CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 21 janvier 2025

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TÜRKİYE (Applications nos. 74601/14 and 78295/14)     JUDGMENT   Art 6 § 1 (criminal) and Art 6 § 3 (d) • Fair hearing • Examination of witnesses • Legal impossibility to examine witnesses in administrative proceedings, depriving the applicant of the possibility to challenge the sole, if not decisive, police evidence against her on the basis of which she was fined • Structural procedural defect stemming from the application of the domestic legal framework and case-law at the material time • Domestic courts’ failure to remedy resulting prejudice   Prepared by the Registry. Does not bind the Court.   STRASBOURG 21 January 2025   FINAL   30/06/2025   This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Dilek Genç v. Türkiye, The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Arnfinn Bårdsen , President ,   Saadet Yüksel,   Pauliine Koskelo,   Jovan Ilievski,   Péter Paczolay,   Davor Derenčinović,   Stéphane Pisani , judges , and Hasan Bakırcı, Section Registrar, Having regard to: the applications (nos.   74601/14 and 78295/14) against the Republic of Türkiye lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Ms Dilek Genç (“the applicant”), on the various dates indicated in the appended table; the decision to give notice to the Turkish Government (“the Government”) of the complaint concerning the applicant’s right to a fair trial under Article   6   §§   1 and 3 (d) of the Convention, and to declare the remainder of the applications inadmissible; the Government’s observations; Having deliberated in private on 17 December 2024, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: INTRODUCTION 1.     The applications concern the alleged unfairness of two sets of administrative proceedings whereby the applicant sought to challenge administrative fines imposed on her. She challenged the fines on the basis that, among other things, the Code of Administrative Procedure lacked a provision enabling the examination of witnesses in proceedings before the administrative courts, and the domestic courts had failed to state their reasons for dismissing her objections. The applicant complained of a violation of her right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the Convention. THE FACTS 2.     The applicant was born in 1973 and lives in İzmir. She was represented by Mr K. Akyüz, a lawyer practising in İzmir. 3.     The Government were represented by their Agent at the time, Mr   Hacı   Ali Açıkgül, former Head of the Department of Human Rights of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Türkiye. 4.     The facts of the case may be summarised as follows. 5.     At the material time, the applicant was the owner of a music hall in İzmir which had an alcohol licence. 6 .     On 22 June 2011, in accordance with section 6 of Law no.   2559 on the Duties and Powers of the Police, the Bornova Municipal Council issued the applicant with an administrative fine for failing to comply with the official closing times for public entertainment venues set by municipalities, namely 12 midnight on weekdays and 12.30 a.m. at weekends. The administrative fine amounted to 3,680 Turkish liras (TRY – approximately 1,593   euros (EUR) according to the exchange rate at the material time), double the usual fine, as the municipal council noted that the applicant had committed the same offence twice within a year. On 6 July 2011, following another inspection, a second fine of the same amount was imposed on the applicant. 7.     The fines were based on reports drawn up by police officers on 13   May 2011 and 8 June 2011 which stated that the music hall had been open at   1.15   a.m. and 12.50 a.m. respectively, and there had been customers inside. 8.     On 15 December 2011 the applicant initiated two separate sets of administrative proceedings against the Bornova municipality before the İzmir Administrative Court, seeking the annulment of the fines in question. She denied failing to comply with the official closing times, arguing that she had stopped serving customers prior to those hours and that the music hall had been open after that time only for daily cleaning and maintenance. 9 .     By written observations dated 24 February 2012, the applicant argued that, even though section 25 of the Minor Offences Act required explicit evidence proving an act deemed to be a minor offence, in imposing the fines on her, the municipality had merely relied on the reports drawn up by the police, which had not been supported by any evidence. In that regard, the applicant maintained that the police reports had been pre-printed documents on which the police had simply filled in information concerning the times of the minor offences and the address of the place relevant to the alleged breach. In the applicant’s view, even simple traffic fines were imposed on the basis of documents; the administrative fines imposed on her, which had been higher and had shaken her financial situation to its foundations, should have been imposed only on the basis of valid evidence supported by technological means. Such a state of affairs had deprived her of any opportunity to contest the findings contained in the police reports, thereby giving rise to a violation of the principle of equality of arms as protected by the right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the Convention. On that basis, the applicant asked the Administrative Court to hear witness evidence against the police reports, arguing that even though the police officers had claimed that the music hall had remained open after closing time, their reports had not reflected the truth, since at that moment in time her employees had been cleaning the hall. 10.     