CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;COMMITTEE;ENG — 27 novembre 2025

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TÜRKİYE (Applications nos. 40572/19 and 4 others – see appended list)             JUDGMENT   STRASBOURG 27 November 2025       This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision.   In the case of Öztürk and Others v. Türkiye, The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:   Stéphane Pisani , President ,   Juha Lavapuro,   Hugh Mercer , judges , and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar, Having deliberated in private on 6 November 2025, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date: PROCEDURE 1.     The case originated in applications against Türkiye lodged with the Court under Article   34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on the various dates indicated in the appended table. 2.     The Turkish Government (“the Government”) were given notice of the applications. THE FACTS 3.     The list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table. 4.     The applicants complained of the lack of access to a court with regard to decisions by the Council of Judges and Prosecutors (CJP). THE LAW JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS 5.     Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 § 1 of the Convention 6.     The applicants complained of the lack of access to a court with regard to decisions by the CJP. They relied, expressly or in substance, on Article   6   §   1 of the Convention. 7.     The Court reiterates that civil servants can only be excluded from the protection embodied in Article 6 if the State in its national law excluded access to a court for the category of staff in question and if this exclusion was justified on objective grounds in the State’s interest (see Grzęda v.   Poland [GC], no. 43572/18, § 261, 15 March 2022). The Court points out that it concluded in Bilgen v. Turkey (no. 1571/07, §§ 76-81, 9 March 2021) that Article   6 was applicable to the decision of the CJP to transfer the applicant judge to another court in a lower ‑ ranking judicial district against his will, as the second condition laid down in Vilho Eskelinen and Others v.   Finland ([GC], no. 63235/00, ECHR 2007‑II) was not met. The Court came to the same conclusion in Eminağaoğlu v. Turkey (no. 76521/12, § 125, 9   March 2021) , regarding the disciplinary sanction imposed by the CJP on the applicant prosecutor. Likewise, in the case of Oktay Alkan v.   Türkiye , (no.   24492/21, § 58, 20 June 2023), the Court found Article 6 to be applicable to the CJP’s decision not to confirm the appointment of a judicial candidate into office despite him having met the statutory eligibility requirements. 8.     In the light of the guarantees for safeguarding the independence of the judiciary, the Court found that it would not be justified to exclude members of the judiciary, or judicial candidates, from the protection of Article 6 of the Convention in matters concerning their appointment and the conditions of their employment on the basis of the special bond of loyalty and trust to the State. In reaching that finding, the Court stated that, while the employment relationship between a civil servant and the State can traditionally be defined as one based on trust and loyalty to the executive branch in so far as employees of the State are required to implement government policies, the same does not hold true for the members of the judiciary, who play a different and more independent role because of their duty to provide checks on government wrongdoing and abuse of power (see , Bilgen , § 79; Eminağaoğlu §   76, and Oktay Alkan , §§ 57-58, all cited above). It therefore found a violation of Article 6 § 1 in respect of the absence of judicial review of the CJP’s decisions in those applicants’ cases. 9.     Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion on the merits of the present complaints. It notes that, taking into account the strong public interest in upholding the independence of the judiciary and the rule of law, the impugned absence of a judicial review of the decisions of the CJP in the present applicants’ cases did not pursue any legitimate aim and that, accordingly, the very essence of the applicants’ right of access to a court was impaired. 10.     These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article   6 § 1 of the Convention. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION 11.     Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case ‑ law (see, in particular, Gülcü and Others v. Türkiye [Committee], nos.   37013/15 and 42 others, § 27-28, 23 April 2024), the Court considers it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table. FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY, Decides to join the applications; Declares the applications admissible; Holds that these applications disclose a breach of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention concerning the lack of access to a court with regard to decisions by the Council of Judges and Prosecutors (CJP); Holds (a)   that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement; (b)   that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points. Done in English, and notified in writing on 27 November 2025, pursuant to Rule   77   §§   2 and   3 of the Rules of Court.     Viktoriya Maradudina   Stéphane Pisani   Acting Deputy Registrar   President       APPENDIX List of applications raising complaints under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention (lack of access to a court with regard to decisions by the Council of Judges and Prosecutors (CJP)) No. Application no. Date of introduction Applicant’s name Year of birth   Representative’s name and location Date of the CJP decision that was not amenable to judicial review Date of notification of the decision Subject matter of the CJP’s decision Amount awarded for non-pecuniary damage per applicant (in euros) [1] Amount awarded for costs and expenses per application (in euros) [2]     40572/19 13/06/2019 Burhan ÖZTÜRK 1975   Demir Döndü Ankara 16/01/2019 n/a disciplinary sanction 2,000 250     47425/19 16/08/2019 Abdullah TOKLU 1984       19/06/2019 n/a disciplinary sanction 2,000 -     51119/19 26/08/2019 Yıldıray GİDEN 1983       15/05/2019 22/07/2019 disciplinary sanction 2,000 -     58038/19 14/10/2019 Halil İbrahim KEBEŞOĞLU 1972       02/05/2019 28/05/2019 disciplinary sanction 2,000 -     9054/20 03/02/2020 Sedat ÜNAL 1982       18/09/2019 07/11/2019 disciplinary sanction 2,000 -     [1] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants. [2] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.