CEDH · CASELAW;JUDGMENTS;GRANDCHAMBER;ENG — 11 décembre 2025

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border-left-style:solid; border-left-width:0.75pt; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt } .sF6A12959 { width:33%; height:1px; text-align:left } .s85226119 { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; font-size:10pt } .s653E6C45 { font-family:Arial; font-size:6.67pt; vertical-align:super; color:#0069d6 } .s77C3FB1E { margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; page-break-inside:avoid; font-size:10pt }   GRAND CHAMBER CASE OF TSAAVA AND OTHERS v. GEORGIA (Applications nos. 13186/20 and 4 others)     JUDGMENT   Art 34 • No valid basis and reason allowing the Court to refrain from examining part of the case • Complaints under Art   3 (substantive), 10 and   11 neither overlapping or peripheral but central to the case • Adjournment of the complaints not appropriate on the basis of the case-file, the alleged breaches and the substantive issues at stake • No basis for striking out the complaints under Art   37   §   1 Art 3 (substantive) • Inhuman or degrading treatment • Use of kinetic impact projectiles by the police to disperse a demonstration in front of the Parliament building after its escalation injuring twenty of the applicants, neither strictly necessary nor proportionate • Need for strict regulation by Contracting States of the use of kinetic impact projectiles during demonstrations in view of their technical characteristics and their potential health risks, including serious injury and death • Enunciation of minimum requirements to be provided by Contracting States’ domestic legal frameworks as to the use of such projectiles • Deficient domestic legal framework and application Art 3 (substantive) • Inhuman or degrading treatment • Physical ill-treatment by the police, during the dispersal of the demonstration, resulting in injuries to four of the applicants, neither strictly necessary nor proportionate Art 3 (procedural) • Ineffective criminal investigation, still ongoing for more than five and a half years, into injuries sustained by the applicants from the firing of kinetic impact projectiles and physical ill ‑ treatment by the police Art 10 • Freedom of expression • Use of force by firing kinetic impact projectiles against the applicant journalists and removing an applicant journalist from the Parliament building’s courtyard neither justified nor proportionate • Contracting States under a duty to have in place an effective system of protection of journalists • Interference not “necessary in a democratic society” Art 11 • Freedom of peaceful assembly • Art   11 applicable • Use of force against eleven of the applicants neither justified or proportionate • Although the dispersal decision was justified and proportionate in view of the fundamental interest of ensuring the effective functioning of Parliament in a democracy, the way it was put into effect was not • Interference not “necessary in a democratic society” Art 38 • Respondent State’s compliance with its obligation to furnish all necessary facilities Art 46 • Execution of judgment • Respondent State required to take both individual and general measures • Effective investigation to be carried out in compliance with Art   3 requirements, without delay and be concluded as quickly as possible • Adequate safeguards to be put in place regulating the deployment of kinetic impact projectiles to minimise the risks of death and injury stemming from their use Art 41 • Just satisfaction • Mechanisms to prevent applicants from deriving double compensation from the Court’s judgments • Principles for estimating sums necessary to make full reparation for future loss of income due to diminished earning capacity resulting from an injury • Awards for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage   Prepared by the Registry. Does not bind the Court.   STRASBOURG 11 December 2025   This judgment is final but may be subject to editorial revision.   TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PROCEDURE THE FACTS I.   DEMONSTRATION OF 20-21 JUNE 2019 A.   Background B.   Initial phase of the demonstration C.   First episode involving tensions D.   Interim period E.   Second episode involving tensions and the dispersal of the demonstration II.   THE APPLICANTS’ INDIVIDUAL CIRCUMSTANCES A.   Tsaava and Kmuzov (no. 13186/20) 1.   Video material depicting the applicants’ circumstances 2.   Medical documents relating to the applicants’ injuries B.   Svanadze (no. 16757/20) 1.   Video material depicting the applicant’s circumstances 2.   Medical documents relating to the applicant’s injuries C.   Baghashvili and Others (no. 20129/21) 1.   Video and photo material depicting the applicants’ circumstances 2.   Medical documents relating to the applicants’ injuries D.   Kurdovanidze and Others (no. 20175/21) 1.   Video and other material depicting the applicants’ circumstances 2.   Medical documents relating to the applicants’ injuries E.   Berikashvili (no. 39382/21) 1.   