On 29 January 2013 the İzmir Administrative Court dismissed the legal challenges brought by the applicant in two separate but almost identical two-page judgments. After summarising the facts of the cases, the court found no unlawfulness in the municipality’s decisions to impose fines on the applicant, as it had been established that her music hall had remained open beyond the closing times set for entertainment venues at the material time. The court’s judgments did not address the applicant’s claims that the music hall had been open because her employees had been cleaning the venue and carrying out maintenance; nor did they rule on the applicant’s applications to adduce witness evidence to refute the police reports. The court wrongly stated that its judgments could be appealed against to the İzmir Regional Administrative Court. 11.     The applicant appealed against those judgments to the İzmir Regional Administrative Court, submitting, among other things, that she could not effectively challenge the findings of the police reports owing to the fact that her application for witnesses to be heard had not been taken into account. 12.     On 24 and 30 April 2013 the İzmir Regional Administrative Court refused to entertain the appeals, holding that the judgments of the administrative courts on objections lodged against fines imposed under section   6 of Law no.   2559 were final, in accordance with the second subsection of that provision, and thus were not amenable to appeal. 13 .     On 14 June 2013 the applicant lodged two individual applications with the Constitutional Court, alleging that her right to a fair trial had been violated owing to (i) the Administrative Court’s reliance on only the police reports and failure to question their credibility, and (ii) the Administrative Court’s silence as to her applications to have her witnesses heard. The applicant reiterated her claims as set out in her written submissions dated 24   February 2012, including her assertions that there was no evidence to support the findings in the police reports that there had been customers in her music hall after the permitted hours. Moreover, the applicant submitted that she had not been given the opportunity to refute the police reports, since the Administrative Court had simply ignored her application for witnesses to be heard and had failed to state why it had not found her arguments appropriate. In the applicant’s view, the Administrative Court’s stance had breached the principle of equality of arms, the right to a reasoned judgment and her right to have her case determined in accordance with the right to a fair trial. Lastly, the applicant added that the fines in question, which had shaken her financial situation to its foundations, had become final, which meant that she had to pay them. 14.     On 7 April and 27 June 2014, the Constitutional Court declared the applicant’s individual applications inadmissible, holding that her complaints relating to the fairness of the proceedings and the right to obtain the attendance of witnesses had been manifestly ill-founded. In its reasoning, the Constitutional Court held that the İzmir Administrative Court had dismissed the objections lodged by the applicant against the fines imposed on her by conducting a written procedure ( yazılı usul ) and on the basis of information and documents contained in the case files, and by applying the relevant domestic legal provisions. It went on to state that the applicant had failed to submit any information or proof demonstrating that she had not been informed of the observations lodged by the Bornova municipality or that she had been unable to present her arguments or effectively challenge the evidence and arguments which it had submitted. Taking the view that the applicant’s complaints that her cases should not have been dismissed concerned the interpretation of the law, and thus the outcome of the proceedings, the Constitutional Court held that they constituted a type of further appeal and should therefore be declared inadmissible as being manifestly ill-founded, given that the decisions of the Administrative Court did not contain any manifest error of assessment or arbitrariness. 15.     