CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;CHAMBER;ENG — 13 mai 2025

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MALTA (Application no. 37055/22)   JUDGMENT   Art 5 § 1 • Lawful pre-trial detention of the applicant on the basis of a “Part   III Arrest Warrant”, issued by the Court of Magistrates under the relevant domestic law, following his extradition to Malta under a European Arrest Warrant (EAW) • Constitutional Court’s findings that a “Part III Arrest Warrant” amounted to a valid national arrest warrant providing a legal basis for the applicant’s detention not arbitrary or manifestly unreasonable • Pre-trial detention justified under Art   5 §   1 (c) Art 2 P4 • Freedom to leave country • Lawful and proportionate restriction imposed on the applicant not to leave Malta without permission for securing his availability for trial on serious crimes necessitating international cooperation • History of applicant being uncooperative, absconding and trying to evade justice Art 6 § 1 (civil) • Fair hearing • Reasons for refusing applicant’s request for a preliminary ruling from the Court of Justice of the European Union sufficiently implicit from the Constitutional Court’s judgment in the case-circumstances   Prepared by the Registry. Does not bind the Court.   STRASBOURG 13 May 2025   FINAL   13/08/2025   This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Spiteri v. Malta, The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:   Lado Chanturia , President ,   Jolien Schukking,   Faris Vehabović,   Tim Eicke,   Anne Louise Bormann,   András Jakab , judges ,   Abigail Lofaro , ad hoc judge , and Simeon Petrovski, Deputy Section Registrar, Having regard to: the application (no.   37055/22) against the Republic of Malta lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Maltese national, Mr Patrick Spiteri (“the applicant”), on 28 July 2022; the decision to give notice to the Maltese Government (“the Government”) of the complaints under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention and Article 2 of Protocol No. 4 to the Convention, as well as Article 6 § 1 of the Convention (only in so far as it concerns the lack of reasoning in respect of the applicant’s request for a preliminary reference to the Court of Justice of the European Union) and to declare inadmissible the remainder of the application; the parties’ observations; Having deliberated in private on 1 April 2025, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: INTRODUCTION 1.     The case concerns complaints under Article 5 § 1 and Article 2 of Protocol No. 4 to the Convention, as well as Article 6 § 1 of the Convention, in relation to the applicant’s detention following his extradition, and subsequent restrictions on his freedom of movement. THE FACTS 2.     The applicant was born in 1964 and lives in Swieqi. He was represented by Dr I. Refalo, Dr M. Refalo and Dr S. Grech, lawyers practising in Valletta. 3.     The Government were represented by their Agent, Dr C. Soler, State Advocate. 4.     The facts of the case may be summarised as follows. THE CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 5 .     On 29 August 2008 the applicant was summoned and charged before the Court of Magistrates as a Court of Criminal Inquiry with fraud, misappropriation of funds and forgery of public documents (proceedings no.   798/2008 in the names Il-Pulizija vs. Patrick Spiteri ), allegedly committed during the years 1998 – 2000. On 1   December 2008 that court held that there were sufficient grounds for the applicant to be charged on indictment and consequently he was committed to trial. He was not arrested, and no pre-trial detention was ordered. 6 .     Evidence started to be collected before the Court of Magistrates (as a court of criminal judicature) via letters rogatory with different jurisdictions. On 16 July 2012 the prosecution declared that it had no further evidence to submit and the Court of Magistrates adjourned the case for the applicant to submit evidence on his part. According to the applicant, in 2013, his health deteriorated, and he fell seriously ill requiring treatment overseas. Following the applicant’s absence at a number of hearings and the Attorney General’s approval of 17 October 2014, on 20   October 2014 the Commissioner of Police asked the Court of Magistrates to issue a Part III Arrest Warrant and an alert for the purposes of the Schengen Information System (SIS) in accordance with Articles 62 and 62A, respectively, of Subsidiary Legislation 276.05 (see Relevant domestic law at paragraph 32 and 33 below). 7.     On 20 October 2014 the Court of Magistrates (Magistrate D) agreed to issue a European Arrest Warrant (hereinafter ‘EAW’) against the applicant, and, according to the minutes of this hearing, “the court issued the decree related to the EAW”. According to the Government, the EAW issued against the applicant (consisting of the form annexed to the 2002/584/JHA Council Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 – hereinafter ‘the EAW Form’) was preceded by a Part III Arrest Warrant issued in terms of Article 62 of Subsidiary Legislation   276.05 (see paragraph 32 below). The latter was issued by the Court of Magistrates (Magistrate D) on 20 October 2014 and authorised the Commissioner of Police “to arrest and keep in custody the applicant” in connection with the listed crimes and declared that “this arrest warrant is being issued for [the applicant] to be arrested and extradited to Malta for him to undergo prosecution in relation to the above-mentioned crimes”. According to the applicant the Part III Arrest Warrant (hereinafter Part III warrant) did not precede the EAW but was one and the same instrument. 