CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 3 décembre 2024

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page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .sD11CFAB7 { margin-top:14pt; margin-left:15.01pt; margin-bottom:3pt; text-align:justify; padding-left:1.99pt; font-family:Arial } .s2D9C6089 { margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-indent:14.2pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid } .s69DCC830 { margin-top:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt } .sC2E086EB { width:36.89pt; display:inline-block } .s543FF837 { width:151.1pt; display:inline-block } .s5A65B3DC { width:46.56pt; display:inline-block } .s44B8752F { width:177.11pt; display:inline-block } .s5E1364CA { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:12pt; text-align:center; page-break-inside:avoid; page-break-after:avoid; font-size:14pt } .sA1D3DA2E { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify }   THIRD SECTION CASE OF GIANNAKOPOULOS v. GREECE (Application no. 20503/20)     JUDGMENT   Art 8 • Family life • Dismissal by the domestic courts of the applicant’s application for custody of his children for want of jurisdiction, ruling that they were habitually resident in Germany • No indication of arbitrariness • Proportionate assessment of all relevant factors in the light of the requirements of the EU Brussels II bis Regulation 2201/2003 and in accordance with the children’s best interests   Prepared by the Registry. Does not bind the Court.   STRASBOURG 3 December 2024   FINAL   28/04/2025   This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.   In the case of Giannakopoulos v. Greece, The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Peeter Roosma , President ,   Ioannis Ktistakis,   Lətif Hüseynov,   Darian Pavli,   Oddný Mjöll Arnardóttir,   Diana Kovatcheva,   Mateja Đurović , judges , and Milan Blaško, Section Registrar, Having regard to: the application (no.   20503/20) against the Hellenic Republic lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Greek national, Mr   Georgios Giannakopoulos (“the applicant”), on 14 April 2020; the decision to give notice to the Greek Government (“the Government”) of the complaint under Article 8 of the Convention; the parties’ observations; Having deliberated in private on 5 November 2024, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: INTRODUCTION 1.     The application concerns the rejection of the applicant’s application for custody of his children. The applicant complained that the domestic courts had misinterpreted the relevant provisions, erroneously found that his children had their habitual residence in Germany and subsequently rejected his application for want of jurisdiction. In particular, the domestic courts had disregarded (a) the facts that the children had been taken to Germany in violation of his contact rights as determined by decision no.   590/2013 of the Rhodes one ‑ member Court of First Instance and that the mother had been granted custody on the basis of her assurances that she would stay in Greece; (b) decision no. 26/2015 of the Rhodes one-member Court of First Instance granting him interim custody of the children; (c) the decisions of the German courts which had rejected the mother’s application for the above-mentioned decision no. 26/2015 to be disregarded and for the proceedings to be suspended until the Greek courts had clarified their jurisdiction; and (d) the fact that his children had only lived in Germany for a year and their presence there could not be considered habitual residence. THE FACTS 2.     The applicant was born in 1965 and lives in Rhodes. He was represented by Mr V. Chirdaris, a lawyer practising in Athens. 3.     The Government were represented by their Agent, Ms N. Marioli, President at the State Legal Council and their Agent’s delegate, Ms   A.   Dimitrakopoulou, Senior Advisor at the State Legal Council. 4.     The facts of the case may be summarised as follows. PROCEEDINGS IN GREECE 5.     In December 2009 the applicant married E.B., a German national. The couple, who lived in Greece, had two children, a girl born in 2010 and a boy born in 2012. 6.     The couple decided to separate. On 24 July 2013, Ms E.B. lodged an application for interim orders with the Rhodes One-Member Court of First Instance, seeking interim custody of the children. The applicant also lodged an application for interim custody, or alternatively, shared custody with E.B. and contact with the children. In her submissions, E.B. confirmed that she would stay in Rhodes with the children and that she had no intention of moving to Germany. 7.     By decision no. 590/2013 of 18 October 2013 of the Rhodes One ‑ Member Court of First Instance, custody of the children was given to E.B. and a schedule was made for the applicant’s contact with the children. In response to the applicant’s application to have Rhodes specified as the children’s place of residence, the domestic court said that there was no evidence that E.B. would leave for Germany without the applicant’s consent. 8.     On 12 November 2013 E.B. lodged an action with the Rhodes One ‑ Member Court of First-Instance requesting the children’s custody. The hearing was scheduled for 19 May 2014; however, she withdrew the action prior to it. 9.     