As regards the applicant’s complaint pertaining to her inability to have her witnesses heard by the Administrative Court, the Constitutional Court held that a written procedure applied to proceedings before the administrative courts of first-instance, which had to adopt their decisions on the basis of written pieces of evidence ( yazılı delil araçları ). In that connection, the Constitutional Court held that the İzmir Administrative Court had found it established that the applicant had failed to abide by the official closing times by referring to the police reports, without needing to hear her witnesses. Accordingly, the Constitutional Court took the view that, in view of the remaining evidence, the applicant’s complaint that her request to have witnesses heard had been rejected for no reason lacked any basis and declared it inadmissible as being manifestly ill-founded.   RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE Relevant domestic law The Code of Administrative Procedure 16.     The relevant Articles of the Code of Administrative Procedure (Law   no.   2577), as in force at the material time, read: Scope and nature Article 1 “... 2. In [proceedings] before the Supreme Administrative Court, regional administrative courts, administrative [courts] and tax courts, a written procedure shall apply, and the assessment shall be carried out on the basis of documents ( evrak ).” Hearings Article 17 “1. [A] hearing shall be held at the request of one of the parties in: actions for annulment which are brought before the Supreme Administrative Court [or] administrative or tax courts; actions for a full remedy which exceed 25,000 Turkish liras; and tax proceedings where the total sum of tax, duty and [the relevant] fee and similar financial liabilities, as well as any [linked] increased amounts and penalties, exceeds 25,000 Turkish liras. 2. The holding of a hearing in the context of appeals and appeals in cassation is conditional upon the parties requesting this and the Supreme Administrative Court or the competent regional administrative court making a decision [in this regard]. 3. An application for a hearing may be made in the statement of claim or [in] the reply or defence. 4. The Supreme Administrative Court, a court or a judge is not bound by the restrictions enumerated in the first and second paragraphs, and may decide to hold a hearing of its [or his or her] own motion. 5. Summonses shall be sent to the parties at least thirty days prior to the hearing date.” Principles regarding hearings Article 18 “1. Hearings shall be held in public. In cases where general morals or public safety so dictate, all or part of [a] hearing shall be held in camera following a decision by the competent division or court. 2. Hearings shall be presided over by the president [of the court in question]. 3. The parties shall be given the floor twice during hearings. If only one of the parties appears, only his or her submissions will be heard; if neither of the parties appears, no hearing shall be held, and the assessment shall be carried out on the basis of documents. ...” Examination of cases Article 20 “1. The Supreme Administrative Court, regional administrative courts, administrative [courts] and tax courts shall, of their own motion, carry out any type of examination related to the cases they are adjudicating. Courts may ask the parties or any other relevant third parties to send the documents that they deem necessary and to produce all sorts of information within a set time-limit. Those concerned must comply with such requests within the set time-limit. The time-limit may be extended only once, if just reasons exist. ... 3. However, by indicating the reasons for [their decisions], the President [of the Republic], the Vice-President or ministers may [choose] not to produce the information or document if the requested document or information relates to State security or [the State’s] fundamental interests, or relates to a foreign State as well as State security and [the State’s] fundamental interests. No decision may be issued on the basis of defence [submissions] based on information and documents that have not been produced. ...” Cases where the Code of Civil Procedure and the Code of Tax Procedure will be applied Article 31 “1. The provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure shall be applied in respect of issues in relation to which this Code contains no provision, [such as] the disqualification of judge[s] from hearing a case and [their] recusal, capacity ( ehliyet ), the intervention of third parties in a case ( üçüncü şahısların davaya katılması ), the notice given to relevant third parties ( davanın ihbarı ), parties’ lawyers, the examination of a case file by the parties and those concerned, the withdrawal and acceptance of an action, guarantee[s], counterclaim[s] ( mukabil dava ), expert[s], on-site inspection[s], the determination of proof, court costs, legal aid and the steps to be taken in response to the conduct of parties at hearings which disturb[s] the peace and order of the court, electronic transactions and the conduct of hearings by means of audiovisual communication techniques. ... 2. The relevant provisions of the Code of Tax Procedure shall be applied in the settlement of tax disputes, save for in cases where the Code of Civil Procedure is referred to, pursuant to this Act and the above paragraph.” The Law on the Duties and Powers of the Police 17.     