8 .     The documents of the proceedings show a Part III warrant (page 1124 of the acts of the proceedings) issued on 20 October 2014 and signed by Magistrate D, as well as a filled-in standard EAW Form (pg. 1129 of the acts of the proceedings), of the same date. In the EAW Form, section (b) requiring “the decision on which the warrant is based” indicates the “Arrest warrant by Court of Magistrates, dated 17 October 2014”. Section (i) of the EAW Form requiring “the judicial authority which issued the warrant” indicates the Court of Magistrates and “the signature of the issuing judicial authority and/or its representative” is indicated as being that of the Director of the Law Courts. 9 .     On 21 October 2014 a note of the Police Commissioner was presented to the Court of Magistrates, informing it that an EAW was issued against the applicant on “20 August 2014” which was subsequently put into the SIS. 10 .     Following extradition proceedings in the United Kingdom, the applicant was brought to Malta and appeared under arrest before the Court of Magistrates on 31   May 2017 for the continuation of the criminal proceedings. During that sitting the applicant declared that he was not seeking bail. CHALLENGES TO DETENTION AND THE GRANTING OF BAIL 11.     On 27 July 2017 the applicant challenged the lawfulness of his detention and asked to be released, noting that he had not been under arrest when proceedings were ongoing in Malta. He had then been extradited from the United Kingdom to Malta on the basis of an EAW, the legal effects of which were extinguished the moment he had been brought before a judge in Malta. He argued that there existed no provision of domestic law transforming the effects of that warrant to cover pre-trial detention pending proceedings. It followed that, in the absence of any judicial decision ordering his detention, he could not be considered as being under arrest and therefore need not make a request for bail. The request was being made while reserving his right to challenge the lawfulness of his arrest on any grounds. 12 .     On 28 July 2017, having upheld the objections of the prosecution (that had argued that the EAW remained valid until the court decided otherwise), the Court of Magistrates rejected the applicant’s challenge noting that, in line with Article 62 (4) of Subsidiary Legislation 276.05, the arrest warrant issued against the applicant referred to “conducting a criminal prosecution”. It followed that the effects of the EAW did not come to an end the moment that he was returned and appeared before the domestic court. Indeed, this had been recognised by the applicant given that, when he appeared before the Court of Magistrates on 31 May 2017, he had declared that he was not seeking bail. 13 .     On 7 September 2017 the applicant asked for a reconsideration of his request to be released, arguing that the warrant issued under Article 62 of Subsidiary Legislation 276.05 was intended solely to extradite the applicant for the purposes of prosecution, and could not be a legal basis for a subsequent detention, in the absence of any provision of law regulating the effects of that warrant, or determining what was the individual’s situation once returned. He noted that neither the Extradition Act nor the Criminal Code dealt with this matter. The Part III warrant or the EAW being only an instrument permitting the transfer of a person, the applicant had to be considered as being in the same situation he had been in prior to the extradition (i.e., at liberty). 14 .     The applicant’s request for reconsideration was rejected on 20   October 2017 for the same reasons mentioned at paragraph 12 above. In particular, the Court of Magistrates noted that it was true that Maltese law did not specifically indicate that an individual who had previously been heard under summons and not under arrest, should be detained on return, nevertheless “the moment when the EAW had been issued against the applicant, that warrant had been issued by this court with the aim of it being able to prosecute the applicant for the crimes mentioned in that warrant. As provided by Article 62 (4) of Legal Notice 320 of 2004 [Subsidiary Legislation 276.05] as subsequently amended, this declaration was stipulated in the warrants issued against the applicant. Such prosecution against the applicant is still ongoing. The accused was put under arrest for the purposes of conducting the prosecution and not solely to be extradited to Malta. It follows that the effects of the EAW did not come to an end when the applicant was brought before the court”. 15 .     Following the refusal of various bail requests, on 18 December 2017 the applicant was granted bail in the present case (as well as in a series of other criminal cases pending against him), under various conditions which included that he could not travel away from the Maltese Islands, that he report to a police station on a daily basis, that he be found in his home between midnight and 8.30 a.m., and that he deposit in the court registry 3,000 euros (EUR) in bail security together with the amount of EUR 30,000 as a personal guarantee. According to the applicant, and not disputed by the Government, he was physically released on 22 December 2017, presumably after the relevant deposit was made. 16.     