Video and photo material depicting the applicant’s circumstances 2.   Medical documents relating to the applicant’s injuries III.   CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION A.   Opening of the investigation and granting of victim status B.   Monitoring of the investigation by the Public Defender’s Office C.   Retrieval of information from non-governmental organisations D.   Examination of weapons and shells used to disperse the demonstration E.   Requests to the MIA F.   Questioning of victims and witnesses G.   Obtaining video and other material H.   Retrieval of medical documentation I.   Ordering of forensic medical examinations J.   Officers charged as part of the criminal investigation K.   Current status of the investigation IV.   DISCIPLINARY INVESTIGATION BY THE MIA V.   COMPENSATION CLAIMS BY SOME OF THE APPLICANTS VI.   OTHER RELEVANT CIRCUMSTANCES VII.   OTHER MATERIAL A.   Plan for measures aimed at safeguarding and restoring public order in Tbilisi B.   Reports about the demonstration of 20-21 June 2019 1.   Special report by the PDO 2.   General report by the PDO 3.   Report by Human Rights Watch RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK I.   CRIMINAL CODE II.   TERMINATION OF DEMONSTRATIONS AND THE USE OF FORCE A.   Assemblies and Demonstrations Act 1997 B.   Police Act 2013 C.   Ministerial Order no. 1002 of 2015 approving instructions for the conduct of MIA personnel during assemblies and demonstrations D.   Ministerial Order no. 1006 of 2013 on the storage, carrying and use of special means available to the police III.   AMNESTY ACT OF 7 SEPTEMBER 2021 IV.   CIVIL CODE AND GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE CODE RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL MATERIAL I.   ON KINETIC IMPACT PROJECTILES A.   United Nations 1.   Human Rights Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement 2.   General Comment No. 37 of the Human Rights Committee B.   Council of Europe 1.   Resolution CM/Res(2016)2116 of the Parliamentary Assembly 2.   Venice Commission Guidelines on Peaceful Assembly C.   Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe D.   Organization of American States II.   ON THE PROTECTION OF JOURNALISTS AND MEDIA ACTORS IN THE COURSE OF DEMONSTRATIONS A.   Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe B.   Resolution 2532 (2024) of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe C.   Venice Commission Guidelines on Peaceful Assembly THE LAW I.   SCOPE OF THE CASE BEFORE THE GRAND CHAMBER II.   PRELIMINARY REMARKS: WHETHER IT IS OPEN TO THE COURT TO REFRAIN FROM DECIDING PARTS OF THE CASE A.   General principle B.   Non-examination of overlapping or peripheral complaints C.   Partial adjournment or partial striking out of the case 1.   Adjournment 2.   Striking out D.   Conclusion III.   THE GOVERNMENT’S PRELIMINARY OBJECTION A.   The Chamber judgment B.   Submissions before the Grand Chamber 1.   The Government 2.   The applicants C.   The Grand Chamber’s assessment 1.   Possibility for the applicants to seek compensation (a)   General principles (b)   The complaints under Article 3 (c)   The complaints under Articles 10 and 11 (i)   Relevant practice (ii)   Analysis in the present case 2.   Ongoing nature of the investigation IV.   PROCEDURAL LIMB OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION A.   The Chamber judgment B.   Submissions before the Grand Chamber 1.   The applicants 2.   The Government C.   The Grand Chamber’s assessment V.   SUBSTANTIVE LIMB OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION A.   The Chamber judgment B.   Submissions before the Grand Chamber 1.   The applicants 2.   The Government 3.   The first third-party intervener (nine members of INCLO) C.   The Grand Chamber’s assessment 1.   General principles (a)   Use of force to disperse demonstrations or rallies (b)   Proof in relation to such matters 2.   Application in the present case (a)   Injuries caused by kinetic impact projectiles (20 applicants) (i)   Source and nature of the injuries (ii)   Duty to account for the use of force resulting in the injuries (iii)   Regulation of use by the police of kinetic impact projectiles in the course of demonstrations (α)   Relevant case-law of the Court (β)   Considerations arising from the technical characteristics of kinetic impact projectiles and their potential effects on human health (γ)   Assessment of the Georgian legal framework and its application in the present case in the light of those considerations (iv)   Conclusion (b)   Alleged physical ill-treatment (four applicants) (i)   Source and nature of the injuries (ii)   Duty to account for the use of force resulting in the injuries (iii)   Conclusion VI.   COMPLAINTS UNDER ARTICLE 10 OF THE CONVENTION A.   The Chamber judgment B.   Submissions before the Grand Chamber 1.   The applicants 2.   The Government 3.   The second third-party intervener (PEN International, PEN Georgia and English PEN) C.   The Grand Chamber’s assessment 1.   The complaint in Berikashvili (no. 39382/21) 2.   