Section 6 of Law no. 2559 on the duties and Powers of the Police provides as follows: “[1.] [In the event that] public recreation venues or entertainment venues (a) open before the date when they are due [to reopen], despite having been temporarily suspended from operating; (b) do not comply with the [relevant] opening hours and closing times; (c) are found not to have complied with the prohibitions specified in section 12 of this Law; or (d) have been made to operate in breach of the legislative provisions, managers of these venues shall be issued with an administrative fine ranging from TRY   500 million to TRY one billion [approximately EUR 420 and EUR 843, according to the exchange rate at the material time]. [2.] Administrative fines provided for in this Article shall be issued by municipal council[s] [where the venues are located] within the borders of a municipality, and by the general provincial council ( il daimi encümeni ) [where they are located] outside the borders of the municipality. The persons concerned shall be notified of the decisions on administrative fines in accordance with the provisions of Law no. 7201 on Notifications. Objection[s] against such fines may be filed with the competent administrative court[s] within a maximum of seven days from the date of notification. Objection[s] shall not suspend the execution of the penalty. Decision[s] on objections shall be final. Objections shall be concluded by means of an assessment, which shall be carried out on the basis of documents in cases [where a hearing is] not deemed to be necessary. Administrative fines shall be collected pursuant to the provisions of Law no.   6183 on the Collection of Debts due to the State. [3.] In the event that the acts set out under this section are repeated within one year, the fine imposed shall be double the last fine imposed for the same type of breach.” The Minor Offences Act 18.     Section 2 of the Minor Offenses Act (Law no. 5326) provides as follows: The term minor offence is to be understood as meaning unjustified acts in respect of which the law provides for the imposition of administrative sanctions. 19.     Section 3 of the Minor Offences Act provides as follows: “... (a) [Provisions of this Law] which concern legal remedies shall be applied in the event that other Laws have no provision[s] [in that regard]. (b) The remaining general provisions [of this Law] shall be applied in respect of all acts requiring administrative fines or the sanction of the transfer of property into public ownership.” 20 .     Certain provisions of the Minor Offences Act which were applicable to the proceedings in issue in the present case concern concepts which are indicative of the criminal nature of minor offences, such as intent, negligence, the commission of minor offences by omission, mistake, liability, grounds for justification, reasons for extinguishing liability, attempted offences, complicity and combined sentences. Relevant case-law of the Supreme administrative court as submitted by the government 21 .     As regards the issue of witnesses, the Government submitted that the Code of Administrative Procedure did not prohibit the hearing of witness evidence; the reason why the domestic administrative courts did not hear witnesses was because Article 31 of the Code of Administrative Procedure did not refer to witness evidence as a matter in respect of which the administrative courts could apply the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure. In support of that contention, the Government submitted four judgments given by different divisions of the Supreme Administrative Court (in 2018, 2021 and 2022) in which, in their view, that court had considered whether other cases were pending before different courts and the restriction on the amendment of claims, even though those matters were not listed under Article   31 of the Code of Administrative Procedure. 22 .     Similarly, the Government submitted two judgments delivered by the Fifth Division of the Supreme Administrative Court in 2021 and 2022, in which it had dismissed actions for annulment lodged by two members of the judiciary who had been dismissed from their positions owing to their links with the “Fetullahist Terror Organisation/Parallel State Structure” ( Fetullahçı Terör Örgütü / Paralel Devlet Yapılanması ). Each of those judgments contained a paragraph which read “... On the other hand, having seen that the plaintiff [made] an application for witnesses to be heard, it was not deemed necessary to hear those witnesses, in view of the assessment of the evidence available in the case file ...” According to the Government, these judgments indicated that the Supreme Administrative Court had not clearly established that witnesses could not be heard in administrative proceedings. 23 .     In a judgment delivered in 2022, the Supreme Administrative Court had also held that the cases against the respondent in that case which were pending before different courts could not be joined, because the Code of Administrative Procedure did not contain a provision on the joinder of cases, and Article   31 of that Code did not list joinder as a matter in respect of which the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure could be applied. THE LAW JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS 24.     Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6   §§   1 and   3 ( d ) OF THE CONVENTION 25.     The applicant complained that she had not had a fair trial owing to a breach of her right to a reasoned judgment, because her submissions on the merits of the cases and her applications to have her witnesses heard in the administrative proceedings before the İzmir Administrative Court had been rejected without any reasons being given. The applicant further complained that there was no right under Turkish law to have witnesses give oral evidence in cases before the administrative courts, which was in contravention of the principle of equality of arms and the right to have a fair hearing. 26.     As master of the characterisation to be given in law to the facts of the case before it ( see Radomilja and Others v. Croatia [GC], nos.   37685/10 and   22768/12, §§   114 and 124, 20 March 2018), the Court considers that these complaints fall to be examined under Article   6   §§   1 and 3 (d) of the Convention, which provides, in so far as relevant, as follows: “1.     In the determination of ... any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair ... hearing by [a] ... tribunal ... ... 3.     Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights: ... (d)     to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him; ...” Admissibility 27.     The Government raised four   preliminary objections, alleging (i) that Article   6 of the Convention did not apply to the proceedings in issue; (ii) that the applicant had not suffered a significant disadvantage; (iii) that the applicant had not availed herself of the effective domestic remedies in respect of her complaints; and (iv) that the application should in any event be declared inadmissible as being manifestly ill-founded. 28.     The applicant did not submit her observations within the time allocated for that purpose. Applicability of Article 6 of the Convention (a)    The Government’s submissions 29.     The Government submitted that neither the criminal nor the civil limb of Article 6 of the Convention was applicable to the administrative proceedings which formed the basis of the applications. As regards the criminal limb, the Government submitted that none of the Engel criteria had been met, for the following reasons. Firstly, the administrative fine imposed on the applicant under Law no.   2559 on the Duties and Powers of the Police had not been criminal in nature, and the act of which she had been accused had not been enshrined as an offence under the Criminal Code. Similarly, administrative fines were not imposed under the Criminal Code, but in accordance with the Minor Offences Act or various other statutes where such fines were laid down, such as Law no.   2559. Lastly, the administrative fines in question had been imposed by an administrative body, namely Bornova Municipal Council, and were completely different from the judicial fines imposed by a court, as a person given an administrative fine could not be imprisoned in default of payment. 30.     As regards the second Engel criterion, the Government contended that section   6 of Law no.   2559, under which the fines in the present case had been issued, was aimed at a specific group with a particular status, namely business owners who did not close their workplaces at the hours determined by the local authority. Moreover, the fines in question had not been of a punitive nature, but had aimed to ensure the proper functioning of public order and that businesses operating under equal conditions worked on equal terms. In the Government’s view, while it was true that the fines could be regarded as a deterrent measure, they could not be classified as criminal sanctions. 31.     As regards the third Engel criterion, the Government submitted that the fines had been “small”. They also emphasised that there had been no risk of them being converted into a prison sentence and that they had not been entered in the applicant’s criminal record. Moreover, the present case was distinguishable from Özmurat İnşaat Elektrik Nakliyat Temizlik San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti. v. Turkey , (no.   48657/06, §§   22-26, 28   November 2017) and   Sancaklı v. Turke y , (no.   1385/07, §§   28-31, 15 May 2018), where the Court had found that the criminal limb of Article 6 of the Convention was applicable to administrative fines imposed under different statutes which were reviewed by criminal courts, because the judicial review of the administrative fines in those cases had been carried out by administrative courts and not criminal courts, due to the administrative nature of such fines. (b)    The Court’s assessment (i)       Preliminary remarks 32.     