While his bail conditions were partly modified in time (in particular his condition to be home at night was lifted on 30 November 2020), the travel ban remained in place and the applicant unsuccessfully filed requests to be granted authorisation to travel abroad for the purposes of work, as he claimed that he had been unable to find a job in Malta. In a decision of 16 July 2019, the Court of Magistrates considered that his inability to find a job in Malta was solely an allegation, and it was not satisfied that the applicant would indeed return to Malta if allowed to leave. However, following a further request substantiated by relevant evidence in relation to the job he had obtained, by means of a decision of 2 September 2019, the Court of Magistrates upheld the applicant’s request to travel abroad under various conditions. 17 .     On 4 September 2019 the Attorney General filed an application demanding the Criminal Court to revoke that decision. The Criminal Court, on 30 September 2019, upheld the request of the Attorney General and revoked the applicant’s permission to travel abroad due to his untrustworthy character and since he had already absconded from Malta and evaded justice, as a fugitive, for a long period of time. It noted that besides his non ‑ appearance at trial in Malta when he had left for the United Kingdom, the applicant had also managed to flee ( jiżgiċċa) the United Kingdom authorities during his extradition, prolonging it by two months. The Criminal Court further solicited the prosecution to close its evidence so to enable the Court of Magistrates to pronounce the first-instance judgment in the criminal proceedings against the applicant. A further request by the applicant to present a witness to the Criminal Court for it to reconsider its decision was denied on 7 November 2019, such testimony having already been examined earlier. The Criminal Court’s decision was thus confirmed on the basis that it considered the applicant as untrustworthy and presenting a flight risk. 18.     No further requests by the applicant have been brought to this Court’s attention and at the time of the submission of the observations (2023), the condition not to leave the Maltese Islands was still in place. CONSTITUTIONAL REDRESS PROCEEDINGS 19.     On 6 December 2019 the applicant filed constitutional redress proceedings before the First Hall Civil Court in its constitutional competence (hereinafter ‘FHCC’) (case no. 239/2019) whereby he claimed that the decrees issued by the Criminal Court rejecting his requests to travel abroad were in breach of his fundamental human rights as protected inter alia by Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights (‘the Convention’). During the constitutional proceedings, the FHCC acceded to the request made by the applicant to allow him to add a claim of a breach of Article 5 of the Convention whereby the applicant alleged that the EAW issued against him had not been preceded by a national arrest warrant rendering his arrest and continued detention in Malta and the subsequent bail conditions illegal. The Attorney General and the Commissioner of Police replied by rejecting the claims made by the applicant as being unfounded as the measures applied to the applicant had been in accordance with the law. 20 .     The additional claims concerning the applicant’s arrest and detention in Malta had been the result of witness testimony during the constitutional redress proceedings whereby the Assistant Police Commissioner testified that he was unable to explain why the [EAW] Form referred to a national arrest warrant of 17 October 2014 (see paragraph 8 above), and why the note of the Commissioner of Police referred to a warrant of 20 August 2014 (see paragraph 9 above). In his view the Magistrate had only issued one warrant and he did not think that a national arrest warrant had been issued prior to the EAW. 21 .     By means of a judgment of 13 October 2021, the FHCC found a violation of Article 5 of the Convention in relation to the applicant’s detention in so far as no national arrest warrant had been issued prior to the issuance of the EAW contrary to the requirements of European Union (EU) law, as interpreted by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). Indeed, having examined in detail all the acts of the proceedings it resulted that the only arrest warrant issued against the applicant was that of the Court of Magistrates of 20 October 2014, which was in fact an EAW issued in terms of Article 62 of Subsidiary Legislation 276.05 namely, the Extradition (Designated Foreign Countries) Order. The latter was the law by which the EAW procedure (Council Framework Decision of 13 June 2002, hereinafter ‘Framework Decision’) was implemented into Maltese law. Article 8 of the Framework Decision stipulated that an EAW had to contain “evidence of an enforceable judgment, an arrest warrant or any other enforceable judicial decision having the same effect, coming within the scope of Articles 1 and   2”. According to CJEU case-law, there were fundamental