Analysis of the admissibility and merits of the complaints (a)   Admissibility (b)   Merits (i)   Existence of an interference (α)   General principles (β)   Application of those principles (ii)   Justification for the interference (α)   “Prescribed by law” (β)   Legitimate aim(s) (γ)   “Necessary in a democratic society” VII.   COMPLAINTS UNDER ARTICLE 11 OF THE CONVENTION A.   The Chamber judgment B.   Submissions before the Grand Chamber 1.   The applicants 2.   The Government C.   The Grand Chamber’s assessment 1.   Admissibility 2.   Merits (a)   Applicability of Article 11 of the Convention (i)   General principles (ii)   Relevant case-law with respect to Georgia (iii)   Application of the general principles in the present case (b)   Existence of an interference (c)   Justification for the interference (i)   “Prescribed by law” (ii)   Legitimate aim(s) (iii)   “Necessary in a democratic society” (α)   General principles on the necessity of the use of force by the authorities to contain or disperse an assembly (β)   Application of those principles VIII.   COMPLAINTS UNDER ARTICLE 13 OF THE CONVENTION A.   The Chamber judgment B.   Submissions before the Grand Chamber C.   The Grand Chamber’s assessment IX.   ALLEGED BREACH OF ARTICLE 38 OF THE CONVENTION A.   The Chamber judgment B.   Submissions before the Grand Chamber 1.   The applicants 2.   The Government C.   The Grand Chamber’s assessment 1.   General principles 2.   Application of those principles X.   APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 46 OF THE CONVENTION A.   Individual measures B.   General measures XI.   APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION A.   Damage 1.   The applicants’ claims 2.   The Government’s comments on those claims 3.   The Chamber’s decision on those claims 4.   The Grand Chamber’s assessment (a)   Whether an award is called for (b)   Analysis of the applicants’ claims (i)   In respect of pecuniary damage (α)   Relevant principles (β)   Application of those principles (ii)   In respect of non-pecuniary damage (α)   The 24 applicants who obtained awards under this head in the Chamber proceedings (β)   The two applicants who obtained no award under this head in the Chamber proceedings B.   Costs and expenses 1.   Claims before the Chamber 2.   The Chamber’s decision on those claims 3.   Claim before the Grand Chamber 4.   The Government’s comments on the claims 5.   The Grand Chamber’s assessment (a)   Costs and expenses in the Chamber proceedings (b)   Costs and expenses in the Grand Chamber proceedings (c)   Manner of payment OPERATIVE PROVISIONS PARTLY DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SERGHIDES STATEMENT OF PARTIAL DISSENT BY JUDGE EICKE APPENDIX – TABLE OF THE TWENTY-SIX APPLICANTS In the case of Tsaava and Others v. Georgia, The European Court of Human Rights, sitting as a Grand Chamber composed of:   Arnfinn Bårdsen, President ,   Ivana Jelić,   Lado Chanturia,   Ioannis Ktistakis,   Armen Harutyunyan,   Georgios A. Serghides,   Tim Eicke,   Lətif Hüseynov,   Jovan Ilievski,   Péter Paczolay,   Gilberto Felici,   Frédéric Krenc,   Davor Derenčinović,   Anne Louise Bormann,   Diana Kovatcheva,   Stéphane Pisani,   Mateja Đurović, judges , and John Darcy, Deputy Grand Chamber Registrar , Having deliberated in private on 26 February and 8 October 2025, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on the last-mentioned date: INTRODUCTION 1.     The case arose out of the dispersal of a demonstration in front of the Georgian Parliament in June 2019. The applicants – most of whom were participants in that demonstration or journalists covering it – were all injured in the course of that dispersal. All of them took part in the ensuing criminal investigation, which is still ongoing, into the force used by the police to disperse the demonstration. The applicants raised complaints under the substantive and procedural limbs of Article 3 of the Convention. Most of them also relied on Article 10, and the others relied on Article 11. In addition, they raised complaints under Article 13, and some of them also alleged a breach of Article 38. PROCEDURE 2 .     The case originated in five applications (nos. 13186/20, 16757/20, 20129/21, 20175/21 and 39382/21) against Georgia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by twenty-six Georgian nationals whose names are set out in the table appended to this judgment (“the applicants”) on the dates set out therein. 3 .     The applicants in three of the applications (nos. 13186/20, 16757/20 and 39382/21) were represented by Ms N. Londaridze, a lawyer practising in Tbilisi. The applicants in the remaining two applications (nos. 20129/21 and   20175/21) were initially represented by Ms T. Oniani, from the Georgian Young Lawyers’ Association (GYLA), and Mr T. Collis and Ms J. Gavron (a   barrister practising in London), from the European Human Rights Advocacy Centre (EHRAC). Before the Grand Chamber, those applicants were represented by Mr D. Javakhishvili, a lawyer practising in Tbilisi, and Mr   A.   