CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;COMMITTEE;ENG — 13 novembre 2025

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RUSSIA (Applications nos. 42985/21 and 25 others – see appended list)             JUDGMENT   STRASBOURG 13 November 2025     This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Dubinkin and Others v. Russia, The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:   Úna Ní Raifeartaigh , President ,   Mateja Đurović,   Vasilka Sancin , judges , and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 23 October 2025, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in applications against Russia lodged with the Court under Article   34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on the various dates indicated in the appended table. 2.     The Russian Government (“the   Government”) were given notice of the applications. THE FACTS 3.     The list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table. 4.     The applicants complained of the disproportionate measures taken against them as organisers or participants of public assemblies. They also raised other complaints under the provisions of the Convention. THE LAW JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS 5.     Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment. JURISDICTION 6.     The Court observes that the facts giving rise to the alleged violations of the Convention occurred prior to 16 September 2022, the date on which the Russian Federation ceased to be a party to the Convention. The Court therefore decides that it has jurisdiction to examine the present applications (see Fedotova and Others v. Russia [GC], nos.   40792/10 and 2   others, §§   68 ‑ 73, 17   January 2023). ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE   11 OF THE CONVENTION 7.     The applicants complained principally of disproportionate measures taken against them as organisers or participants of public assemblies, namely their arrest in relation to the dispersal of these assemblies and their conviction for administrative offences. They relied, expressly or in substance, on Article   11 of the Convention. 8.     The Court refers to the principles established in its case-law regarding freedom of assembly (see Kudrevičius and Others v.   Lithuania [GC], no.   37553/05, ECHR 2015, with further references) and proportionality of interference with it (see Oya Ataman v.   Turkey , no.   74552/01, ECHR   2006 ‑ XIV, and Hyde Park and Others v.   Moldova , no.   33482/06, 31   March 2009). It further refers to Nemytov and Others v.   Russia, nos.   1257/21 and 2   others, 27   May 2025, in so far as the application by the authorities of the COVID-19-related restrictions to assemblies are concerned. 9.     In the leading case of Nemytov and Others (cited above) the Court found a violation in respect of issues similar to those in the present case (see further Frumkin v. Russia , no. 74568/12, ECHR 2016 (extracts), Navalnyy and Yashin v. Russia , no. 76204/11, 4 December 2014, and Kasparov and Others v. Russia , no. 21613/07, 3 October 2013). 10.     Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion as to the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case the interferences with the applicants’ freedom of assembly were not “necessary in a democratic society”. 11.     These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article 11 of the Convention. OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS UNDER WELL-ESTABLISHED CASE-LAW 12.     Some applicants submitted other complaints which also raised issues under the Convention, given the relevant well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table). These complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention, nor are they inadmissible on any other ground. Accordingly, they must be declared admissible. 13.     Having examined all the material before it, the Court concludes that these complaints also disclose violations of the Convention in the light of its findings in Butkevich v. Russia , no.   5865/07, §§   63-65, 13   February 2018, Tsvetkova and Others v. Russia , nos.   54381/08 and 5 others, §§   115-31, 10   April 2018, and Korneyeva v.   Russia , no.   72051/17, §§ 34-36, 8   October 2019, as to various aspects of unlawful deprivation of liberty of organisers or participants of public assemblies; and Karelin v.   Russia , no.   926/08, §§   58 ‑ 85, 20   September 2016, concerning the absence of a prosecuting party in the proceedings under the Code of Administrative Offences (the CAO). REMAINING COMPLAINTS 14.     Some applicants raised further additional complaints under Article   6 of the Convention concerning other aspects of the fairness of the administrative-offence proceedings. In view of the findings in paragraphs   11 ‑ 13 above, the Court considers that there is no need to deal separately with these remaining complaints APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION 15.     Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case ‑ law (see in particular Navalnyy and Others v. Russia [Committee], nos.   25809/17 and 14 others, §   22, 4   October 2022), the Court finds it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table. FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY, Decides to join the applications; Holds that it has jurisdiction to deal with these applications as they relate to the facts that took place before 16   September 2022; Declares the complaints under Article 11 of the Convention and the other complaints under the well-established case-law of the Court, as set out in the appended table, admissible, and finds that there is no need to examine separately the remaining complaints under Article 6 of the Convention; Holds that these applications disclose a breach of Article   11 of the Convention; Holds that there has been a violation of the Convention as regards the other complaints raised under the well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table); Holds (a)   that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement; (b)   that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points. Done in English, and notified in writing on 13 November 2025, pursuant to Rule   77   §§   2 and   3 of the Rules of Court.     