The Court reiterates that the assessment of the applicability of Article   6 under its criminal limb is based on three criteria, commonly known as the “Engel criteria” (see   Engel and Others v. the Netherlands , 8 June 1976, §   82, Series A no. 22). The first criterion is the legal classification of the offence under national law, the second is the very nature of the offence, and the third is the nature and degree of severity of the penalty that the person concerned risks incurring (see, among other authorities , Gestur Jónsson and Ragnar Halldór Hall v. Iceland [GC], nos. 68273/14 and 68271/14, §§   75 ‑ 98, 22   December 2020). 33.     Prior to assessing the present case in the light of the Engel criteria, the Court notes that in a factually identical case, namely in the case of Milenović v.   Slovenia (no.   11411/11, 28   February 2013), it examined the applicant’s complaint under Article 6 of the Convention considering that this provision was applicable. The case concerned proceedings relating to a fine imposed on the applicant, a bar owner, for his failing to operate within the fixed hours of operation laid down by legislation aimed at a specific group with a particular status, namely bar owners. 34.     Moreover, in several other cases against Türkiye, the Court held that the criminal head of Article 6 of the Convention was applicable to proceedings concerning minor offences under various laws which were also aimed at a specific group with a particular status, and which were also punishable by administrative fines, an issue which is almost identical to the one under consideration in the present case. For instance, the Court found that the criminal limb of Article 6   §   1 of the Convention was applicable to administrative fines imposed on applicants for breaches of the Social Security Act (see Hüseyin Turan v.   Turkey , no.   11529/02, §§   15-21, 4 March 2008), the Minor Offences Act (see Sancaklı , cited above, §§   30-31), the Regulation Concerning Group A Mines (see Özmurat İnşaat Elektrik Nakliyat Temizlik San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti. , cited above, §   25), the Road Traffic Act (see Şimşek, Andiç and Boğatekin v. Turkey , (dec.), nos.   75845/12 and two others, 17   March 2020), and the Law on Associations (see Korkut and Amnesty International Türkiye v. Türkiye , no. 61177/09, §   45, 9 May 2023). 35.     In line with the Court’s well-established case-law in respect of the applicability of the criminal limb of Article 6 of the Convention to proceedings concerning minor offences under Turkish law, the Constitutional Court did not find that the criminal limb of Article 6 of the Convention was inapplicable to the proceedings in issue in the applicant’s case. Moreover, and more importantly, the Government did not argue that according to the Constitutional Court’s own case-law, the imposition of administrative fines for minor offences was not considered to fall under the criminal limb of the right to a fair trial. (ii)     The first criterion: the legal classification of the offence in domestic law 36.     Turning now to the first Engel criterion, the Court notes that it is uncontested that the act of which the applicant was accused and the corresponding sanction were not provided for in the Turkish Criminal Code. However, this is not decisive for the purposes of the applicability of Article   6 of the Convention under its criminal head, as the indications furnished by the domestic law have only a relative value; the very nature of the offence is a factor of greater import   (see Campbell and Fell v. the United Kingdom , 28   June 1984, §   71, Series A no. 80).   In the same vein, and contrary to the Government’s contention, the fact that the impugned fines were issued by an administrative body and not a court makes no difference as regards the question of the applicability of the criminal limb of Article 6 of the Convention to the facts of the present case (see Grande Stevens and Others v.   Italy , nos. 18640/10 and 4 others, §   100, 4 March 2014 for a list of cases in which the criminal limb of Article 6 of the Convention was found to be applicable to proceedings concerning fines imposed by administrative bodies). (iii)    The second criterion: the nature of the offence 37.     As regards the second Engel criterion, namely the nature of the offence itself,   the Court has always had regard to the group of persons at whom the infringed rule is targeted, the type and nature of the protected interests and the existence of a deterrent and punitive purpose (see Saquetti Iglesias v. Spain , no. 50514/13, §   25, 30 June 2020, with further references). In the present case, the Court observes that section 6(1)(b) of Law no.   2559 provides for a minor offence, namely a failure to comply with the opening hours and closing times for a specific group of people who pursue an economic activity, namely the owners of entertainment venues. The fact that the provision in question does not target the general public but a specific group may, depending on its nature and purpose, speak in favour of considering that such an offence falls outside the criminal limb of Article   6 of the Convention. 38.     The Court will therefore examine whether the offence in issue in the present case could be regarded as having a punitive purpose. In that regard, it observes that the Government, while acknowledging the deterrent nature of the provision, argued that it was not punitive since, in their view, it was intended to ensure that firms operating under identical conditions conducted their business on an equal footing, and was thus to ensure the proper functioning of public order. 