   Non-governmental organisation IPHR   International Partnership for Human Rights UHHRU   Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union OHCHR   Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights OCU   Orthodox Church of Ukraine OSCE   Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ODIHR   the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights PACE   Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe RAMCS   Religious Administration of Muslims of Crimea and Sevastopol RSFSR Criminal Code   Criminal Code of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic SIZO   Pre-trial detention facility SHIZO   Punishment cell TRC   Television and radio company TRNC   “Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus” UNA-UNSO   Ukrainian National Assembly – Ukrainian People’s Self-Defence UN HRC   United Nations Human Rights Committee UOC-KP   Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyiv Patriarchate UOC-MP   Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate UPA   Ukrainian Insurgent Army In the case of Ukraine v. Russia ( re Crimea), The European Court of Human Rights, sitting as a Grand Chamber composed of:   Síofra O’Leary,   Georges Ravarani,   Marko Bošnjak,   Gabriele Kucsko-Stadlmayer,   Pere Pastor Vilanova,   Arnfinn Bårdsen,   Krzysztof Wojtyczek,   Faris Vehabović,   Stéphanie Mourou-Vikström,   Tim Eicke,   Lətif Hüseynov,   Jovan Ilievski,   Gilberto Felici,   Erik Wennerström,   Ioannis Ktistakis,   Diana Sârcu,   Mykola Gnatovskyy , judges ,   and Søren Prebensen, Deputy Grand Chamber Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 13 December 2023 and 17 April 2024, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that last date: PROCEDURE I.         INTRODUCTION 1.     The case originated in two applications (nos.   20958/14 and 38334/18) against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article   33 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by Ukraine on 13   March 2014 and 10   August 2018 respectively. Both applications concerned events in Crimea   (for the purposes of the present judgment, “Crimea” refers to both the Autonomous Republic of   Crimea   (ARC) and the City of Sevastopol) and Eastern Ukraine. 2.     The   Ukrainian Government (“the applicant Government”) were represented by their Agent, Ms   Marharyta Sokorenko, Representative of the Ukrainian Government at the European Court of Human Rights and Head of the Office within the Ministry of Justice. 3.     Fro