Viktoriya Maradudina   Úna Ní Raifeartaigh   Acting Deputy Registrar   President     APPENDIX List of applications raising complaints under Article 11 of the Convention (disproportionate measures against organisers and participants of public assemblies) No. Application no. Date of introduction Applicant’s name Year of birth   Representative’s name and location Name of the public event Location Date Administrative / criminal offence Penalty Final domestic decision Court Name Date Other complaints under well-established case-law Amount awarded for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage and costs and expenses per applicant (in euros) [1]     42985/21 09/08/2021 Maksim Georgiyevich DUBINKIN 1983   Polyakov Daniil Alekseyevich Voronezh Rally "Free Navalnyy"   Voronezh   23/01/2021 article 20.2 § 5 of CAO 30 hours of community works Voronezh Regional Court 11/02/2021 Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 3,500     58500/21 26/11/2021 Stanislav Denisovich FILIMONOV 1998   Pershakova Yelena Yuryevna Moscow Rally "Free Navalnyy"   Voronezh   31/01/2021 article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 Voronezh Regional Court 28/05/2021 Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 3,500     58678/21 13/11/2021 Irina Dmitriyevna MYAZINA 2000   Polyakov Daniil Alekseyevich Voronezh Rally "Free Navalnyy"   Voronezh   31/01/2021 article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 Voronezh Regional Court 13/05/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence report on 31/01/2021,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.   4,000     60808/21 24/11/2021 Maksim Vladimirovich GOLOV 1988   Polyakov Daniil Alekseyevich Voronezh Rally "Free Navalnyy"   Voronezh   31/01/2021 article 20.2 § 5 of CAO fine of RUB   12,000 Voronezh Regional Court 25/05/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to the police station for compiling an offence report on 31/01/2021,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000     13490/22 04/02/2022 Artem Valeryevich VAKALOV 1988   Mikhaylova Varvara Dmitriyevna St Petersburg Rally "Free Navalnyy"   St Petersburg   31/01/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 St Petersburg City Court 05/08/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 1.00 p.m. on 31/01/2021 until 8.00 p.m. on 01/02/2021,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings . 4,000     13908/22 08/02/2022 Murad Serazhutdinovich ORUDZHEV 1982   Mikhaylova Varvara Dmitriyevna St Petersburg Rally "Free Navalnyy"   St Petersburg   21/04/2021 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 St Petersburg City Court 18/11/2021 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 11.55 p.m. on 21/04/2021 until 1.00 p.m. on 22/04/2021,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 4,000     33618/22 20/06/2022 Yuliya Igorevna YAKOVLEVA 1989   Gerasimov Dmitriy Georgiyevich St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   01/03/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO community work of 98   hours St Petersburg City Court 15/03/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 8.15 p.m. on 01/03/2022 until the court’s hearing held on 02/03/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 4,000     34378/22 22/06/2022 Rodion Albertovich LOSICH 1989   Semenov Daniil Aleksandrovich St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   21/04/2021 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 St Petersburg City Court 23/12/2021 Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 3,500     36752/22 15/07/2022 Mariya Konstantinovna TUZHILOVA 1993   Mikhaylova Varvara Dmitriyevna St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   06/03/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 St Petersburg City Court 05/04/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 4.30 p.m. on 06/03/2022 until 07/03/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 4,000   36753/22 15/07/2022 Nikolay Nikolayevich TUZHILOV 1994   Mikhaylova Varvara Dmitriyevna St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   06/03/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 St Petersburg City Court 05/04/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 4.30 p.m. on 06/03/2022 until 07/03/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.   4,000   37366/22 21/07/2022 Liliya Kurusovna ISMAGILOVA 1969   Mikhaylova Varvara Dmitriyevna St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   27/02/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   20,000 St Petersburg City Court 31/03/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 5.30 p.m. on 27/02/2022 until 9.03 p.m. on 27/02/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 4,000   37373/22 21/07/2022 Kristina Mikhaylovna MALOLETKINA 1999   Mikhaylova Varvara Dmitriyevna St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   27/02/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 St Petersburg City Court 19/04/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 7.45 p.m. on 27/02/2022 for the following 5 hours,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 4,000   37452/22 21/07/2022 Diana Rinatovna GARIFANOVA 2002   Mikhaylova Varvara Dmitriyevna St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   