On 11   December 2013, E.B. travelled with the children to Germany, saying that she wanted to visit her parents for the Christmas holidays and that she would return on 13 January 2014. However, she did not return, but settled there permanently. The applicant served decision no. 590/2013 of the Rhodes One-Member Court of First Instance on the German authorities through the Rhodes Public Prosecutor’s office on 2 July 2014. 10.     On 24 September 2014 the applicant made a new application for interim orders. He asked for decision no. 590/2013 of the Rhodes One-Member Court of First Instance to be set aside. By decision no. 26/2015 of 14   January 2015, his application was granted and he obtained interim custody of the children. The domestic court found that there had been substantive change of circumstances because E.B. had moved to Germany with the children, which meant that she had misled the court by offering assurances that she would stay in Greece with the children. By moving, she had obstructed the applicant’s contact with his children under the schedule that had been set by the court. The applicant served that decision on E.B. in Germany. He also obtained the certificates of enforceability nos. 179/2015 and 180/2015 of 21   April 2015 of the Rhodes Court of First Instance under Articles 39 and 42 of the Brussels II bis Regulation 2201/2003 (“the Brussels II bis Regulation”). 11.     By an application lodged on 29 January 2015 in the Rhodes One ‑ Member Court of First Instance, the applicant sought sole custody of the children. The proceedings were first suspended pending a decision of the Düsseldorf District Court on a request by the applicant for the return of his children under the Hague Convention of 25 October 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (hereafter: “the Hague Convention”). The domestic court then issued decision no.   51/2017 rejecting the applicant’s custody application as inadmissible. It held in particular that it was not competent to decide the applicant’s application given that the children had been living in Germany for over a year and had adapted well to life there, and so were habitually resident in Germany, the German courts therefore having jurisdiction to hear any custody proceedings. 12 .     On 29 January 2015 the applicant lodged an appeal against that decision. The Dodecanese Court of Appeal, by its decision no. 302/2017 of 11   December 2017, declined to hear the appeal, saying that Greek courts had no jurisdiction and referring to the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter “the CJEU”) , namely to the judgments in A (C ‑ 523/07, 2 April 2009, EU:C:2009:225, § 37-41) and Mercredi (C-497/10 PPU, 22 December 2010, EU:C:2010:829, § 47–56). It observed, in particular, that E.B. had taken a flight to Germany with her children on 11   December 2013, saying that she wanted to visit her parents for the Christmas holidays and that she would return on 13 January 2014, but that she had instead stayed in Germany and not come back. This meant that when the applicant lodged his application, which is the crucial point for defining jurisdiction, the children had already had their habitual residence in Germany for over a year. In particular, on 5 February 2014 the mother had made a declaration to the German authorities that they were resident in the city of Kevelaer and they had been insured under the German social security system since 31 April 2014. E.B. started working and the children started attending nursery school, X. from 1 March 2014 and G. from 1 August 2014, where they had adapted relatively well. They had developed social relationships and participated in various activities; it had been relatively easy for them to adapt to their new surroundings because they held German nationality and already spoke the language thanks to their mother, who had been their carer almost exclusively while they lived in Greece. They had also grown close to E.B.’s wider family in Germany. Given that the children had moved permanently to Germany with their mother, who had sole custody; were attending school there; had established family and social relationships; and had developed German language skills to the point where they had barely any knowledge of Greek words, the children were habitually resident in Germany for the purposes of Article 8 of the Brussels II bis Regulation and Article 5 of the Hague Convention. 13 .     The domestic court clarified that habitual residence would not depend on whether one parent had illegally moved a child from one place to another, which in any event was not the case in the present situation as E.B. had had sole custody of the children, under decision no. 590/2013 of the One-Member Athens Court of First Instance when she moved them to Germany. A custodial parent had the right to determine a child’s place of residence under Article 2 § 9 of the Brussels II bis Regulation, irrespective of whether it was in the children’s interests to maintain contact with the other parent, as in the present case, and that determination was sufficient to form the basis of habitual residence. The fact that E.B. had allegedly misled the domestic court by stating that she did not intend to move to Germany which, according to the applicant, had contributed to her being given sole custody of the children, did not alter the position given that in decision no.   590/2013 of the One ‑ Member Athens Court of First Instance there were no conditions on E.B.’s place of residence, which in any event would