Pataraia and Ms S. Tsiklauri, also from GYLA, and Mr Collis, Ms   Gavron and Ms C. Alonzo (a solicitor practising in London), also from EHRAC. 4 .     The Georgian Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr B. Dzamashvili, Deputy Minister of Justice. 5 .     The five applications were allocated to the Fifth Section of the Court, pursuant to Rule 52 § 1. 6 .     On various dates between October 2020 and September 2021 the (then) President of the Fifth Section ( a ) gave the Government notice of the respective applicants’ complaints under Articles 3, 10, 11 and 13 of the Convention, and ( b ) declared the complaints of the applicants in applications nos. 13186/20 and 16757/20 under Article 11 of the Convention inadmissible in the exercise of her powers under Rule 54 § 3. 7 .     On 7 May 2024 a Chamber of the Fifth Section, composed of Georges Ravarani, President, Lado Chanturia, Carlo Ranzoni, María Elósegui, Mattias Guyomar, Kateřina Šimáčková and Mykola Gnatovskyy, judges, and Victor Soloveytchik, Section Registrar, delivered a judgment in which it ( a ) joined the applications; ( b ) declared, unanimously, the complaints of twenty-four applicants under Article 3 of the Convention admissible (and the complaints of the other two applicants under that Article inadmissible); ( c ) found, unanimously, a violation of the procedural limb of Article 3; ( d ) refrained, by six votes to one, from taking a decision regarding the merits of the complaints under the substantive limb of Article 3; ( e ) refrained, by six votes to one, from taking a decision regarding the admissibility and merits of the complaints under Articles 10 and 11 of the Convention; ( f ) held, unanimously, that Georgia had complied with its obligations under Article 38 of the Convention; and ( g ) held, unanimously, that there was no need to examine the complaints under Article 13 of the Convention. The partly dissenting opinion of Judge Gnatovskyy was appended to the judgment. 8 .     On 1 August 2024 the applicants in four of the applications requested that the case be referred to the Grand Chamber in accordance with Article 43 of the Convention. On 23 September 2024 a panel of the Grand Chamber accepted that request. 9 .     The composition of the Grand Chamber was determined in accordance with Article 26 §§ 4 and 5 of the Convention and Rule 24. Marko Bošnjak, who was initially the president of the formation, withdrew from the case after the hearing, upon the termination of his term of office at the Court. As president of the formation he was replaced by Arnfinn Bårdsen, and as a member of the composition he was replaced by the first substitute judge, Armen Harutyunyan (Rule 24 § 3). 10 .     The applicants and the Government each filed observations on the admissibility and merits of the applications. In addition, third-party comments were received from (a) nine members of the International Network   of Civil Liberties Organizations (INCLO) (“the first third-party intervener”), and (b) PEN International, PEN Georgia and English PEN (“the second third-party intervener”), who had been given leave to intervene in the written procedure (Article 36 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 44 § 3 (a)). 11 .     A hearing took place in public in the Human Rights Building, Strasbourg, on 26 February 2025. There appeared before the Court: (a)     for the Government Mr   B. Dzamashvili ,   Agent , Ms   N. Nikolaishvili , Mr   B. Surmava , Mr   N. Darchashvili , Mr   P. Kereselidze ,   Advisers ; (b)     for the applicants Mr   D. Javakhishvili , Mr   T. Collis ,   Counsel , Ms   C. Alonzo , Ms   J. Gavron , Mr   A. Pataraia , Ms   S. Tsiklauri ,   Advisers . 12 .     One of the applicants, Ms Maia Gomuri, was also present. The Court heard addresses by Mr Javakhishvili, Mr Collis and Mr Dzamashvili, and their replies to questions put by judges. THE FACTS 13.     The applicants’ years of birth and places of residence are set out in the table appended to this judgment. DEMONSTRATION OF 20-21 JUNE 2019 Background 14 .     On 20 June 2019 a session of the Interparliamentary Assembly on Orthodoxy ( Διακοινοβουλευτική Συνέλευση Ορθοδοξίας – “the IAO”), an interparliamentary body based in Athens that was established in 1994 on the initiative of the Hellenic Parliament to foster relations between Orthodox Christian lawmakers, was held in the Georgian Parliament building in Tbilisi. Mr Sergei Gavrilov, a member of the Russian State Duma and, at that time, President of the IAO’s General Assembly, sat in the Speaker’s chair and gave a speech in Russian. This sparked widespread civil and political protest in Georgia (see Melia v. Georgia , no. 13668/21, §§ 6-8, 7 September 2023). Initial phase of the demonstration 15 .     