25/02/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   11,000 St Petersburg City Court 29/03/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 11.30 p.m. on 25/02/2022 until 1.20 p.m. on 26/02/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 4,000   37461/22 21/07/2022 Yevgeniy Ruslanovich KOVRIGIN 1997   Mikhaylova Varvara Dmitriyevna St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   27/02/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 St Petersburg City Court 17/05/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 6.20 p.m. on 27/02/2022 until 1.20 a.m. on 28/02/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 4,000   38414/22 22/07/2022 Mariya Andreyevna RYABUNINA 2003   Gerasimova Yekaterina Viktorovna St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   06/03/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 St Petersburg City Court 24/05/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 8.00 p.m. on 06/03/2022 until 4.20 a.m. on 07/03/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 4,000   38424/22 22/07/2022 Vladislav Olegovich GORLACHEV 1996   Gerasimova Yekaterina Viktorovna St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   27/02/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 St Petersburg City Court 26/04/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 7.10 p.m. on 27/02/2022 until 4.25 p.m. on 28/02/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 4,000   38427/22 22/07/2022 Kristina Gennadyevna STOYANOVA 1982   Gerasimova Yekaterina Viktorovna St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   28/02/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 St Petersburg City Court 24/05/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 11.15 p.m. on 28/02/2022 until 3.30 p.m. on 01/03/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 4,000   38457/22 22/07/2022 Anna Mikhaylovna KAMOLINA 1985   Gerasimova Yekaterina Viktorovna St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   27/02/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 St Petersburg City Court 26/04/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 6.10 p.m. on 27/02/2022 until 4.44 p.m. on 28/02/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 4,000   38458/22 22/07/2022 Margarita Yevgenyevna MURZINOVA 1992   Gerasimova Yekaterina Viktorovna St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   27/02/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   15,000 St Petersburg City Court 29/03/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 6.20 p.m. on 27/02/2022 until 2.40 a.m. on 28/02/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings.   4,000   38804/22 29/07/2022 Mariya Aleksandrovna RODOMANOVA 2003   Pilipenko Anastasiya Vladimirovna St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   24/02/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 St Petersburg City Court 07/04/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 7.00 p.m. on 24/02/2022 until the court’s hearing held on 25/02/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 4,000   38809/22 29/07/2022 Ivan Viktorovich OBIDEYKO 1988   Pilipenko Anastasiya Vladimirovna St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   24/02/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 St Petersburg City Court 29/03/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 7.00 p.m. on 24/02/2022 until the court’s hearing held on 25/02/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 4,000   40266/22 04/08/2022 Maya Vitalyevna YURKSHAT 1992   Ivanov Nikifor Yuryevich St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   24/02/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 St Petersburg City Court 05/04/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 9.25 p.m. on 24/02/2022 until the court’s hearing held on 25/02/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 4,000   40274/22 04/08/2022 Grigoriy Aleksandrovich KNYAZEV 2000   Ivanov Nikifor Yuryevich St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   24/02/2022 article 20.2.2. § 1 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 St Petersburg City Court 05/04/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 9.25 p.m. on 24/02/2022 until the court’s hearing held on 25/02/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings 4,000   40276/22 04/08/2022 Dmitriy Dmitriyevich ROZHKOV 1990   Ivanov Nikifor Yuryevich St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   24/02/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 St Petersburg City Court 05/04/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 10.13 p.m. on 24/02/2022 until the court’s hearing held on 25/02/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 4,000   44604/22 18/08/2022 Yevgeniya Viktorovna SHAKIRZYANOVA 1992   Ivanov Nikifor Yuryevich St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   26/02/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   5,000 St Petersburg City Court 19/04/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 8.10 p.m. on 26/02/2022 until the court’s hearing held on 28/02/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 4,000   44608/22 18/08/2022 Vladimir Yuryevich NENOV 1992   Ivanov Nikifor Yuryevich St Petersburg Anti-war protest   St Petersburg   26/02/2022 article 20.2.2. §   1 of CAO fine of RUB   10,000 St Petersburg City Court 19/04/2022 Art. 5 (1) - unlawful detention - escorting to and detention at the police station after compiling an offence report from 9.15 p.m. on 26/02/2022 until the court’s hearing held on 27/02/2022,   Art. 6 (1) - lack of impartiality of the tribunal in view of the absence of a prosecuting party in administrative-offence proceedings. 4,000   [1] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.