have been an unlawful restriction on the rights under Article   2 § 9 of the Brussels II bis Regulation and Article 5 of the Hague Convention. There had been no wrongful relocation or retention of the children in the sense of Article   10 of the Brussels II bis Regulation, which therefore did not apply. Moreover, decision   no.   26/2015 of the One-Member Athens Court of First Instance, which had revoked decision no. 590/2013 of the same court and had given the applicant sole custody of the children, had never been enforced in Germany. There was therefore no unlawful retention of the children there, principally because the children had been habitually resident in Germany since January 2014. The applicant’s allegation that decision no.   26/2015 was immediately enforceable in Germany because he had obtained certificates nos.   179/2015 and 180/2015 from the One-Member Rhodes Court of First Instance, under Article 42 of the Brussels II bis Regulation, was unfounded. In particular, decision no.   26/2015 of the One-Member Athens Court of First Instance had not been a decision under Article   11 §   8 of the Brussels II bis Regulation as it had been made in January 2015, that is to say prior to the decision of the German courts rejecting the applicant’s application for the children’s return. The latter was delivered on 24 June 2015 and was therefore not a subsequent judgment within the meaning of Article 11 § 8 of the Brussels II bis Regulation, which in any event only referred to final and not interim decisions. 14 .     The domestic court further held that E.B. had never accepted that the Greek courts were competent to hear the case under Article 12 §   3 of the Brussels II bis Regulation, even though she had lodged an action in the domestic courts in November 2013 seeking custody of the children. Referring to the case-law of the CJEU (judgments in L , C ‑ 656/13, 12 November 2014, EU:C:2014:2364, paragraph 57 and E , C-436/13, 1 October 2014, EU:C:2014:2246, paragraphs 40-49), the domestic court observed that E.B. had lodged that action when she was still resident in Rhodes, and, in any event, she had withdrawn it before it was heard, thus retroactively annulling the procedural consequences emanating from its lodging. As regards the applicant’s court application, at the hearing on 7 December 2015 E.B.’s lawyer had appeared but merely asked for an adjournment, and at the hearing of 19   September 2016 he had protested as to the jurisdiction of the Greek courts. E.B had therefore not expressly or implicitly acknowledged that they were competent to hear the case. It further observed that in any event, decision to prorogate jurisdiction would also have to be taken on the basis of the interests of the child, which would not be the case in the present circumstances as the children had been settled in Germany for three and a half years and proceedings in any state other than that of their habitual residence would be against the principle that the best court to decide on children matters was the one local to the children and against the principle of the primacy of children’s best interests. 15 .     The applicant brought an appeal on points of law. In particular, he argued that the appellate court had applied the Brussels II bis Regulation wrongly in that it had not taken the following elements into consideration: (a) that the children had been relocated in breach of his contact rights under decision no. 590/2013; (b) that E.B. had misled the domestic courts in order to obtain custody of the children, which made their relocation to Germany unlawful; (c) that decision no. 26/2015 had revoked decision no.   590/2013 and given custody of the children to the applicant, and the applicant had obtained the relevant executory certificates of the order; (d) that the appellate court should have applied Article 10 of the Brussels II bis Regulation, which provides that the courts of the jurisdiction in which the children were habitually resident prior to their unlawful relocation retained jurisdiction over the case; and (e) because it had applied Article 12 of the Brussels II bis Regulation concerning the habitual residence of children wrongly and had wrongly interpreted the concept of the children’s best interests. 16 .     The appeal on points of law was heard on 3 December 2018. On 26   July 2019, the Court of Cassation delivered decision no. 927/2019, which confirmed the decision of the appellate court. The Court of Cassation held that the appellate court had applied Article 8 of the Brussels II bis Regulation correctly and had been correct that Articles 10 and 42 of the Brussels II bis Regulation were not applicable in the circumstances of the case. It had taken into account the significant adaptation of the children to the new environment into which their mother had taken them while she had sole custody of them, before concluding that the children’s place of habitual residence was Germany and that therefore it did not have jurisdiction. It had further rightly concluded that E.B. had not accepted the Greek courts’   jurisdiction, pursuant to Article 12 § 3 of the Brussels II bis Regulation. It therefore dismissed the applicant’s appeal on points of law and confirmed that the Greek courts were not competent to hear his application for custody. The decision was available to the applicant as from 14   November   2019. 17 .     