39.     In the Court’s view, the objective pursued by the provision, as identified by the Government, is comparable to the preservation of fair competition among similar businesses by encouraging them, on pain of administrative fines, to refrain from practices which may infringe competition   – in this case, operating outside the permitted hours. However, both the protection of competition – which is at issue in the present case to a certain, albeit limited, extent – and the aim of maintaining public order are general interests of society which are normally protected by criminal law (for the applicability of the criminal head of Article   6 to an offence which is intended to guarantee the protection of public order, see Asadbeyli and Others v.   Azerbaijan , nos.   3653/05 and 5 others, §   153, 11 December 2012, and for proceedings dealing with breaches of competition law, see SA-Capital Oy v.   Finland , no.   5556/10, §   68, 14 February 2019, with further references). Indeed, some of the provisions of the Minor Offences Act applicable to the proceedings in the present case contain concepts such as intent, negligence, the commission of minor offences by omission, mistake, liability, grounds for justification, reasons for extinguishing liability, mistake, attempted offences, complicity and combined sentences, which are indicative of the criminal nature of minor offences (see Ziliberberg v. Moldova , no. 61821/00, §   34, 1   February 2005), including the one at issue in the present case (see   paragraph   20). (iv)   The third criterion: the nature and degree of severity of the penalty 40.     With regard to the third Engel criterion, namely the nature and degree of severity of the penalty that the person concerned risks incurring, the Court stresses that the primary purpose of section 6(1)(b) of Law no.   2559 is to punish offenders; none of the administrative fines provided for under that provision are intended to be pecuniary compensation for the damage caused by the failure to comply with the operating hours set by municipalities. The last subsection of section 6 of Law no.   2559, which provides for the imposition of an increased fine in the event of reoffending (see Ruotsalainen v.   Finland , no. 13079/03, §   46, 16 June 2009), also attests to the punitive purpose of the sanction. The fines in question were therefore essentially intended to punish the applicant in order to prevent her from reoffending, and they were therefore based on provisions which had both a preventive purpose – to deter her from reoffending – and a punitive purpose – to sanction conduct which the legislature deemed unlawful (see Korkut and Amnesty International Türkiye , cited above, §   45, concerning administrative fines imposed on associations in the event of a failure to report donations received from abroad, and, mutatis mutandis , Edizioni Del Roma Societa Cooperativa A.R.L. and Edizioni del Roma S.R.L. v. Italy , nos. 68954/13 and 70495/13, §   41, 10 December 2020). In the Court’s view, this establishes the criminal nature of the offence in the present case. Accordingly, the fact that the offence was punishable solely by a fine which, as the Government pointed out, could not, in the event of non-payment, be converted into imprisonment is not in itself decisive for the question of the applicability of the criminal limb of Article   6 of the Convention, since the relative lightness of the penalty at issue cannot deprive an offence of its inherently criminal character (see Grosam v.   the Czech Republic [GC], no. 19750/13, §   115 in fine , 1   June 2023, with further references). (v)     Conclusion 41.     In view of the above, the Court finds that the offence of which the applicant was accused and convicted should be classified as “criminal” for the purposes of Article 6 of the Convention, which means that the criminal limb of Article   6 of the Convention was applicable to the administrative proceedings forming the basis of the present cases. The Court thus dismisses the Government’s preliminary objection claiming otherwise. There is therefore no call for the Court to assess whether the civil aspect of Article   6   §   1 of the Convention was applicable in the present case. Lack of significant disadvantage (a)    The Government’s submissions 42.     The Government submitted that the fines imposed on the applicant had not given rise to any significant pecuniary hardship for her, because the amounts of the fines had been nominal and quite modest, in view of the economic welfare of Türkiye. More importantly, at no point during the proceedings, including the proceedings before the Constitutional Court and the Court, had the applicant provided any information as regards her financial situation, nor had she specified what impact the administrative fine and the subsequent proceedings had had on her personal life. In addition, the case file had not contained any such information. Notwithstanding their pecuniary aspect, the administrative fines at issue could not be regarded as having caused the applicant any significant damage, because the nature of such fines was fundamentally different from that of judicial fines, as the Government had explained in detail in their submissions as to incompatibility. 