distinctions between a national arrest warrant and an EAW and that the term ‘arrest warrant’ for the purposes of Article 8 (1) (c) of the Framework Decision had to be understood as indicating a national arrest warrant distinct from the EAW, so as to guarantee the highest level of judicial protection (see paragraph 43-44 below). Furthermore, once a person is surrendered to the requesting Member State the extradition procedure ends and its effect cease as the EAW does not constitute a detention order in respect of the person sought by the requesting State (see paragraph 44 below). It followed that, in the present case, a national warrant was required both for the purpose of issuing the EAW and for the applicant to remain detained following his arrival in Malta. In the absence of such a warrant, his detention was unlawful, and the fact that the applicant had not raised the issue at the first hearing when he appeared before the court did not alter that finding. 22.     In consequence the restrictions on his liberty of movement were also in violation of Article 2 of Protocol No.   4 to the Convention. It considered that it was not for it to lift any of the measures which had been put in place. It, however, ordered the Attorney General and the Commissioner of Police to regulate themselves in line with its judgment within twenty days and that the judgment be notified to the Court of Magistrates. 23.     The applicant and the State Attorney both appealed, the latter principally arguing that the first court had made a wrong assessment of the facts and the former mainly in relation to the remedy meted out. In reply to the State Attorney’s appeal, the applicant noted that the crux of the case was whether a national arrest warrant had been issued separate from the EAW and reiterated the relevant European Union law and case-law (see paragraphs   43 ‑ 44 below) concerning the distinction between a national arrest warrant and an EAW. He reiterated that the Part III warrant could not constitute the national arrest warrant, and that the [EAW] Form was only the means of executing the Part III warrant. In conclusion he requested a preliminary reference to the CJEU should the disputed matter be in doubt. 24 .     On 30 March 2022 the Constitutional Court revoked the first-instance judgment and rejected all the applicant’s claims. It considered that the decree found at page   1124 in the acts of the proceedings (entitled a warrant for the purposes of Article 62 of Subsidiary Legislation 276.05), issued on 20   October 2014, was indeed a national arrest warrant. The latter had a basis in domestic law and was addressed to the Police Commissioner of Malta for the purpose of arresting the applicant and maintaining him in custody with the aim of him appearing before a court to be prosecuted for the crimes with which he was charged. As to the argument in relation to his continued detention after his arrival, given that the EAW ceased to have effect once the person was returned, the Constitutional Court noted that when he appeared on 31 May 2017 the applicant had not requested bail and the Court of Magistrates had “felt” ( ħasset ) that there had been good reasons in law for the applicant to remain detained. It appeared that on that day he had conceded that there had been valid reasons to remain in detention, since being brought before a court, which had the jurisdiction to examine any challenge to the legality of his detention or decide on bail, he had failed to request either. His eventual requests for bail had then been rejected on the basis that he had given insufficient guarantees that he would appear at trial, as per Article 574 and   575 of the Criminal Code. Those refusals had not been unreasonable given the applicant’s lack of cooperation over the years. It followed that there had been no violation of Article 5. In any event, Article   412 (A) of the Criminal Code also provided for the power of the Court of Magistrates to impose conditions on a person charged or accused who is not in custody. Thus, those conditions, which had been put in place out of necessity given the applicant’s previous behaviour, could legitimately have been put in place even in the absence of arrest or detention. The restrictions imposed on the applicant having been put in place lawfully ( taħt qafas legali ) the finding of a violation of his right to freedom of movement also had to be revoked. 25.     Following the introduction of the application before the Court on 28   July 2022, the applicant’s request to have a retrial of these proceedings was rejected. RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE The Criminal Code 26 .     Article 355V of the Criminal Code reads as follows: “Where there are lawful grounds for the arrest of a person, the Police may request a warrant of arrest from a Magistrate, unless in accordance with any provision of law the arrest in question may be made without a warrant.” 27 .     