By decision no. 3423/2018 of 30 October 2018, the One-member Rhodes Misdemeanour Court found E.B., who had been duly summoned but did not appear in the proceedings, guilty of breaching court decisions nos..   590/2013 and 26/2015 for the period between 13 December 2013 and 24   March 2015 and sentenced her to three months’ imprisonment. PROCEEDINGS IN GERMANY 18.     The Greek Central Authority dealing with international child abduction received the applicant’s request under the Hague Convention with supporting documents on 2 January 2015 and transmitted it to the Central German Authority on 7 January 2015. On 30 January 2015, it transmitted a German translation of decision no. 26/2015 of the One-Member Rhodes Court of First Instance. 19.     On 30 June 2015, the German Central Authority notified the Greek Central Authority that on 24 June 2015 the Düsseldorf District Court had ordered the children’s return to Greece. E.B. appealed against that decision. 20 .     On 27 November 2015, the Düsseldorf ‎ ‎ Court of Appeal delivered a judgment overturning the first-instance decision and ordering that the children should stay in Germany with their mother. It held, in particular, that the applicant’s application for return had been lodged after the time-limit of one year from the children’s relocation to Germany had expired; therefore, Article 12   §   2 of the Brussels II bis Regulation applied. Given the fact that the children had settled well in Germany, the court declined to return them to Greece under Article 12 § 2 of the Hague Convention. This decision was notified to the Greek Central Authority on 4 December 2015. 21.     On 18 December 2015 the applicant lodged an application with the Federal Constitutional Court which was dismissed on 11   February   2016. 22.     On 2 February 2016, the Düsseldorf ‎ ‎ District Court gave decision   no.258 F 26/15 dismissing E.B.’s application for decision   no.   26/2015 of the One-Member Rhodes Court of First Instance not to be recognised. No further information has been provided as to whether E.B. appealed against that decision or whether the applicant tried to have decision   no. 26/2015 enforced. 23.     In custody proceedings initiated in Germany by E.B., the courts initially suspended the proceedings under Article 19 § 2 of the Brussels II bis Regulation pending clarification by the Greek courts of what had happened in the custody proceedings initiated by the applicant in Greece. Following the decision no. 927/2019 of the Court of Cassation (see paragraph 16 above), on 18   October 2021 the court of Geldern gave parental responsibility to E.B. The applicant has lodged an appeal against that decision, but no information has been provided as to the outcome. RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK NATIONAL LAW 24.     Under Article 3 of the Code of Civil Procedure, Greek nationals and foreigners are subject to the jurisdiction of the civil courts, provided that the Greek courts have jurisdiction. 25 .     Under Article 1518 of the Civil Code as it read at the time, “custody of a child shall include, in particular, his or her upbringing, supervision, work, education, and determination of his or her place of residence ...”. EUROPEAN UNION LAW AND CASE-LAW The Brussels II bis Regulation 26 .     At the material time, Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27   November 2003 concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility (known as “the Brussels II   bis   Regulation”) was in force and was later repealed by Council Regulation (EU) 2019/1111 of 25 June 2019 on jurisdiction, the recognition and enforcement of decisions in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility, and on international child abduction as of 31 July 2022 (known as “the Brussels II ter Regulation”). In its relevant part, the Brussels II bis Regulation read as follows: “... Whereas: ... (12) The grounds of jurisdiction in matters of parental responsibility established in the present Regulation are shaped in the light of the best interests of the child, in particular on the criterion of proximity. This means that jurisdiction should lie in the first place with the Member State of the child’s habitual residence, except for certain cases of a change in the child’s residence or pursuant to an agreement between the holders of parental responsibility. ... (17) In cases of wrongful removal or retention of a child, the return of the child should be obtained without delay, and to this end the Hague Convention of 25 October 1980 would continue to apply as complemented by the provisions of this Regulation, in particular Article 11. The courts of the Member State to or in which the child has been wrongfully removed or retained should be able to oppose his or her return in specific, duly justified cases. However, such a decision could be replaced by a subsequent decision by the court of the Member State of habitual residence of the child prior to the wrongful removal or retention. Should that judgment entail the return of the child, the return should take place without any special procedure being required for recognition and enforcement of that judgment in the Member State to or in which the child has been removed or retained. ...” Article 1 Scope “1. This Regulation shall apply, whatever the nature of the court or tribunal, in civil matters relating to: ... (b) the attribution, exercise, delegation, restriction or termination of parental responsibility. 