Civil-society activists started gathering in front of the Parliament building in Tbilisi immediately after the above events. Some were allowed to come inside with visitors’ passes issued by opposition members of parliament. A demonstration to protest about the events of the day was apparently announced in the afternoon, and people began gathering in front of the Parliament building soon afterwards. By 7 p.m. the demonstration had got underway and the people taking part – politicians, civil-society activists and ordinary citizens – occupied the entire space in front of the Parliament building and the avenue alongside it (Rustaveli Avenue). According to media accounts, the demonstration was initially peaceful, with approximately 12   thousand people gathered at the site. 16.     The police formed a cordon above the steps leading to the Parliament building, blocking access to the main entrance. In addition, many ordinary police officers, riot police officers and officers of the Special Assignments Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (“the MIA”) were stationed in the courtyard of the Parliament building, behind the main entrance. 17 .     At 8.53 p.m. an opposition politician addressed the protestors and presented the main demand directed at the ruling party: the resignations of the Speaker of Parliament, the Minister of Internal Affairs and the head of the State Security Service. Another demand voiced during the demonstration was for snap parliamentary elections and a transition to a system of proportional representation. The ruling party was given until the end of the day to comply with those demands. At 9 p.m. another opposition politician addressed the protestors and stated that civil disobedience would be inevitable if the authorities failed to heed the protestors’ demands. In a video-recording of a discussion among opposition politicians who were at the site, an unknown person could be heard stating “A revolution is about to begin”. 18 .     At 9.09 p.m. one of the leaders of the opposition stated that if the demonstrators’ demands were not met within the hour, they would enter the Parliament building peacefully and stay there until the relevant officials had resigned. Apparently, at 9.17 p.m. the same politician addressed the protestors again. He asked why it was that Mr Gavrilov had had the right to sit in the Speaker’s seat, yet Georgian people could not even stand in the courtyard of the Parliament building. He stated that if the authorities failed to respond within ten minutes, those protesting would “enter the courtyard of the Parliament building peacefully and very constructively, with raised hands”. The speech was followed by cheers from the protestors in the immediate vicinity. First episode involving tensions 19 .     The events were filmed by various journalists, including some who provided uninterrupted live coverage of the demonstration and its subsequent dispersal. The summary below is primarily based on the media coverage of the events. 20 .     By 9.49 p.m. several hundred people who had gathered immediately below the stairs leading to the main entrance of the Parliament building started pushing their way towards the gate. They tried to break through the police cordon located just above the stairs. Footage of the events shows that several participants cried out that there was a risk of people in the crowd being crushed, and that police officers shielded some journalists standing there, warning them about the risk of crushing. 21.     Several protestors threw plastic bottles at the officers. Others started dismantling metal barriers which had been placed at the building’s entrances to keep protestors out. Multiple demonstrators managed to seize police officers’ protective shields and rubber batons and passed them back along the line of protestors. Several officers were split off from the cordon by the demonstrators and led away, apparently in a calm manner. The video material relating to the incident shows the police telling the demonstrators to back off and not push forward. 22.     The police cordon was briefly broken but was then reinforced by riot police officers stationed inside the Parliament courtyard. They used batons and shields to contain the demonstrators. 23.     Around 10 p.m. the Minister of Internal Affairs gave a brief interview to journalists as he was entering the Parliament building. According to him, the events unfolding there amounted to an attempted storming of State institutions, and the demonstrators should obey the demands of the police or face consequences. At 10.07 p.m. the MIA circulated the following statement via media outlets and its website: “The [MIA] calls on the demonstrators gathered in front of the Parliament building to stop [their] unlawful and violent actions, not yield to provocation, [and] comply with the lawful request[s] of the police and leave the premises. Otherwise, the police will take necessary measures provided for by the law.” 24.     Eventually, at about 10.30 p.m., the tension was defused somewhat and the police managed to push the demonstrators back to the bottom of the stairs. 25.     During this first incident involving tensions, most journalists gathered near the building were located behind the police cordon, and they appear to have left the area with the help of police officers. 26.     