Article 412A of the Criminal Code, concerning conditions imposed upon persons charged or accused not in custody, in so far as relevant reads as follows: “(1) When the person charged or accused brought before the Court of Magistrates, whether as a court of criminal judicature or as a court of criminal inquiry, is not in custody the Attorney General or the Police may thereupon or at any stage of the proceedings thereafter request the court to impose conditions upon the person charged or accused in order to ensure the appearance of that person at the proceedings on the appointed time and place or to otherwise ensure that that person will not in any way unlawfully interfere in the correct administration of justice in those proceedings. (2) The court may require the giving of sufficient security by the person charged or accused by the mere recognizance of the same person charged or accused in order to ensure that he abides by the conditions imposed upon him by the court and the provisions of articles 576 and 584, shall apply to the security given under this sub ‑ article.” 28.     Article 525 (3) of the Criminal Code provides inter alia that Article   397 of the Criminal Code shall, mutatis mutandis , also be applied by the Court of Magistrates in cases falling within its jurisdiction as a court of criminal judicature. In so far as relevant Article 397 (5), concerning the powers of the Court of Magistrates as a court of criminal inquiry, reads as follows: “The court may also order the arrest of the accused not already in custody”. 29.     Article 574 of the Criminal Code, concerning bail, reads as follows: “(1) Any person charged or accused who is in custody for any crime or contravention may, on application or as provided in article 574A, be granted temporary release from custody, upon giving sufficient security to appear at the proceedings at the appointed time and place under such conditions as the court may consider proper to impose in the decree granting bail which decree shall in each case be served on the person charged or accused. (2) It shall also be lawful for the President of Malta, in special cases, to grant temporary release to any accused person who is in custody for any crime or contravention, subject to such conditions as the President of Malta may think fit to impose. In default of observance by the accused of any of such conditions he shall be liable to be re-arrested forthwith.” 30.     Article 574A of the Criminal Code, concerning the first appearance before a court, in so far as relevant, reads as follows: “(1) When the person charged or accused who is in custody is first brought before the Court of Magistrates, whether as a court of criminal judicature or as a court of criminal inquiry, the Court shall have the charges read out to the person charged or accused and, after examining the person charged as provided in article 392 as the proceedings may require, shall summarily hear the prosecuting or arraigning officer and any evidence produced by that officer on the reasons supporting the charges and on the reasons and circumstances, if any, militating against the release of the person charged or accused; (2) After hearing the prosecuting or arraigning police officer and any evidence produced as provided in sub-article (1) the court shall inform the person charged or accused that he may be temporarily released from custody on bail by the court under conditions to be determined by it and shall ask him what he has to say with respect to his arrest and his continued detention and with respect to the reasons and the circumstances militating in favour of his release. ...” 31.     Article 575(2) of the Criminal Code, in so far as relevant, reads as follows: “At any stage other than that referred to in article 574A, the demand for bail or any demand for the variation of the conditions of bail after bail has been granted, shall be made by an application, a copy whereof shall be communicated to the Attorney General on the same day, whenever it is made by – (a) persons accused of fraudulent bankruptcy; (b) persons accused of any crime under Sub-title III of Title III of Part II of Book First of this Code, if such crime is punishable with more than one year’s imprisonment; (c) persons accused of any crime punishable with more than three years’ imprisonment.” Subsidiary Legislation under The Extradition Act 32 .     Article 62 of Part III (Extradition to Malta from Scheduled countries) of the Subsidiary Legislation 276.05, the Extradition (Designated Foreign Countries) Order, (Legal Notice 320 of 2004), which implemented the 2002/584/JHA Council Framework Decision of 13 June 2002, reads as follows: “1) A magistrate may issue a Part III warrant in respect of a person if – (a) a police officer not below the rank of inspector applies to a Magistrate for a Part III warrant, and (b) the condition in sub-article (2) is satisfied. (2) The condition is that the Attorney General has given his consent to the issue of a Part III warrant in respect of the person and there are reasonable grounds for believing – (a) that the person has committed an extraditable offence, or (b) that the person is unlawfully at large after conviction of an extraditable offence by a court in Malta. (3) A Part III warrant is an arrest warrant which contains – (a) the statement referred to in sub-article (4) or the statement referred to in sub ‑ article   (5), and (b) the certificate referred to in sub-article (6). (4) The statement referred to in sub-article (3)(a) is one that the person in respect of whom the warrant is issued is wanted in Malta for the purposes of conducting a criminal prosecution for the commission of an offence specified in the warrant [1] . (5) The statement is one that – (a) the person in respect of whom the warrant