2. The matters referred to in paragraph 1(b) may, in particular, deal with: (a) rights of custody and rights of access; ...” Article 2 Definitions “For the purposes of this Regulation: ... 9. the term "rights of custody" shall include rights and duties relating to the care of the person of a child, and in particular the right to determine the child’s place of residence; 10. the term "rights of access" shall include in particular the right to take a child to a place other than his or her habitual residence for a limited period of time; 11. the term "wrongful removal or retention" shall mean a child’s removal or retention where: (a) it is in breach of rights of custody acquired by judgment or by operation of law or by an agreement having legal effect under the law of the Member State where the child was habitually resident immediately before the removal or retention; and (b) provided that, at the time of removal or retention, the rights of custody were actually exercised, either jointly or alone, or would have been so exercised but for the removal or retention. Custody shall be considered to be exercised jointly when, pursuant to a judgment or by operation of law, one holder of parental responsibility cannot decide on the child’s place of residence without the consent of another holder of parental responsibility.” Article 8 General jurisdiction “1. The courts of a Member State shall have jurisdiction in matters of parental responsibility over a child who is habitually resident in that Member State at the time the court is seised. 2. Paragraph 1 shall be subject to the provisions of Articles 9, 10 and 12.” Article 9 Continuing jurisdiction of the child’s former habitual residence “1. Where a child moves lawfully from one Member State to another and acquires a new habitual residence there, the courts of the Member State of the child’s former habitual residence shall, by way of exception to Article 8, retain jurisdiction during a three-month period following the move for the purpose of modifying a judgment on access rights issued in that Member State before the child moved, where the holder of access rights pursuant to the judgment on access rights continues to have his or her habitual residence in the Member State of the child’s former habitual residence. 2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply if the holder of access rights referred to in paragraph 1 has accepted the jurisdiction of the courts of the Member State of the child’s new habitual residence by participating in proceedings before those courts without contesting their jurisdiction.” Article 10 Jurisdiction in cases of child abduction “In case of wrongful removal or retention of the child, the courts of the Member State where the child was habitually resident immediately before the wrongful removal or retention shall retain their jurisdiction until the child has acquired a habitual residence in another Member State and: (a) each person, institution or other body having rights of custody has acquiesced in the removal or retention; or (b) the child has resided in that other Member State for a period of at least one year after the person, institution or other body having rights of custody has had or should have had knowledge of the whereabouts of the child and the child is settled in his or her new environment and at least one of the following conditions is met: (i) within one year after the holder of rights of custody has had or should have had knowledge of the whereabouts of the child, no request for return has been lodged before the competent authorities of the Member State where the child has been removed or is being retained; (ii) a request for return lodged by the holder of rights of custody has been withdrawn and no new request has been lodged within the time limit set in paragraph (i); (iii) a case before the court in the Member State where the child was habitually resident immediately before the wrongful removal or retention has been closed pursuant to Article 11(7); (iv) a judgment on custody that does not entail the return of the child has been issued by the courts of the Member State where the child was habitually resident immediately before the wrongful removal or retention.” Article 11 Return of the child “1. Where a person, institution or other body having rights of custody applies to the competent authorities in a Member State to deliver a judgment on the basis of the Hague Convention of 25 October 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (hereinafter ‘the 1980 Hague Convention’), in order to obtain the return of a child that has been wrongfully removed or retained in a Member State other than the Member State where the child was habitually resident immediately before the wrongful removal or retention, paragraphs 2 to 8 shall apply. ... 7. Unless the courts in the Member State where the child was habitually resident immediately before the wrongful removal or retention have already been seised by one of the parties, the court or central authority that receives the information mentioned in paragraph 6 must notify it to the parties and invite them to make submissions to the court, in accordance with national law, within three months of the date of notification so that the court can examine the question of custody of the child. 