43.     Moreover, the Government submitted that there was no compelling reason requiring an examination of the legal issues raised in the present case, arguing that the Court had had a number of opportunities to rule on complaints similar to the ones in the present case and to determine the obligations of the Contracting States under the right to a fair trial. Similarly, the present application neither raised serious questions affecting the application and interpretation of the Convention nor demonstrated that there was a need to clarify the State’s obligations under the Convention or address a systemic problem affecting other persons in the same position as the applicant. In any event, the applicant had failed to explain on what grounds the present application should be treated differently from other cases on the same issue. (b)    The Court’s assessment 44.     Article 35 § 3 (b) of the Convention, as amended by Article 5 of Protocol   No.   15 to the Convention [1] , provides: “3.     The Court shall declare inadmissible any individual application submitted under Article 34 if it considers that: ... (b)     the applicant has not suffered a significant disadvantage, unless respect for human rights as defined in the Convention and the Protocols thereto requires an examination of the application on the merits.” 45.     The Court reiterates that the third element of the “significant disadvantage” criterion, namely that no case may be rejected on this ground which has not been duly considered by a domestic tribunal, was repealed by Protocol   No.   15 to the Convention, which entered into force on 1   August   2021. Accordingly, the Court is also no longer required to examine whether that element was met and will thus solely examine (i) whether the applicant suffered a significant disadvantage as a result of the alleged breach of her right to a fair trial under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention; and (ii) whether respect for human rights as defined in the Convention and the Protocols thereto requires an examination of the complaint on the merits. 46.     Inspired by the principle de minimis non curat praetor , the admissibility criterion contained in Article 35 § 3 (b) of the Convention hinges on the idea that a violation of a right, however real from a purely legal point of view, should attain a minimum level of severity to warrant consideration by an international court. The assessment of this minimum level is, in the nature of things, relative and depends on all the circumstances of the case. The severity of the alleged violation should be assessed, taking account of both the applicant’s subjective perceptions and what is objectively at stake in a particular case (see Korolev v. Russia (dec.), no.   25551/05, ECHR 2010, and Subaşı and Others v. Türkiye , nos.   3468/20   and 18 others, §   62, 6   December 2022). The Court is conscious that the impact of a pecuniary loss must not be measured in abstract terms; even modest pecuniary damage may be significant in the light of a person’s specific condition and the economic situation of the country or region in which he or she lives (ibid.; see also Rinck v.   France (dec.), no. 18774/09, 19   October 2010). 47.     In the present case, an administrative fine of approximately EUR   1,593 was imposed on the applicant in each of the two sets of proceedings, hence a total of EUR 3,186 (see paragraph 6 above) was at stake for her, an amount which was just over nine times the minimum monthly wage in Türkiye at the material time. Thus, the amount in question cannot, in the abstract, be regarded as insignificant, particularly in view of the Court’s case-law, where amounts equal to or less than approximately EUR   500 may be regarded as not entailing a significant disadvantage under Article   35   §   3   (b) of the Convention (see Bartolo v. Malta (dec.), no.   40761/19, §   24, 7 September 2021, with further references). 48.     Moreover, and contrary to the Government’s contention that the applicant had not indicated, at any point during the proceedings, the potential impact of the fines on her, the Court observes that in her written submissions of 24 February 2012 to the Administrative Court (see paragraph 9) and in her applications to the Constitutional Court (see paragraph 13), the applicant stated that the fines in question had shaken her personal finances to [their] foundations. The Government did not provide any element which could cast doubt on the veracity of that submission, and the Constitutional Court did not dismiss the individual applications lodged by the applicant on the basis of a lack of significant disadvantage on account of her failure to proffer any explanations as to the amount of the fines or the impact they may have had on her (see Rola v. Slovenia , nos.   12096/14 and 39335/16, §   44, 4 June 2019).