is issued is alleged to be unlawfully at large after conviction of an extraditable offence specified in the warrant by a court in Malta, and (b) the warrant is issued with a view to his arrest and extradition to Malta for the purpose of being sentenced for the offence or of serving a sentence of imprisonment or another form of detention imposed in respect of the offence. (6) The certificate is one certifying – (a) whether the conduct constituting the extraditable offence specified in the warrant falls within the European framework list; (b) whether the offence is an extra-territorial offence; (c) what is the maximum punishment that may be imposed on conviction of the offence or (if the person has been sentenced for the offence) what sentence has been imposed. (7) The conduct which falls within the European framework list must be taken for the purposes of sub-article (6)(a) to include conduct which constitutes – (a) an attempt, conspiracy or incitement to carry out conduct falling within the list, or (b) aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring the carrying out of conduct falling within the list. The European framework list is the list of conduct set out in Schedule 2. (8) Any statement or certificate referred to by this article maybe set out in accordance with the form contained in the Annex to the Arrangement [or as contained in ANNEX LAW-5 to the Trade and Cooperation Agreement [2] ], as the case may be [3] .” 33 .     Article 62A of Subsidiary Legislation 276.05 reads as follows: “Where a Part III warrant is issued in respect of a person whose whereabouts are unknown, the Magistrate shall, ex officio or at the request of the police, request the issue of an alert in the Schengen Information System.” 34 .     Article 65 of Subsidiary Legislation 276.05 concerns “Service of sentence in country executing Part III warrant”. Articles 66 and 67 of Subsidiary Legislation 276.05 apply “if a person is extradited to Malta from a scheduled country in pursuance of a Part III warrant” and Article 70A of Subsidiary Legislation 276.05 refers to the preventive detention in the scheduled country “as a result of the execution in the scheduled country of a Part III warrant”. “Scheduled countries” refers to the countries listed in the Schedule to Subsidiary Legislation 276.05, namely, the European Union Member States as stood in 2007. 35 .     In so far as relevant Article 3 (1) of Subsidiary Legislation 276.05 concerning the relationship between the Extradition Act and Subsidiary Legislation 276.05 reads as follows: “Only the provisions of this Order, save where otherwise expressly indicated, shall apply to requests received or made by Malta on or after the relevant date for the return of a fugitive criminal to or from a scheduled country, or to persons returned to Malta from a scheduled country in pursuance of a request made under this Order, and the provisions of the relevant Act shall have effect in relation to the return under this Order of persons to, or in relation to persons returned under this Order from, any scheduled country subject to such conditions, exceptions, adaptations or modifications as are specified in this Order.” The practice of warrants for the purposes of extradition (examples provided by the Government) 36 .     On a request by the Court to submit examples of national arrest warrants issued for the purposes of requesting an EAW, together with the subsequent EAW, the Government submitted four examples of a Part III warrant and a subsequent EAW Form. In the case of a certain S a Part III warrant was issued on 11 April 2006 by Magistrate H for the accused to be arrested and extradited to enable his criminal prosecution, followed by an EAW Form of the same date. According to the latter form, in the section requiring the ‘Decision on which the arrest warrant is based’ “Arrest warrant” is indicated without a date. In the section ‘The judicial authority which issued the warrant’ Magistrate H is indicated. At the end of the EAW Form, the section ‘Signature of the issuing judicial authority and/or its representative’ is indicated as being that of Magistrate H. From the documents, no information transpired as to whether S had ever been arrested or detained in Malta before such time. 37.     In the case of a certain A, who had absconded pending proceedings, a Part III warrant was issued on 30 March 2015 by Magistrate D for the purposes of his criminal prosecution, followed by an EAW Form dated 6   April 2015. According to the latter form, in the section requiring the ‘Decision on which the arrest warrant is based’ “Part III Warrant issued by the Court of Magistrates (Malta) in terms of Article 62 of Legal Notice 320 of 2004 [Subsidiary Legislation 276.05]... (Dated 30 March 2015),” is indicated. In the section ‘The judicial authority which issued the warrant’ Magistrate D is indicated. At the end of the EAW Form, the section ‘Signature of the issuing judicial authority and/or its representative’ is indicated as being the Registrar of the Criminal Courts. No information transpired as to whether A had been arrested or detained in Malta before such time. 38.     