8. Notwithstanding a judgment of non-return pursuant to Article 13 of the 1980 Hague Convention, any subsequent judgment which requires the return of the child issued by a court having jurisdiction under this Regulation shall be enforceable in accordance with Section 4 of Chapter III below in order to secure the return of the child.” Article 12 Prorogation of jurisdiction “1. The courts of a Member State exercising jurisdiction by virtue of Article 3 on an application for divorce, legal separation or marriage annulment shall have jurisdiction in any matter relating to parental responsibility connected with that application where: (a) at least one of the spouses has parental responsibility in relation to the child; and (b) the jurisdiction of the courts has been accepted expressly or otherwise in an unequivocal manner by the spouses and by the holders of parental responsibility, at the time the court is seised, and is in the superior interests of the child. 2. The jurisdiction conferred in paragraph 1 shall cease as soon as: (a) the judgment allowing or refusing the application for divorce, legal separation or marriage annulment has become final; (b) in those cases where proceedings in relation to parental responsibility are still pending on the date referred to in (a), a judgment in these proceedings has become final; (c) the proceedings referred to in (a) and (b) have come to an end for another reason. 3. The courts of a Member State shall also have jurisdiction in relation to parental responsibility in proceedings other than those referred to in paragraph 1 where: (a) the child has a substantial connection with that Member State, in particular by virtue of the fact that one of the holders of parental responsibility is habitually resident in that Member State or that the child is a national of that Member State; and (b) the jurisdiction of the courts has been accepted expressly or otherwise in an unequivocal manner by all the parties to the proceedings at the time the court is seised and is in the best interests of the child. ...” Article 16 Seising of a Court “1. A court shall be deemed to be seised: (a) at the time when the document instituting the proceedings or an equivalent document is lodged with the court, provided that the applicant has not subsequently failed to take the steps he was required to take to have service effected on the respondent; or (b) if the document has to be served before being lodged with the court, at the time when it is received by the authority responsible for service, provided that the applicant has not subsequently failed to take the steps he was required to take to have the document lodged with the court.” Article 17 Examination as to jurisdiction “Where a court of a Member State is seised of a case over which it has no jurisdiction under this Regulation and over which a court of another Member State has jurisdiction by virtue of this Regulation, it shall declare of its own motion that it has no jurisdiction.” Article 19 Lis pendens and dependent actions “... 2. Where proceedings relating to parental responsibility relating to the same child and involving the same cause of action are brought before courts of different Member States, the court second seised shall of its own motion stay its proceedings until such time as the jurisdiction of the court first seised is established.” Article 39 Certificate concerning judgments in matrimonial matters and certificate concerning judgments on parental responsibility “The competent court or authority of a Member State of origin shall, at the request of any interested party, issue a certificate using the standard form set out in Annex I (judgments in matrimonial matters) or in Annex II (judgments on parental responsibility).” SECTION 4 Enforceability of certain judgments concerning rights of access and of certain judgments which require the return of the child Article 40 Scope “1. This Section shall apply to: ... (b) the return of a child entailed by a judgment given pursuant to Article 11(8). ...” Article 42 Return of the child “1. The return of a child referred to in Article 40(1)(b) entailed by an enforceable judgment given in a Member State shall be recognised and enforceable in another Member State without the need for a declaration of enforceability and without any possibility of opposing its recognition if the judgment has been certified in the Member State of origin in accordance with paragraph 2. Even if national law does not provide for enforceability by operation of law, notwithstanding any appeal, of a judgment requiring the return of the child mentioned in Article 11(b)(8), the court of origin may declare the judgment enforceable.” Case-law of the CJEU 27 .     In A (2 April 2009, C-523/07, EU:C:2009:225), the CJEU interpreted Article 8 of the Brussels II bis Regulation as follows: “37. The ‘habitual residence’ of a child, within the meaning of Article   8(1) of the Regulation, must be established on the basis of all the circumstances specific to each individual case. 38. In addition to the physical presence of the child in a Member State other factors must be chosen which are capable of showing that that presence is not in any way temporary or intermittent and that the residence of the child reflects some degree of integration in a social and family environment. 39. In particular, the duration, regularity, conditions and reasons for the stay on the territory of a Member State and the family’s move to that State, the child’s nationality, the place and conditions of attendance at school, linguistic knowledge and the family and social relationships of the child in that State must be taken into consideration. 