As is apparent from the material in the case file, including reports by non-governmental organisations relating to the events, a large number of demonstrators gathered in the area in front of the Parliament building, away from the stairs, may have been unaware of the developments at the main entrance. Interim period 27.     At 10.30 p.m. the mayor of Tbilisi issued a televised warning against escalating the situation on the ground. Around the same time, the Minister of Internal Affairs gave a brief interview to journalists who were inside the Parliament building. He said that even where there were grounds for protest, an assault on State institutions, including police officers and Parliament, was an unacceptable act and would entail strict consequences under the law. He called on citizens to respect the orders of the police officers who had been trying to uphold public order. Other leading figures of the ruling party, including the Prime Minister, also condemned the demonstrators’ actions (via the media) and called on them to respect the law and thus avoid lawful sanctions. 28.     Between approximately 10.30 and 11.22 p.m., the situation was tense but somewhat calmer, with some politicians making statements to condemn the events earlier that day (see paragraph 14 above) and criticising the ruling party. On several occasions during that period, some participants in the demonstration tried to push through the police cordon, asking to be let inside the Parliament building and/or its courtyard. They were pushed back by police officers using shields and batons. Second episode involving tensions and the dispersal of the demonstration 29 .     The situation escalated again from 11.22 p.m., when many people in the front rows of the demonstration again attempted to break through the police cordon. 30 .     Various accounts estimated that between 300 and 1,000 people tried to break through the police cordon and behaved aggressively. 31 .     The scuffle between the demonstrators in the front rows and the police officers forming the cordon on the stairs of the Parliament building continued until 11.55 p.m. During this time, there were incidents of police equipment being taken away, various items (water bottles, but apparently stones as well) being thrown at the police, and individual officers being split off from the cordon and led away. Some of those officers appear to have been physically assaulted. According to journalists’ reports, politicians present at the scene told the demonstrators not to use force against the police. Some protestors managed to get past the police cordon and the metal barriers located in front of the Parliament building. The people who were gathered in the middle and back areas of the demonstration appear to have behaved relatively calmly. 32 .     At 11.55 p.m. sounds of shooting were heard during the live broadcast of the events. Smoke started to rise on Rustaveli Avenue, with journalists reporting that it was tear gas or pepper spray. Many demonstrators and journalists moved away from the area towards the nearby Freedom Square but the people standing in front of the police cordon remained there. The shooting was not preceded by a warning. 33.     At midnight some demonstrators began returning to the area in front of the Parliament building. Tensions and scuffles around the police cordon continued. Water bottles and other items were thrown at the officers. Minutes later, additional tear gas projectiles were fired. People in the middle and at the back of the crowd started leaving the area. Paramedics helped those who felt unwell. Apart from the demonstrators standing in front of the police cordon, who remained there and continued with their attempts to break through, the area in front of the Parliament building was largely cleared, with a few demonstrators trying to return. 34.     At 12.11 a.m. a journalist reporting on the events commented that “rubber bullets” (hereinafter referred to as “kinetic impact projectiles”) [1] were being fired. A moment later, another journalist showed small plastic projectiles which he had apparently picked up from the ground. Around the same time, several officers holding guns (apparently loaded with kinetic impact projectiles and/or tear-gas projectiles) were seen being stationed above the steps leading to the Parliament building – behind the police cordon   – overlooking the cordon and the demonstrators. 35 .     By 12.21 a.m. many demonstrators who had left for Freedom Square had returned to the front of the Parliament building. People in the front rows kept asking to be let into the building. People at the back appear to have stood around calmly. By then, it appears that a number of demonstrators and police officers had been injured. Soon after that, more tear gas was fired and many demonstrators left again for Freedom Square. During that period, tear gas and kinetic impact projectiles were fired simultaneously or in close sequence. The live broadcast of the events showed injured people being helped by paramedics. The demonstrators kept returning to the protest site in front of the Parliament b