In the case of a certain N, who had absconded following the alleged perpetration of a crime, a Part III warrant was issued on 11 March 2016 by Magistrate S for the purposes of his criminal prosecution, followed by an EAW Form of the same date. According to the latter form, in the section requiring the ‘Decision on which the arrest warrant is based’ “Part III Warrant issued by Magistrate S on 11 March 2016 in terms of Article 62 of Subsidiary Legislation 276.05,” is indicated. In the section ‘The judicial authority which issued the warrant’ Magistrate S is indicated. At the end of the EAW Form, the section ‘Signature of the issuing judicial authority and/or its representative’ is indicated as being the Assistant Director of the Law Courts. It would appear that N had never been arrested or detained in Malta before such time. 39 .     In the case of a certain M, who had absconded pending proceedings while released on bail, a Part III warrant was issued on 27 June 2021 by Magistrate Z for the purposes of his criminal prosecution, followed by an EAW Form dated 30 June 2021. According to the latter form, in the section requiring the ‘Decision on which the arrest warrant is based’ “Part III Warrant issued by the Court of Magistrates (Malta), Magistrate Z in terms of Article   62 of Legal Notice 320 of 2004 [Subsidiary Legislation 276.05]...,” is indicated, in the section ‘The judicial authority which issued the warrant’ Magistrate Z is indicated. At the end of the EAW Form, the section ‘Signature of the issuing judicial authority and/or its representative’ is indicated as being the Assistant Registrar of the Criminal Courts. EUROPEAN UNION LAW The Council Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 40 .     The relevant articles of the Council Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States 2002/584/JHA, OJ L 190, 18 July 2002, p. 1–20 , read as follows: Article 1 - Definition of the European arrest warrant and obligation to execute it “1. The European arrest warrant is a judicial decision issued by a Member State with a view to the arrest and surrender by another Member State of a requested person, for the purposes of conducting a criminal prosecution or executing a custodial sentence or detention order. 2. Member States shall execute any European arrest warrant on the basis of the principle of mutual recognition and in accordance with the provisions of this Framework Decision. 3. This Framework Decision shall not have the effect of modifying the obligation to respect fundamental rights and fundamental legal principles as enshrined in Article 6 of the Treaty on European Union.” Article 6 - Determination of the competent judicial authorities “1. The issuing judicial authority shall be the judicial authority of the issuing Member State which is competent to issue a European arrest warrant by virtue of the law of that State. 2. The executing judicial authority shall be the judicial authority of the executing Member State which is competent to execute the European arrest warrant by virtue of the law of that State. 3. Each Member State shall inform the General Secretariat of the Council of the competent judicial authority under its law.” Article 8 - Content and form of the European arrest warrant “1. The European arrest warrant shall contain the following information set out in accordance with the form contained in the Annex: (a) the identity and nationality of the requested person; (b) the name, address, telephone and fax numbers and e-mail address of the issuing judicial authority; (c) evidence of an enforceable judgment, an arrest warrant or any other enforceable judicial decision having the same effect, coming within the scope of Articles 1 and 2; (d) the nature and legal classification of the offence, particularly in respect of Article   2; (e) a description of the circumstances in which the offence was committed, including the time, place and degree of participation in the offence by the requested person; (f) the penalty imposed, if there is a final judgment, or the prescribed scale of penalties for the offence under the law of the issuing Member State; (g) if possible, other consequences of the offence. 2. The European arrest warrant must be translated into the official language or one of the official languages of the executing Member State. Any Member State may, when this Framework Decision is adopted or at a later date, state in a declaration deposited with the General Secretariat of the Council that it will accept a translation in one or more other official languages of the Institutions of the European Communities.” 41 .     The form in the Annex is entitled “EUROPEAN ARREST WARRANT”, and that title carries a footnote which reads “This warrant must be written in, or translated into, one of the official languages of the executing Member State, when that State is known, or any other language accepted by that State”. The front page of that form also states that “this warrant has been issued by a competent judicial authority”. 42 .     