40. As the Advocate General pointed out in point 44 of her Opinion, the parents’ intention to settle permanently with the child in another Member State, manifested by certain tangible steps such as the purchase or lease of a residence in the host Member State, may constitute an indicator of the transfer of the habitual residence. Another indicator may be constituted by lodging an application for social housing with the relevant services of that State. 41. By contrast, the fact that the children are staying in a Member State where, for a short period, they carry on a peripatetic life, is liable to constitute an indicator that they do not habitually reside in that State.” 28.     In Mercredi (22 December 2010, C-497/10 PPU, EU:C:2010:829) the CJEU interpreted the concept of “habitual residence” as follows: “ 41.   By its first question, the referring court seeks clarification, in essence, on how properly to interpret the concept of ‘habitual residence’ for the purposes of Articles   8 and 10 of the Regulation, in order to determine which court has jurisdiction to make orders on matters relating to rights of custody, in particular where, as in the case in the main proceedings, the dispute concerns an infant who is lawfully removed by her mother to a Member State other than that of her habitual residence and has been staying there only a few days when the court in the State of departure is seised. ... 44. In that regard, it must first be observed that the Regulation contains no definition of the concept of ‘habitual residence’. It merely follows from the use of the adjective ‘habitual’ that the residence must have a certain permanence or regularity. 45. According to settled case‑law, it follows from the need for a uniform application of European Union law and the principle of equality that the terms of a provision of European Union law which makes no express reference to the law of the Member States for the purpose of determining its meaning and scope must normally be given an independent and uniform interpretation throughout the European Union, having regard to the context of the provision and the objective pursued by the legislation in question (see, inter alia , Case 327/82 Ekro [1984] ECR 107, paragraph 11; Case C‑98/07 Nordania Finans and BG Factoring [2008] ECR I‑1281, paragraph 17; and Case C‑523/07 A [2009] ECR I‑2805, paragraph 34). 46.   Since the articles of the Regulation which refer to ‘habitual residence’ make no express reference to the law of the Member States for the purpose of determining the meaning and scope of that concept, its meaning and scope must be determined in the light of the context of the Regulation’s provisions and the objective pursued by it, in particular the objective stated in recital 12 in the preamble to the Regulation, that the grounds of jurisdiction established in the Regulation are shaped in the light of the best interests of the child, in particular on the criterion of proximity. ... 56.   It follows from all of the foregoing that the answer to the first question is that the concept of ‘habitual residence’, for the purposes of Articles 8 and 10 of the Regulation, must be interpreted as meaning that such residence corresponds to the place which reflects some degree of integration by the child in a social and family environment. To that end, where the situation concerned is that of an infant who has been staying with her mother only a few days in a Member State – other than that of her habitual residence – to which she has been removed, the factors which must be taken into consideration include, first, the duration, regularity, conditions and reasons for the stay in the territory of that Member State and for the mother’s move to that State and, second, with particular reference to the child’s age, the mother’s geographic and family origins and the family and social connections which the mother and child have with that Member State. It is for the national court to establish the habitual residence of the child, taking account of all the circumstances of fact specific to each individual case. 57.   If the application of the abovementioned tests were, in the case in the main proceedings, to lead to the conclusion that the child’s habitual residence cannot be established, which court has jurisdiction would have to be determined on the basis of the criterion of the child’s presence, under Article 13 of the Regulation.” 29.     The CJEU has reaffirmed its above-mentioned case-law in other cases such as C (9 October 2014, C‑376/14 PPU, EU:C:2014:2268, paragraphs   50 ‑ 53), and OL (8 June 2017, C‑111/17 PPU, EU:C:2017:436, paragraphs   40 ‑ 44). 30.     In HR (28 June 2018, C-512/17, EU:C:2018:513), the CJEU held, in so far as relevant, the following: “42. It is apparent from that case-law that the child’s place of habitual residence for the purpose of Regulation No 2201/2003 is the place which, in practice, is the centre of that child’s life. Pursuant to Article 8(1) of that regulation, it is for the court seised to determine where that centre was located at the time the application concerning parental responsibility over the child was submitted.” INTERNATIONAL MATERIAL 31.     