According to The Handbook on how to issue and execute a European arrest warrant (2017/C 335/01)7: “1.2. Definition and main features of the EAW The EAW is a judicial decision enforceable in the Union that is issued by a Member State and executed in another Member State on the basis of the principle of mutual recognition. ... The EAW replaced the traditional system of extradition with a simpler and quicker mechanism of surrender of requested persons for the purposes of conducting a criminal prosecution or executing a custodial sentence or detention order. A warrant may be issued for the purposes of: (a) a criminal prosecution in relation to acts punishable under domestic law by a custodial sentence or detention order for a maximum period of at least 12 months (during the investigation, examining and trial stages, until the conviction is final); (b) the execution of a sentence or detention order of at least four months. Points (a) and (b) are not cumulative. To make requests simpler and easier to comply with, they are now issued in a uniform way by filling in an EAW form. It is, however, always necessary that a national enforceable judgment or a national arrest warrant or similar judicial decision has been issued prior to and separately from the EAW (see Section 2.1.3). ... 1.3. The EAW form The EAW is a judicial decision issued in the form laid down in an annex to the Framework Decision on EAW. The form is available in all official languages of the Union. Only this form may be used and it must not be altered. The intention of the Council was to create a working tool easily filled in by the issuing judicial authorities and recognised by the executing judicial authorities. Use of the form avoids lengthy and expensive translations and facilitates the accessibility of the information. Since the form in principle constitutes the sole basis for the arrest and subsequent surrender of the requested person, it should be filled in with particular care in order to avoid unnecessary requests for supplementary information. The form can be filled in either directly online by using the European Judicial Network (EJN) Compendium e-tool available on the EJN website, or in a Word format form which can be downloaded from the Judicial Library section on the EJN website (https://www.ejn-crimjust.europa.eu).” Relevant case-law 43 .     In its judgment of 1 June 2016 in Bob-Dogi (C-241/15, EU:C:2016 ‑ 385), the European Court of Justice (CJEU), in so far as relevant to the present case, ruled as follows: “1. Article 8(1)(c) of the Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States, as amended by Council Framework Decision 2009/299/JHA of 26 February 2009, is to be interpreted as meaning that the term ‘arrest warrant’, as used in that provision, must be understood as referring to a national arrest warrant that is distinct from the European arrest warrant. 2. Article 8(1)(c) of Framework Decision 2002/584, as amended by Framework Decision 2009/299, is to be interpreted as meaning that, where a European arrest warrant based on the existence of an ‘arrest warrant’ within the meaning of that provision does not contain any reference to the existence of a national arrest warrant, the executing judicial authority must refuse to give effect to it if, in the light of the information provided pursuant to Article 15(2) of Framework Decision 2002/584, as amended, and any other information available to it, that authority concludes that the European arrest warrant is not valid because it was in fact issued in the absence of any national warrant separate from the European arrest warrant.” 44 .     In its judgment of 13 January 2021 in MM (C-414/20 PPU, EU:C:2021:4), the CJEU reiterated the requirement for an EAW to be preceded by a national arrest warrant (as established in the case law cited in the preceding paragraph). It also specified the meaning which must be given to the concepts of ‘judicial decision’ and ‘national arrest warrant or any other enforceable judicial decision having the same effect’ as follows: “52. As regards, ..., what must be understood by the term ‘judicial decision’ it has been held that that term covers all the decisions of the Member State authorities that administer criminal justice, but not the police services (judgment of 10   November 2016,   Özçelik , C ‑ 453/16   PPU, EU:C:2016:860, paragraph   33)”. 53. As regards, ... a ‘[national] arrest warrant or any other enforceable judicial decision having the same effect’ for the purposes of that provision, a national measure serving as the basis for a European arrest warrant must, even if it is not referred to as a “national arrest warrant” in the legislation of the issuing Member State, produce equivalent legal effects, namely the legal effects of an order to search for and arrest the person who is the subject of a criminal prosecution. That concept does not therefore cover all the measures which initiate the opening of criminal proceedings against a person, but only those intended to enable, by a coercive judicial measure, the arrest of that person with a view to his or her appearance before a court for the purpose of conducting the stages of the criminal proceedings. ... 58. ... Article   8(1)(c) of Framework Decision 2002/584 must be interpreted as meaning that a European arrest warrant must be regarded as invalid where it is not based on a ‘[national] arrest warrant or any other enforceable judicial decision having the same effect’ for the purposes of that provision. That concept covers national measures adopted by a judicial authority to search for and arrest a person who is the subject of a criminal prosecution, with a view to bringing that person before a court for the purpose of conducting the stages of the criminal proceedings. It is for the referring court to determine whether a national measure putting a person under investigation, such as that on which the European arrest warrant