The relevant provisions of the international instruments applicable in the present case are presented in X v. Latvia ([GC] no. 27853/09, §§   34-42, ECHR   2013). THE LAW ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 8 OF THE CONVENTION 32.     The applicant complained that the domestic courts, by rejecting his application for custody of his children on the grounds that they had no jurisdiction, had violated his right to respect for his family life as guaranteed by Article 8 of the Convention, which reads as follows: “1.     Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. 2.     There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.” Admissibility The parties’ arguments 33.     The Government put forward several objections to the admissibility of the applicant’s complaint. First, they argued that the applicant lacked victim status. In their view, the domestic courts had not refused to examine the applicant’s application but had first considered whether they were competent to hear the matters raised, as they were obliged to do by national and European legislation; therefore the applicant lacked victim status. 34.     The Government further argued that the complaint raised fell outside the scope of Article 8 of the Convention and that the applicant had failed to refer to that Article in his submissions in the domestic courts. In addition, he had failed to lodge an application seeking a variation of decision no.   590/2013 of the Rhodes One-Member Court of First Instance setting a schedule for contact with his children within three months of their relocation to Germany, as required by Article   9   §   1 of the Brussels II bis Regulation. The domestic courts had still had jurisdiction during the three-month period following that relocation. In any event, and given that Greek law did not provide for the reopening of civil proceedings following a finding of a violation of the Court, the applicant must have lodged his present application merely in order to receive compensation. He should therefore have lodged an application under Article   105 of the Introductory Law to the Civil Code to that effect, seeking compensation for damage caused to him by wrongful judicial decisions. This was an effective remedy, as had already been held in decision no. 1501/2014 of the Plenary of the Supreme Administrative Court. 35.     Lastly, the Government submitted that if the domestic authorities should be held accountable for the content of decision no. 26/2015 of the One ‑ Member Rhodes Court of First Instance, the application had been lodged outside the time-limit of six months. 36.     The applicant submitted that his applications to the domestic courts concerned the custody of his children, which fell within the scope of Article   8, so he had raised the relevant complaints in substance. Moreover, the fact that his application was not examined in substance but was rejected as inadmissible did not negate the fact that he was a victim of the violation complained about. As regards the exhaustion of domestic remedies, the applicant had used all the remedies at his disposal. The Government had not shown that an application under Article 105 of the Introductory Law to the Civil Code would have been effective in his case. The Court’s assessment 37.     The Court considers that the question of whether the applicant can claim to be a victim of the violation alleged is inextricably linked to the merits of the complaint under Article 8 of the Convention. It therefore joins the Government’s preliminary objection in respect of the applicant’s victim status to the merits of his complaint under Article 8 of the Convention. 38.     As regards the argument that the applicant’s complaint falls outside the scope of Article 8 of the Convention, the Court reiterates that the mutual enjoyment by parent and child of each other’s company constitutes a fundamental element of family life, and domestic measures hindering such enjoyment amount to an interference with the right protected by this provision ( Strand Lobben and Others v. Norway [GC], no. 37283/13, §   202, 10   September 2019). It follows that custody proceedings fall within the scope of Article 8 of the Convention (see, among many others,   Tzioumaka v.   Greece , no. 31022/20, § 79, 9 April 2024, with further references). 39.     Turning to the objections of non-exhaustion raised by the Government, the general principles of the Court have been set out in   Vučković and Others v. Serbia (preliminary objection) [GC], nos. 17153/11 and   29   others, §§ 69-77, 25 March 2014; see also Gherghina v.   Romania   (dec.) [GC], no.   42219/07, §§ 83-89, 9 July 2015, and Communauté genevoise d’action syndicale (CGAS) v. Switzerland [GC], no.   21881/20, §§   138-46, 27   November 2023). 40.     In the present case, the Court notes that the applicant had made an application for custody of the children. His application was rejected at first instance and on appeal for want of jurisdiction. The applicant then lodged an appeal on points of law, presenting the Court of Cassation with a complete account of the proceedings in the Court of Appeal and presented arguments that were in substance relevant to Article 8 of the Convention. In particular, he advanced several reasons as to why his application for custody should have been heard by the Greek courts and detailed the reasons why, in his view, the Greek courts had jurisdiction over his application for custody of the children (see para